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Díaz Alarcón JA, Fonseca Alfonso PM, Vergara Gómez I, Díaz Lagos M, Videira-Quintela D, Montalvo G. Assessment of potentially hazardous elements in soils of the Boyacá industrial corridor (Colombia) using GIS, multivariate statistical analysis, and geochemical indexes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115725. [PMID: 38029580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the industrial corridor of Boyacá, Colombia, population growth is accompanied by anthropogenic activities such as industrial operations, vehicle exhaust fumes, mining, smelting, atmospheric deposition, and excessive use of chemical products to promote crop growth. These activities are known to have a significant impact on urban and rural soils, contributing significantly to elevated concentrations of potentially hazardous elements in the environment. This industrial corridor is an area of economic and social development that needs to provide reference information that will allow us to know the state of soil quality to preserve and manage the public and geoenvironmental health of this region. Anthropogenic activities have contributed to the accumulation of potentially hazardous elements in the environment, affecting various levels of life and creating risks with economic and social implications. However, igneous activity or detrital deposition also enriches soils and creates geochemical anomalies in specific locations. In these cases, the identification of potentially hazardous elements involves the determination of likely sources of contamination and their relationship to the geological setting. In this study, the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cu and Ni were determined in eighty-one soil samples from the Boyacá industrial corridor (Colombia). The sequential trend of the concentrations of potentially hazardous elements was as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu> Pb > As > Cd > Hg. Furthermore, the application of spatial analysis criteria in GIS software with multivariate statistical tools and geochemical indices allowed the identification of anthropogenic and geogenic sources. Most of the potentially hazardous elements were found in soils exposed to industrial and agricultural activities, except for iron. This element showed low variability in all samples, regardless of the geological formations. Due to the lack of reference values for potentially hazardous elements in Colombia, the concentrations were compared with the environmental standards of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment, Water and Ecological Transition (MAE). The results demonstrate the complexity of the soil and represent the first exploratory study of potentially hazardous elements in this industrial corridor. These results are the starting point for the establishment of geochemical background lines in Colombia and for inspection policies for areas where productive activities converge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonathan A Díaz Alarcón
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad Seccional Sogamoso, Escuela de Ingeniería Geológica, Grupo de investigación CITESA, Calle 4 Sur No. 15-134, Sogamoso, Boyacá 152210, Colombia.
| | - Paola M Fonseca Alfonso
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad Seccional Sogamoso, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, Calle 4 Sur No. 15-134, Sogamoso, Boyacá 152210, Colombia
| | - Inés Vergara Gómez
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad Seccional Sogamoso, Escuela de Ingeniería Geológica, Grupo de investigación CITESA, Calle 4 Sur No. 15-134, Sogamoso, Boyacá 152210, Colombia
| | - Mercedes Díaz Lagos
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad Seccional Sogamoso, Escuela de Ingeniería Geológica, Grupo de investigación CITESA, Calle 4 Sur No. 15-134, Sogamoso, Boyacá 152210, Colombia
| | - Diogo Videira-Quintela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Libreros 27, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Sun Y, Zhao Y, Hao L, Zhao X, Lu J, Shi Y, Ma C. Role of the EM clustering method in determining the geochemical background of As and Cr in soils: a case study in the north of Changchun, China. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:6675-6692. [PMID: 37354254 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01669-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Determining the geochemical background for heavy metals is vital in soil management activities. Although many statistical methods for geochemical background determination have been proposed, the multi-population problem of geochemical data, primarily regional ones, derived mainly from mixing multiple populations belonging to various geological sources or processes, needs to be better addressed. In this study, the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm was employed to separate multiple populations in a 1:250,000 scale regional geochemical data set of soils in a lithologically complex region in the north of Changchun, China. The data set included 3746 surface soil samples analyzed for SiO2, K2O, Al2O3, CaO, La, Rb, Y, Ti, Ce, V, Cr, and As. The potential high-risk areas of As and Cr were determined before and after the separation of multiple populations. The comparison results show that the EM clustering method can efficiently separate multiple populations and determine soil geochemical background more reasonably, thus eliminating false contamination that is easily misidentified and better revealing concealed contamination that is challenging to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Sun
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
| | - Yuyan Zhao
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
| | - Libo Hao
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
| | - Xinyun Zhao
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China.
