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Jacob AT, Ziegler BM, Farha SM, Vivian LR, Zilinski CA, Armstrong AR, Burdette AJ, Beachboard DC, Stobart CC. Sin Nombre Virus and the Emergence of Other Hantaviruses: A Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Disease of a Zoonotic Pathogen. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1413. [PMID: 37998012 PMCID: PMC10669331 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) is an emerging virus that was first discovered in the Four Corners region of the United States in 1993. The virus causes a disease known as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), sometimes called Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS), a life-threatening illness named for the predominance of infection of pulmonary endothelial cells. SNV is one of several rodent-borne hantaviruses found in the western hemisphere with the capability of causing this disease. The primary reservoir of SNV is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), and the virus is transmitted primarily through aerosolized rodent excreta and secreta. Here, we review the history of SNV emergence and its virus biology and relationship to other New World hantaviruses, disease, treatment, and prevention options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Jacob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | | | - Stefania M. Farha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Lyla R. Vivian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Cora A. Zilinski
- Department of Biology, DeSales University, Center Valley, PA 18034, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Burdette
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Dia C. Beachboard
- Department of Biology, DeSales University, Center Valley, PA 18034, USA
| | - Christopher C. Stobart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Public Health, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
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Mull N, Seifert SN, Forbes KM. A framework for understanding and predicting orthohantavirus functional traits. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1102-1110. [PMID: 37277284 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses present a global public health threat; there are 58 distinct viruses currently recognized and case fatality of pathogenic orthohantaviruses ranges from <0.1% to 50%. An Old World versus New World dichotomy is frequently applied to distinguish human diseases caused by orthohantaviruses. However, this geographic grouping masks the importance of phylogeny and virus-host ecology in shaping orthohantavirus traits, especially since related arvicoline rodents and their orthohantaviruses are found in both regions. We argue that orthohantaviruses can be separated into three phylogenetically based rodent host groups with differences in key functional traits, including human disease, transmission route, and virus-host fidelity. This framework can help understand and predict traits of under-studied and newly discovered orthohantaviruses and guide public health and biosafety policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Singh S, Numan A, Sharma D, Shukla R, Alexander A, Jain GK, Ahmad FJ, Kesharwani P. Epidemiology, virology and clinical aspects of hantavirus infections: an overview. Int J Environ Health Res 2022; 32:1815-1826. [PMID: 33886400 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1917527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At the end of 2019 and 2020s, a wave of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) epidemics worldwide has catalyzed a new era of 'communicable infectious diseases'. However, the world is not currently prepared to deal with the growing burden of COVID-19, with the unexpected arrival of Hantavirus infection heading to the next several healthcare emergencies in public. Hantavirus is a significant class of zoonotic pathogens of negative-sense single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA). Hemorrhagic renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) are the two major clinical manifestations. Till date, there is no effective treatments or vaccines available, public awareness and precautionary measures can help to reduce the spread of hantavirus disease. In this study, we outline the epidemiology, virology, clinical aspects, and existing HFRS and HCPS management approaches. This review will give an understanding of virus-host interactions and will help for the early preparation and effective handling of further outbreaks in an ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dinesh Sharma
- Pharmax Pharmaceuticals FZ LLC, Dubai Science Park - Al BarshaAl Barsha South, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Sila Village, Nizsundarighopa, Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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Koehler FC, Blomberg L, Brehm TT, Büttner S, Cornely OA, Degen O, Di Cristanziano V, Dolff S, Eberwein L, Hoxha E, Hoyer-Allo KJR, Rudolf S, Späth MR, Wanken M, Müller RU, Burst V. Development and design of the Hantavirus registry - HantaReg - for epidemiological studies, outbreaks and clinical studies on hantavirus disease. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:2365-2370. [PMID: 34754431 PMCID: PMC8573013 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent outbreaks around the globe and endemic appearance in different parts of the world emphasize the substantial risk of hantavirus diseases. Increasing incidence rates, trends of changing distribution of hantavirus species and new insights into clinical courses of hantavirus diseases call for multinational surveillance. Furthermore, evidence-based guidelines for the management of hantavirus diseases and scoring systems, which allow stratification of patients into risk categories, are lacking. Methods Hantavirus registry (HantaReg) is a novel registry platform facilitating multinational research of hantavirus-caused diseases, such as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). HantaReg provides an electronic case report form and uses the General Data Protection Regulation compliant platform clinicalsurveys.net, which can be accessed from any internet browser in the world. Having a modular structure, the registry platform is designed to display or hide questions and items according to the documented case (e.g. patient with HFRS versus HCPS) to facilitate fast, but standardized, data entry. Information categories documented in HantaReg are demographics, pre-existing diseases, clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, as well as outcome. Conclusions HantaReg is a novel, ready-to-use platform for clinical and epidemiological studies on hantavirus diseases and facilitates the documentation of the disease course associated with hantavirus infections. HantaReg is expected to promote international collaboration and contributes to improving patient care through the analysis of diagnostic and treatment pathways for hantavirus diseases, providing evidence for robust treatment recommendations. Moreover, HantaReg enables the development of prognosis-indicating scoring systems for patients with hantavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Koehler