| | - Jilong Lu
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China.
| | - Yanxiang Shi
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
| | - Chengyou Ma
- College of Geo-exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
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Aroua M, Boulahdid M, Radakovitch O, Benhalima M, Guendouzi Y, Fowler SW, Ambrosi JP. Sediment pollution: An assessment of anthropogenic and geogenic trace element contributions along the central Algerian coast. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 186:114398. [PMID: 36521359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from the central Algerian coast were collected to investigate the distribution, sources and risk of trace metals. The local geochemical background of metals was defined from the core S collected in an uncontaminated area of the coast. The anthropogenic inputs in Algiers Bay elevated Ag, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations as their maximum were 3.1, 3, 2.1 and 1.8 times the background values, respectively. Meanwhile, increased contents of Arsenic (up to 21.1 mg/kg) were detected in all sites. Correlations and PCA suggest that lithogenic sources controlled metal deposition, while most sediment arsenic was agriculture-derived. Organic matter acted as a sink or source for some trace metals. According to EFs, the study area showed slight to moderate enrichment with respect to Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu, whereas they remained uncontaminated with Cr, V, Co and Ni. This study provides a needed baseline for future environmental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aroua
- Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems (ECOSYSMarL), National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), BP19, University Campus of Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, 16320, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Mostefa Boulahdid
- Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems (ECOSYSMarL), National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), BP19, University Campus of Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, 16320, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Olivier Radakovitch
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Surêté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE/SRTE/LRTA, BP3, 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Moustafa Benhalima
- Laboratory of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems (ECOSYSMarL), National Higher School of Marine Sciences and Coastal Management (ENSSMAL), BP19, University Campus of Dely Ibrahim, Bois des Cars, 16320, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria; Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural and Aquatic Ecosystems, Science Institute, University Center of Tipaza Morsli Abdallah, Oued Merzoug 42200, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Yassine Guendouzi
- Laboratory Management and Valorization of Agricultural and Aquatic Ecosystems, Science Institute, University Center of Tipaza Morsli Abdallah, Oued Merzoug 42200, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Scott W Fowler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Ambrosi
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Lima GFC, Bento CC, Horn AH, Marques ED, Filho HB. Seasonal geochemical trends and pollution assessment of bottom sediments in the São Francisco hydrographic basin, Brazil: the Três Marias Reservoir. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:42929-42946. [PMID: 35091934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Três Marias Reservoir is the ninth largest reservoir in Brazil, becoming crucial for national strategic development. However, many anthropic activities may affect the sediment quality, promoting the need for a proper environmental assessment. This research appraised the seasonal influences on the Três Marias Reservoir's sediment geochemistry, elucidating possible anthropogenic impacts. The concentrations of Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu, Cd, Ti, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ba, and Pb were measured in 78 samples of bottom sediments regarding the two seasons of the area, a dry winter and rainy summer. The median ± 2 median absolute deviation (MAD) settled the geochemical background and environmental thresholds for the two seasons. The sediment quality guidelines CONAMA 344/12 highlight the possible adverse ecological effects of pollutants. The hierarchical clustering analysis, the geoaccumulation index, and the pollution load index delineated the polluted zones. The pollution load index ranges from 0.25 to 2.28 in the dry season and 0.56 to 2.11 in the rainy season, defining three affected zones in the reservoir. Forestry and agriculture are the probable pollution sources, reaching warning levels that should be considered in further environmental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Filemon Costa Lima
- NGqA (Center of Environmental Geology), CPMTC - Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Department of Transports Engineering, Federal Centre for Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30421-169, Brazil.
| | - Ciro Couto Bento
- Geology Center, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Vale Do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, 39803-371, Brazil
| | - Adolf Heinrich Horn
- NGqA (Center of Environmental Geology), CPMTC - Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Duarte Marques
- Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), Belo Horizonte Regional Office, Belo Horizonte, 30140-002, Brazil
| | - Hernando Baggio Filho
- Geology Center, Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Vale Do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri, Diamantina, 39803-371, Brazil
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Delplace G, Viers J, Schreck E, Oliva P, Behra P. Pedo- geochemical background and sediment contamination of metal(loid)s in the old mining-district of Salsigne (Orbiel valley, France). Chemosphere 2022; 287:132111. [PMID: 34507147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mining district of Salsigne in the Orbiel valley (Aude, France) was at one time the first gold mine in Europe and the first arsenic mine in the world. However, no scientific studies have evaluated the magnitude of its environmental impact. In this study, the pedo-geochemical background (PGB) was determined for 14 metal (loid) elements, including As. It appears that the PGB values for As and Sb are relatively high with 44±12 and 0.9±1.2 mg kg-1, respectively, because of the geological particularities of this area. In a second step, these PGB values (normalized with Ti concentrations) were used as local references to determine enrichment factors (EFs) of bed river sediments for the Orbiel River and two of its major tributaries (Gresillou and Russec rivers) collected between November 2018 and July 2020. Results showed that riverine sediments are contaminated by past mining activity and/or current storage areas. If we except the major elements (Fe, Ti and at a lesser extent Mn), we observed that As, Cu, Sb, Pb present the highest concentrations relative to the remaining elements (Cd, Co, V, Ni and Cr). In the case of As, EFs can reach 74 in the Orbiel River, 1000 in the Gresillou River and 27 in the Russec River. These calculations were also performed for sediments transported by the extreme flood of October 14, 2018, that killed 15 people and potentially remobilized contamination in the valley. We observed that the As concentrations of suspended samples from Grésillou and Russec rivers have reached 870 mg kg-1. Finally, the As concentrations measured in the river sediments of this valley are of the same order of magnitude than those published in the literature for environments strongly impacted by mining or mineral processing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Delplace
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Jérôme Viers
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France.
| | - Eva Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Priscia Oliva
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
| | - Philippe Behra
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, 31030, Toulouse, France
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Zhao Z, Li S, Xue L, Liao J, Zhao J, Wu M, Wang M, Yang Q, Sun J, Zheng Y. Abundance and mobility of metal(loid)s in reservoir sediments of Singe Tsangpo and Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, China: Implications for ecological risk. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:3213-3228. [PMID: 33543412 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geogenic arsenic enrichment in soil and river sediments of Tibet compared to its upper crustal abundance has been observed, raising the question whether other trace elements are also enriched and thus may pose ecological risks. Because human activities are limited, the reservoir sediments after the recent construction of the Shiquan dam on the Singe Tsangpo (ST) and the Zam dam on the Yarlung Tsangpo (YT) collect and thus represent material sourced from 14,870 km2 and 157,668 km2 of drainage areas, respectively. Bulk concentrations of the metalloid (As) and 13 metals (Li, Be, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cs, and Pb) are analyzed for 123 samples from 9 mostly silty sediment cores (depth: 11-20 cm) from the Shiquan Reservoir and for 250 samples from 13 mostly sandy sediment cores (depth: 9-28 cm) from the Zam Reservoir. These elemental concentrations are normalized to the upper crustal Fe abundance of 3.9% to arrive at a regional sediment geochemical background value for each element. The regional background values of most elements in the ST drainage and the YT drainage are comparable with the upper crustal abundance. However, three elements (Li, As, and Cs) in both drainage basins display significant enrichment compared to their respective upper crustal abundance. Sequential leaching of a subset of sediment samples from the ST (n = 18) and YT (n = 29) drainages reveals that chemical fractions of metals and metalloids in these two reservoirs are similar, with most of the elements dominated by the residual fraction with low mobility. Taken together, the ecological risks of the most studied elements in the reservoir sediments are likely low pending further aquatic bioavailability investigations, except that As, Cu, Pb, and Be deserve more attention due to their elevated levels in mobile fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shehong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