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Blomberg
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Büttner
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Aschaffenburg-Alzenau, Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Degen
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Eberwein
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Leverkusen gGmbH, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Elion Hoxha
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Johanna R Hoyer-Allo
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Rudolf
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic III, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin R Späth
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Manuel Wanken
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roman-Ulrich Müller
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Salinas TP, Garrido JL, Salazar JR, Gonzalez P, Zambrano N, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Bravo F, Fica-Leon V, Salas-Burgos A, Calvo M, Alvarez R, Armien B, Barria MI. Cytokine Profiles and Antibody Response Associated to Choclo Orthohantavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:603228. [PMID: 33815363 PMCID: PMC8017165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.603228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New World Hantaviruses (NWHs) are the etiological agent underlying hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a severe respiratory disease with high mortality rates in humans. In Panama, infections with Choclo Orthohantavirus (CHOV) cause a much milder illness characterized by higher seroprevalence and lower mortality rates. To date, the cytokine profiles and antibody responses associated with this milder form of HCPS have not been defined. Therefore, in this study, we examined immune serological profiles associated with CHOV infections. Methods For this retrospective study, sera from fifteen individuals with acute CHOV-induced HCPS, were analyzed alongside sera from fifteen convalescent phase individuals and thirty-three asymptomatic, CHOV-seropositive individuals. Cytokine profiles were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Antibody subclasses, binding, and neutralization against CHOV-glycoprotein (CHOV-GP) were evaluated by ELISA, and flow cytometry. Results High titers of IFNγ, IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10 serum cytokines were found in the acute individuals. Elevated IL-4 serum levels were found in convalescent and asymptomatic seropositive individuals. High titers of IgG1 subclass were observed across the three cohorts analyzed. Neutralizing antibody response against CHOV-GP was detectable in few acute individuals but was strong in both convalescent and asymptomatic seropositive individuals. Conclusion A Th1/Th2 cytokine signature is characteristic during acute mild HCPS caused by CHOV infection. High expression of Th2 and IL-8 cytokines are correlated with clinical parameters in acute mild HCPS. In addition, a strong IL-4 signature is associated with different cohorts, including asymptomatic individuals. Furthermore, asymptomatic individuals presented high titers of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tybbysay P Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline R Salazar
- Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Publio Gonzalez
- Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Nicole Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Fuentes-Villalobos
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victor Fica-Leon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alexis Salas-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Blas Armien
- Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SIN), SENACYT, Panama City, Panama
| | - Maria Ines Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Center, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Prist PR, Prado A, Tambosi LR, Umetsu F, de Arruda Bueno A, Pardini R, Metzger JP. Moving to healthier landscapes: Forest restoration decreases the abundance of Hantavirus reservoir rodents in tropical forests. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141967. [PMID: 32892056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS) is a disease with high human lethality rates, whose transmission risk is directly related to the abundance of reservoir rodents. In the Brazilian Atlantic forest, the main reservoirs species, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Necromys lasiurus, are thought to increase in abundance with deforestation. Therefore, forest restoration may contribute to decrease HCPS transmission risk, a topic still unexplored, especially in tropical regions. Aiming at filling this research gap, we quantified the potential of forest restoration, as required by the current environmental legislation, to reduce the abundance of Hantavirus reservoir rodents in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Using a dataset on small mammal communities sampled at 104 sites, we modeled how the abundance of these two rodent species change with the percentage of forest cover and forest edge density. From the best model, we extrapolated rodent abundance to the entire Atlantic Forest, considering two scenarios: current and restored forest cover. Comparing the estimated abundance between these two scenarios, we show that forest restoration can reduce the abundance of O. nigripes up to 89.29% in 43.43% of Atlantic forest territory. For N. lasiurus, abundance decreased up to 46% in 44% of the Atlantic forest. To our knowledge, this is the first study linking forest restoration and zoonotic diseases. Our results indicate that forest restoration would decrease the chance of HCPS transmission in ~45% of the Atlantic forest, making the landscape healthier to ~2,8 million people living within this area. This positive effect of restoration on disease regulation should be considered as an additional argument to encourage and promote forest restoration in tropical areas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro Prist