| | - Lili Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingguo Wang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology Survey, China Geological Survey, Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Dytłow S, Górka-Kostrubiec B. Concentration of heavy metals in street dust: an implication of using different geochemical background data in estimating the level of heavy metal pollution. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:521-535. [PMID: 33037955 PMCID: PMC7847877 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Geochemical background data are used to distinguish between the sources of heavy metal (natural or anthropogenic) and to categorize the level of heavy metal pollution. In this study, we present the results of using different geochemical backgrounds (BG1-BG3) to establish the level of heavy metal pollution in street dust in Warsaw, Poland. We applied individual and collective indicators calculated with respect to the following backgrounds: (1) upper continental crust (UCC) (BG1), (2) the regional geochemical background established for Quaternary surface deposits of the Mazovian region (Poland) (parent geological material occurring in the studied area, Warsaw, Poland) (BG2), and (3) the minimal values of the concentration of heavy metals determined for the real street dust sample collectives from Warsaw (BG3). The assessment of the heavy metals pollution of street dust significantly depended on the background values used in the calculation of individual and collective indicators. Street dust was classified as unpolluted for almost all the heavy metals based on the values of indicators calculated for UCC data. The effect of traffic-related pollution was detected more precisely based on the values of indicators calculated for BG2 and BG3. The naturally elevated concentrations of heavy metals in UCC data can be responsible for the underestimation of pollution impact in street dust. When relatively low concentration of heavy metals is only observed, the application of BG2 or BG3 background data, which better correspond to the geogenic material in street dust, allows to realistically reflect the level of pollution from moving vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dytłow
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Górka-Kostrubiec
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
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Binda G, Pozzi A, Livio F. An integrated interdisciplinary approach to evaluate potentially toxic element sources in a mountainous watershed. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:1255-1272. [PMID: 31485960 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs, i.e., Cd, Ni, Cr) and their source apportionment in waters are of major environmental concern. Different approaches can be used to evaluate PTEs sources in environment, but single-way approaches are often limited and can easily fail. PTEs sources apportionment should include the evaluation of geochemical background and spatiotemporal trends analyses. We propose an integrated approach, and we apply it to a mountain catchment in the Italian central Alps, where ultramafic terranes crop out. We collected water and glacial sediment samples during the melting season. Then, we analyzed major ions and PTEs in waters, and we quantified the total PTEs load in sediments through acid digestion. Data were then processed through spatial and temporal trends analysis, clustering of variables and the evaluation of partition between the different compartments. We found a high geochemical background of part of the PTEs, consistently with results from other areas worldwide on mafic and ultramafic terranes (high concentrations of Ni, Cr and Fe), while we identified an additional atmospheric deposition source for Zn, Cd and Ag. Also, redundant observations on Cu, As and Pb indicated a possible mixed source. This study elucidates the need for an integrated approach to avoid unnecessary or misleading assumptions in the PTE's source appointment. A single-way approach application, in fact, can fail in understanding element source in a complicated and dynamic compartment like surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Binda
- Science and High Technology Department (Di.S.A.T.), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pozzi
- Science and High Technology Department (Di.S.A.T.), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Franz Livio
- Science and High Technology Department (Di.S.A.T.), Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio, 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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Sahoo PK, Dall'Agnol R, Salomão GN, da Silva Ferreira Junior J, da Silva MS, Martins GC, E Souza Filho PWM, Powell MA, Maurity CW, Angelica RS, da Costa MF, Siqueira JO. Source and background threshold values of potentially toxic elements in soils by multivariate statistics and GIS-based mapping: a high density sampling survey in the Parauapebas basin, Brazilian Amazon. Environ Geochem Health 2020; 42:255-282. [PMID: 31401754 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A high-density regional-scale soil geochemical survey comprising 727 samples (one sample per each 5 × 5 km grid) was carried out in the Parauapebas sub-basin of the Brazilian Amazonia, under the Itacaiúnas Basin Geochemical Mapping and Background Project. Samples were taken from two depths at each site: surface soil, 0-20 cm and deep soil, 30-50 cm. The ground and sieved (< 75 µm) fraction was digested using aqua regia and analyzed for 51 elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). All data were used here, but the principal focus was on the potential toxic elements (PTEs) and Fe and Mn to evaluate the spatial distribution patterns and to establish their geochemical background concentrations in soils. Geochemical maps as well as principal component analysis (PCA) show that the distribution patterns of the elements are very similar between surface and deep soils. The PCA, applied on clr-transformed data, identified four major associations: Fe-Ti-V-Sc-Cu-Cr-Ni (Gp-1); Zr-Hf-U-Nb-Th-Al-P-Mo-Ga (Gp-2); K-Na-Ca-Mg-Ba-Rb-Sr (Gp-3); and La-Ce-Co-Mn-Y-Zn-Cd (Gp-4). Moreover, the distribution patterns of elements varied significantly among the three major geological domains. The whole data indicate a strong imprint of local geological setting in the geochemical associations and point to a dominant geogenic origin for the analyzed elements. Copper and Fe in Gp-1 were enriched in the Carajás basin and are associated with metavolcanic rocks and banded-iron formations, respectively. However, the spatial distribution of Cu is also highly influenced by two hydrothermal mineralized copper belts. Ni-Cr in Gp-1 are highly correlated and spatially associated with mafic and ultramafic units. The Gp-2 is partially composed of high field strength elements (Zr, Hf, Nb, U, Th) that could be linked to occurrences of A-type Neoarchean granites. The Gp-3 elements are mobile elements which are commonly found in feldspars and other rock-forming minerals being liberated by chemical weathering. The background threshold values (BTV) were estimated separately for surface and deep soils using different methods. The '75th percentile', which commonly used for the estimation of the quality reference values (QRVs) following the Brazilian regulation, gave more restrictive or conservative (low) BTVs, while the 'MMAD' was more realistic to define high BTVs that can better represent the so-called mineralized/normal background. Compared with CONAMA Resolution (No. 420/2009), the conservative BTVs of most of the toxic elements were below the prevention limits (PV), except Cu, but when the high BTVs are considered, Cu, Co, Cr and Ni exceeded the PV limits. The degree of contamination (Cdeg), based on the conservative BTVs, indicates low contamination, except in the Carajás basin, which shows many anomalies and had high contamination mainly from Cu, Cr and Ni, but this is similar between surface and deep soils indicating that the observed high anomalies are strictly related to geogenic control. This is supported when the Cdeg is calculated using the high BTVs, which indicates low contamination. This suggests that the use of only conservative BTVs for the entire region might overestimate the significance of anthropogenic contamination; thus, we suggest the use of high BTVs for effective assessment of soil contamination in this region. The methodology and results of this study may help developing strategies for geochemical mapping in other Carajás soils or in other Amazonian soils with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Kumar Sahoo
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
| | - Roberto Dall'Agnol
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Negreiros Salomão
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Souza da Silva
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Caixeta Martins
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
| | - Pedro Walfir Martin E Souza Filho
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mike A Powell
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences (ALES), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Clovis Wagner Maurity
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Simões Angelica
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica, Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marlene Furtado da Costa
- Gerência de Meio Ambiente - Minas de Carajás, Departamento de Ferrosos Norte, Estrada Raymundo Mascarenhas, S/N Mina de N4, Parauapebas, PA, 68516-000, Brazil
| | - José Oswaldo Siqueira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale (ITV), Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil
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10
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Kebonye NM, Eze PN. Zirconium as a suitable reference element for estimating potentially toxic element enrichment in treated wastewater discharge vicinity. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:705. [PMID: 31673802 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of a reference element or normalizer used in assessing soil contamination levels using enrichment factor (EF) is important for soil quality assessment and monitoring. This study evaluated the results of using three reference elements Ti, Fe, and Zr for EF determination of Rb and Sr in soils within treated wastewater discharge vicinity, Central Botswana. The upper continental crust (UCC), world average values (WAV), and the local background values (LBV) were used in EF assessment of eight pedons. The elemental concentrations of the soils were determined with portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzer. Relationships between the elements were strongly significant between Rb and Ti (r = 0.600, p < 0.01), Rb and Fe (r = 0.735, p < 0.01), Sr and Ti (r = 0.545, p < 0.01), and Sr and Fe (r = 0.841, p < 0.01). Second-level correlation analysis between contamination factor (CF) and EF levels showed Zr as the best reference element for Rb and Sr in the soils. Results from this study provide baseline knowledge necessary for contamination assessment and monitoring of soils with similar environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndiye M Kebonye