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Prado
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Leandro Reverberi Tambosi
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil; Department of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Umetsu
- Farroupilha Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Rodovia RS-377 s/n, Campus Alegrete, Alegrete, RS 97555-000, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Arruda Bueno
- Management Plan Center, São Paulo State Forest Foundation, Av. Professor Frederico Hermann Júnior, 325 - Alto de Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP 05459-010, Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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Saavedra F, Garrido JL, Fuentes-Villalobos F, Calvo M, Riquelme R, Rioseco ML, Chahín C, Ferreira L, Alvarez R, Nova-Lamperti E, Barria MI. Differential CD4 T Regulatory Cell Phenotype Induced by Andes Hantavirus Glycoprotein. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:430. [PMID: 32984065 PMCID: PMC7477076 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) caused by Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) in South America is a public health threat due to the significant rate of mortality and the lack of a specific treatment. Interestingly, the virus does not produce cytopathic effect, thereby the strong antiviral immune response is suspected to contribute to pathogenesis, hence is important to understand the balance between protective and harmfully immunity. CD4+ T regulatory cells (Treg) are essential to control an exacerbated immune response. In human ANDV infection, little is known about CD4+ Treg cells, which may be involved in control immunopathology associated to the infection. In this report, we characterize the phenotype of memory CD4+ Tregs in a HCPS survivor's cohort. Based on the expression of CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6, we identified different Th-like Treg populations in ANDV survival's PBMCs. In addition, the effect of ANDV-glycoprotein virus like particles (VLP) was determined. We demonstrated that memory CD4+ Treg from HCPS present a specific phenotype, showing higher frequency of PD-1 compared to healthy donors (HD). In addition, it was observed a decrease in the frequency of Th1-like memory CD4+ Treg in HCPS, important to highlight that this signature could be preserved even years after resolution of infection. Moreover, to gain insight in the mechanism involved, we evaluated whether ANDV-glycoprotein (GP) VLP could modulate CD4+ Treg. Interestingly, ANDV-GP VLP induced a decrease in the frequency of CXCR3 (Th1-like) and an increase in CCR4 (Th2-like) memory CD4+ Treg in both HD and HCPS PBMCs, indicating that ANDV-GP could specifically act over CXCR3 and CCR4 in CD4+ Treg. This report contributes to the study of human CD4+ Treg cells in ANDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farides Saavedra
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francisco Fuentes-Villalobos
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Raúl Riquelme
- Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schoütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Carolina Chahín
- Hospital Regional Temuco Dr. Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile
| | - Leonila Ferreira
- Hospital Clínico Regional Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Estefania Nova-Lamperti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maria Ines Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Mull N, Jackson R, Sironen T, Forbes KM. Ecology of Neglected Rodent-Borne American Orthohantaviruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E325. [PMID: 32357540 PMCID: PMC7281597 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of documented American orthohantaviruses has increased significantly over recent decades, but most fundamental research has remained focused on just two of them: Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV). The majority of American orthohantaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, and most of these pathogenic strains were not described prior to human cases, indicating the importance of understanding all members of the virus clade. In this review, we summarize information on the ecology of under-studied rodent-borne American orthohantaviruses to form general conclusions and highlight important gaps in knowledge. Information regarding the presence and genetic diversity of many orthohantaviruses throughout the distributional range of their hosts is minimal and would significantly benefit from virus isolations to indicate a reservoir role. Additionally, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying transmission routes and factors affecting the environmental persistence of orthohantaviruses, limiting our understanding of factors driving prevalence fluctuations. As landscapes continue to change, host ranges and human exposure to orthohantaviruses likely will as well. Research on the ecology of neglected orthohantaviruses is necessary for understanding both current and future threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Reilly Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (R.J.); (K.M.F.)
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9
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Abstract
Although Seoul orthohantavirus is the only globally spread hantavirus pathogen, few confirmed human infections with this virus have been reported in Western countries, suggesting lower medical awareness of the milder, transient, and often chameleon-like symptoms of this zoonosis. We describe lesser known clinical and laboratory characteristics to help improve underreporting of this virus.
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10
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Ribeiro GE, Leon LE, Perez R, Cuiza A, Vial PA, Ferres M, Mertz GJ, Vial C. Deletions in Genes Participating in Innate Immune Response Modify the Clinical Course of Andes Orthohantavirus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E680. [PMID: 31349540 DOI: 10.3390/v11080680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes orthohantavirus (ANDV) is an important human pathogen causing hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) with a fatality rate of 30% in Chile. Around 60% of all cases have a severe clinical course, while the others have a mild clinical course. The main goal of this study was to understand if the genetic variation of patients is associated with the clinical course they develop after ANDV infection. For this, the frequency of copy number variants (CNVs, i.e., deletions and duplications) was studied in 195 patients, 88 with mild and 107 with severe HCPS. CNVs were called from intensity data of the Affymetrix Genome-Wide SNP Array 6.0. The analysis of the data was performed with PennCNV, ParseCNV and R softwares; Results: a deletion of 19, 416 bp in the q31.3 region of chromosome 1 is found more frequently in severe patients (p < 0.05). This region contains Complement Factor H Related (CFHR1) and CFHR3 genes, regulators of the complement cascade. A second deletion of 1.81 kb located in the p13 region of chr20 was significantly more frequent in mild patients (p < 0.05). This region contains the SIRPB1 gene, which participates in the innate immune response, more specifically in neutrophil trans-epithelial migration. Both deletions are associated with the clinical course of HCPS, the first being a risk factor and the second being protective. The participation of genes contained in both deletions in ANDV infection pathophysiology deserves further investigation.
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Bondu V, Bitting C, Poland VL, Hanson JA, Harkins MS, Lathrop S, Nolte KB, Lawrence DA, Buranda T. Upregulation of P2Y 2R, Active uPA, and PAI-1 Are Essential Components of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:169. [PMID: 29930915 PMCID: PMC6001748 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sin Nombre virus (SNV) causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary pulmonary syndrome (HCPS) with the loss of pulmonary vascular endothelial integrity, and pulmonary edema without causing cytopathic effects on the vascular endothelium. HCPS is associated primarily with a dysregulated immune response. We previously found occult signs of hemostatic imbalance in the form of a sharp >30-100 fold increase in the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), in serial blood plasma draws of terminal stage-patients. However, the mechanism of the increase in PAI-1 remains unclear. PAI-1 is a primary inhibitor of fibrinolysis caused by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator plasma (uPA). Here, we investigate factors that contribute to PAI-1 upregulation during HCPS. Using zymography, we found evidence of PAI-1-refractory uPA activity and no tPA activity in plasma samples drawn from HCPS patients. The sole prevalence of uPA activity suggested that severe inflammation drove PAI-1 activity. We have recently reported that the P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) mediates SNV infectivity by interacting in cis with β3 integrins, which activates the latter during infection. P2Y2R is a known effector for several biological processes relevant to HCPS pathogenesis, such as upregulation of tissue factor (TF), a primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, stimulating vascular permeability and leukocyte homing to sites of infection. As P2Y2R is prone to upregulation under conditions of inflammation, we compared the expression level of P2Y2R in formalin fixed tissues of HCPS decedents using a TaqMan assay and immunohistochemistry. Our TaqMan results show that the expression of P2Y2R is upregulated significantly in HCPS cases compared to non- HCPS controls (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed that lung macrophages were the primary reservoir of high and coincident localization of P2Y2R, uPA, PAI-1, and TF antigens. We also observed increased staining for SNV antigens in the same tissue segments where P2Y2R expression was upregulated. Conversely, sections of low P2Y2R expression showed weak manifestations of macrophages, SNV, PAI-1, and TF. Coincident localization of P2Y2R and PAI-1 on macrophage deposits suggests an inflammation-dependent mechanism of increasing pro-coagulant activity in HCPS in the absence of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bondu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Casey Bitting
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Valerie L Poland
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joshua A Hanson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michelle S Harkins
- Division of Infectious Disease, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sarah Lathrop
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kurt B Nolte
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Daniel A Lawrence
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tione Buranda
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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12