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter N Eze
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
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11
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Kowalska JB, Mazurek R, Gąsiorek M, Zaleski T. Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination-A review. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:2395-2420. [PMID: 29623514 PMCID: PMC6280880 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The paper provides a complex, critical assessment of heavy metal soil pollution using different indices. Pollution indices are widely considered a useful tool for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of contamination. Moreover, they can have a great importance in the assessment of soil quality and the prediction of future ecosystem sustainability, especially in the case of farmlands. Eighteen indices previously described by several authors (Igeo, PI, EF, Cf, PIsum, PINemerow, PLI, PIave, PIVector, PIN, MEC, CSI, MERMQ, Cdeg, RI, mCd and ExF) as well as the newly published Biogeochemical Index (BGI) were compared. The content, as determined by other authors, of the most widely investigated heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) in farmland, forest and urban soils was used as a database for the calculation of all of the presented indices, and this shows, based on statistical methods, the similarities and differences between them. The indices were initially divided into two groups: individual and complex. In order to achieve a more precise classification, our study attempted to further split indices based on their purpose and method of calculation. The strengths and weaknesses of each index were assessed; in addition, a comprehensive method for pollution index choice is presented, in order to best interpret pollution in different soils (farmland, forest and urban). This critical review also contains an evaluation of various geochemical backgrounds (GBs) used in heavy metal soil pollution assessments. The authors propose a comprehensive method in order to assess soil quality, based on the application of local and reference GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Beata Kowalska
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Mazurek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Gąsiorek
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaleski
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Institute of Soil Science and Agrophysics, University of Agriculture, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
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12
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Bonnot CA, Gélabert A, Louvat P, Morin G, Proux O, Benedetti MF. Trace metals dynamics under contrasted land uses: contribution of statistical, isotopic, and EXAFS approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:23383-23403. [PMID: 27215986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three sub-basins of the Seine River (France) under contrasted land uses (i.e., forested, agricultural, and urban) have been investigated in order to assess the origin and seasonal variation of trace metals, and evaluate their geochemical background and dynamics. Our results highlight a high anthropogenic impact on all elements for both the dissolved and particulate fractions. The main source for each element in the dissolved phase was determined and shows that transition and post-transition metals mainly originate from forested areas, while alkali and alkaline earth elements, metalloids, and halogens rather originate from agricultural land use. Conversely, for the particulate phase, most of the elements cannot be associated with a specific land use. Seasonal variation of elements was assessed according to the forested and agricultural land uses, and geochemical backgrounds were determined using average export rates, highlighting that the geochemical background for the forested land use is higher than the agricultural one for most of the elements. Finally, to confirm those results, Zn dynamics in the three characteristic sub-basins and between the different land uses was investigated using a combination of Zn speciation, Zn isotopic ratio, and Zn export rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Bonnot
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Gélabert
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Pascale Louvat
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Morin
- Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie (IMPMC), UMR CNRS 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), UR IRD 206, MNHN, Campus Jussieu, 75252, Paris CEDEX 05, France
| | - Olivier Proux
- Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble, UMS 832 CNRS Université Joseph Fourier, 38041, Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Marc F Benedetti
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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Gloaguen TV, Passe JJ. Importance of lithology in defining natural background concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sedimentary soils, northeastern Brazil. Chemosphere 2017; 186:31-42. [PMID: 28763636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sedimentary basins of Recôncavo and Tucano, Bahia, represent the most important Brazilian Phanerozoic continental basin system, formed during fracturing of Gondwana. The northern basin of Tucano has a semiarid climate (Bsh) while the southern basin of Recôncavo has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of trace metals in soils derived from various sedimentary rocks and climates. Soils were collected at 30 sites in 5 geological units at 0-20 cm and 60-80 cm deep under native vegetation. Physical and chemical attributes (particle size distribution, pH, Al, exchangeable bases, organic matter) were determined, as well as the pseudo-total concentrations (EPA 3050 b) and the total concentrations (X-ray fluorescence) of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The concentrations of metals were overall correlated to soil texture, according to lithologic origin. Shales resulted in Vertisols 30.4 (Zn), 27.2 (Ni), 16.9 (Cu), 7.5 (Cr) and 2.5 (Pb) times more concentrated than Arenosols derived from the sandstones. High Cr and Ni values in clay soils from shales were attributed to diffuse contamination by erosion of mafic rocks of the Greenstone Belt River Itapicuru (from 3 km northwest of the study area) during the late Jurassic. Tropical rainforest climate resulted in a slight enrichment of Pb and Cr, and Ni had the higher mobility during soil formation (enrichment factor up to 6.01). In conclusion, the geological environment is a much more controlling factor than pedogenesis in the concentration of metals in sedimentary soils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José João Passe
- Geoscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Reimann C, de Caritat P. Establishing geochemical background variation and threshold values for 59 elements in Australian surface soil. Sci Total Environ 2017; 578:633-648. [PMID: 27863868 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the National Geochemical Survey of Australia over 1300 top (0-10cm depth) and bottom (~60-80cm depth) sediment samples (including ~10% field duplicates) were collected from the outlet of 1186 catchments covering 81% of the continent at an average sample density of 1 site/5200km2. The <2mm fraction of these samples was analysed for 59 elements by ICP-MS following an aqua regia digestion. Results are used here to establish the geochemical background variation of these elements, including potentially toxic elements (PTEs), in Australian surface soil. Different methods of obtaining geochemical threshold values, which differentiate between background and those samples with unusually high element concentrations and requiring attention, are presented and compared to Western Australia's 'ecological investigation levels' (EILs) established for 14 PTEs. For Mn and V these EILs are so low that an unrealistically large proportion (~24%) of the sampled sites would need investigation in Australia. For the 12 remaining elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) few sample sites require investigation and as most of these are located far from human activity centres, they potentially suggest either minor local contamination or mineral exploration potential rather than pollution. No major diffuse source of contamination by PTEs affects Australian soil at the continental scale. Of the statistical methods used to establish geochemical threshold values, the most pertinent results come from identifying breaks in cumulative probability distributions, the Tukey inner fence and the 98th percentile. Geochemical threshold values for 59 elements, including emerging 'high-tech' critical elements such as lanthanides, Be, Ga or Ge, for which no EILs currently exist, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Reimann
- Geological Survey of Norway, PO Box 6315, Sluppen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Patrice de Caritat
- Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia; Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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15
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Ayari J, Agnan Y, Charef A. Spatial assessment and source identification of trace metal pollution in stream sediments of Oued El Maadene basin, northern Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:397. [PMID: 27270485 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An extensive spatial survey was conducted on trace metal content in stream sediments from Oued El Maadene basin, northern Tunisia. Our objectives were to evaluate the level of trace metal pollution and associated ecological risk and identify the major sources of metal pollution. A total of 116 stream sediment samples were collected and analysed for total As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, and Zr concentrations. The results showed that concentrations of Cr, Ni, V, and Zr were close to natural levels. In contrast, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn had elevated concentrations and enrichment factors compared to other contaminated regions in northern Tunisia. Ecological risk to aquatic ecosystems was highlighted in most areas. Principal component analysis showed that Cr, Ni, V, and Zr mainly derived from local soil and bedrock weathering, whilst As, Cd, Pb, and Zn originated from mining wastes. Trace metals could be dispersed downstream of tailings, possibly due to surface runoff during the short rainy season. Surprisingly, Cu, and to a lesser extent As, originated from agricultural activities, related to application of Cu-based fungicides in former vineyards and orchards. This study showed that, despite the complete cessation of mining activities several decades ago, metal pollution still impacts the local environment. This large pollution, however, did not mask other additional sources, such as local agricultural applications of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ayari
- National Office of Mines, La Charguia I, Tunis, 3023, Tunisia.
| | - Y Agnan
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89523, USA
| | - A Charef
- Centre de Recherche et de la Technologie des Eaux, BP 273, Soliman, 2080, Tunisia
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16
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Xu G, Liu J, Pei S, Hu G, Kong X. Geochemical background and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from the west Zhoushan Fishing Ground of East China Sea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:20283-94. [PMID: 26507725 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment grain size as well as the spatial distribution, pollution status, and source identification of heavy metals in the west Zhoushan Fishing Ground (ZFG) of the East China Sea were analyzed to study the geochemical background concentrations of heavy metals and to assess their potential ecological risk. Our results show that surface sediments in the eastern part of study area were mainly composed of sand-sized components. Spatial distributions of heavy metals were mainly controlled by grain size and terrigenous materials, and their concentrations in the coarsest grain sediments formed primarily during the Holocene transgressive period could represent the element background values of our study area. Contamination factor suggests that there was no pollution of Pb, Zn, and Cr generally in our study area and slight pollution of Cu, Cd, and As (especially Cu) at some stations. In addition, ecological harm coefficient indicates that the ecological risk of each heavy metal, except for Cd, at two stations was low as well. These results are consistent with the pollution load index and ecological risk index, which suggest both the overall level of pollution and the overall ecological risk of six studied metals in sediment were relatively low in our study area. Enrichment factor indicates that the heavy metals came mostly from the natural source. Summarily, the quality level of sediment in our study area was relatively good, and heavy metals in sediments could not exert threat to aquatic lives in the ZFG until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environment Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environment Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shaofeng Pei
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environment Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environment Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianghuai Kong
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environment Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, 266071, China
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17
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Rothwell KA, Cooke MP. A comparison of methods used to calculate normal background concentrations of potentially toxic elements for urban soil. Sci Total Environ 2015; 532:625-634. [PMID: 26119377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To meet the requirements of regulation and to provide realistic remedial targets there is a need for the background concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils to be considered when assessing contaminated land. In England, normal background concentrations (NBCs) have been published for several priority contaminants for a number of spatial domains however updated regulatory guidance places the responsibility on Local Authorities to set NBCs for their jurisdiction. Due to the unique geochemical nature of urban areas, Local Authorities need to define NBC values specific to their area, which the national data is unable to provide. This study aims to calculate NBC levels for Gateshead, an urban Metropolitan Borough in the North East of England, using freely available data. The 'median + 2MAD', boxplot upper whisker and English NBC (according to the method adopted by the British Geological Survey) methods were compared for test PTEs lead, arsenic and cadmium. Due to the lack of systematically collected data for Gateshead in the national soil chemistry database, the use of site investigation (SI) data collected during the planning process was investigated. 12,087 SI soil chemistry data points were incorporated into a database and 27 comparison samples were taken from undisturbed locations across Gateshead. The SI data gave high resolution coverage of the area and Mann-Whitney tests confirmed statistical similarity for the undisturbed comparison samples and the SI data. SI data was successfully used to calculate NBCs for Gateshead and the median+2MAD method was selected as most appropriate by the Local Authority according to the precautionary principle as it consistently provided the most conservative NBC values. The use of this data set provides a freely available, high resolution source of data that can be used for a range of environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Rothwell
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Martin P Cooke
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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18
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Agnan Y, Séjalon-Delmas N, Claustres A, Probst A. Investigation of spatial and temporal metal atmospheric deposition in France through lichen and moss bioaccumulation over one century. Sci Total Environ 2015; 529:285-296. [PMID: 26026488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lichens and mosses were used as biomonitors to assess the atmospheric deposition of metals in forested ecosystems in various regions of France. The concentrations of 17 metals/metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) indicated overall low atmospheric contamination in these forested environments, but a regionalism emerged from local contributions (anthropogenic activities, as well as local lithology). Taking into account the geochemical background and comparing to Italian data, the elements from both natural and anthropogenic activities, such as Cd, Pb, or Zn, did not show any obvious anomalies. However, elements mainly originating from lithogenic dust (e.g., Al, Fe, Ti) were more prevalent in sparse forests and in the Southern regions of France, whereas samples from dense forests showed an accumulation of elements from biological recycling (Mn and Zn). The combination of enrichment factors and Pb isotope ratios between current and herbarium samples indicated the historical evolution of metal atmospheric contamination: the high contribution of coal combustion beginning 150 years ago decreased at the end of the 20th century, and the influence of car traffic during the latter observed period decreased in the last few decades. In the South of France, obvious local influences were well preserved during the last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Agnan
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement); ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS; EcoLab; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - N Séjalon-Delmas
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement); ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS; EcoLab; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Claustres
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement); ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS; EcoLab; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Probst
- Université de Toulouse; INP, UPS; EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement); ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS; EcoLab; F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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