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Milholland MT, Castro-Arellano I, Suzán G, Garcia-Peña GE, Lee TE, Rohde RE, Alonso Aguirre A, Mills JN. Global Diversity and Distribution of Hantaviruses and Their Hosts. Ecohealth 2018; 15:163-208. [PMID: 29713899 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rodents represent 42% of the world's mammalian biodiversity encompassing 2,277 species populating every continent (except Antarctica) and are reservoir hosts for a wide diversity of disease agents. Thus, knowing the identity, diversity, host-pathogen relationships, and geographic distribution of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens, is essential for predicting and mitigating zoonotic disease outbreaks. Hantaviruses are hosted by numerous rodent reservoirs. However, the diversity of rodents harboring hantaviruses is likely unknown because research is biased toward specific reservoir hosts and viruses. An up-to-date, systematic review covering all known rodent hosts is lacking. Herein, we document gaps in our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of rodent species that host hantaviruses. Of the currently recognized 681 cricetid, 730 murid, 61 nesomyid, and 278 sciurid species, we determined that 11.3, 2.1, 1.6, and 1.1%, respectively, have known associations with hantaviruses. The diversity of hantaviruses hosted by rodents and their distribution among host species supports a reassessment of the paradigm that each virus is associated with a single-host species. We examine these host-virus associations on a global taxonomic and geographical scale with emphasis on the rodent host diversity and distribution. Previous reviews have been centered on the viruses and not the mammalian hosts. Thus, we provide a perspective not previously addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Milholland
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Iván Castro-Arellano
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel E Garcia-Peña
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad C3, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico
- UMR MIVEGEC, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, UMR 5290, CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier, Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas E Lee
- Department of Biology, Abilene Christian University, ACU Box 27868, Abilene, TX, 79699, USA
| | - Rodney E Rohde
- College of Health Professions, Clinical Laboratory Science Program, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - James N Mills
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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13
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Bellomo C, Korva M, Papa A, Mäkelä S, Mustonen J, Avšič-Županc T, Vaheri A, Martinez VP, Strandin T. Differential Regulation of PAI-1 in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome and Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy021. [PMID: 29450213 PMCID: PMC5808793 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the levels of circulating tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in acute hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The levels of tPA commonly increased in both diseases, whereas PAI-1 correlated with disease severity in HCPS but not in HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellomo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia para Hantavirus, Servicio Biología Molecular, Departamento Virología-INEI-ANLIS "Dr C. G. Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miša Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Satu Mäkelä
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finl
| | - Jukka Mustonen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finl
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
| | - Valeria P Martinez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia para Hantavirus, Servicio Biología Molecular, Departamento Virología-INEI-ANLIS "Dr C. G. Malbrán," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
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14
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Prist PR, D Andrea PS, Metzger JP. Landscape, Climate and Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Outbreaks. Ecohealth 2017; 14:614-629. [PMID: 28620680 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We performed a literature review in order to improve our understanding of how landscape and climate drivers affect HCPS outbreaks. Anthropogenic landscape changes such as forest loss, fragmentation and agricultural land uses are related with a boost in hantavirus reservoir species abundance and hantavirus prevalence in tropical areas, increasing HCPS risk. Additionally, higher precipitation, especially in arid regions, favors an increase in vegetational biomass, which augments the resources for reservoir rodents, also increasing HCPS risk. Although these relationships were observed, few studies described it so far, and the ones that did it are concentrated in few places. To guide future research on this issue, we build a conceptual model relating landscape and climate variables with HCPS outbreaks and identified research opportunities. We point out the need for studies addressing the effects of landscape configuration, temperature and the interaction between climate and landscape variables. Critical landscape thresholds are also highly relevant, once HCPS risk transmission can increase rapidly above a certain degree of landscape degradation. These studies could be relevant to implement preventive measures, creating landscapes that can mitigate disease spread risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ribeiro Prist
- Department of Ecology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, travessa 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Sérgio D Andrea
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Department of Ecology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321, travessa 14, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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15
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Kalaiselvan S, Sankar S, Ramamurthy M, Ghosh AR, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. Prediction of Pan-Specific B-Cell Epitopes From Nucleocapsid Protein of Hantaviruses Causing Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2320-2324. [PMID: 28106282 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging viral pathogens that causes hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas, a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans with a case fatality rate of ≥50%. IgM and IgG-based serological detection methods are the most common approaches used for laboratory diagnosis of hantaviruses. Such emerging viral pathogens emphasizes the need for improved rapid diagnostic devices and vaccines incorporating pan-specific epitopes of genotypes. We predicted linear B-cell epitopes for hantaviruses that are specific to genotypes causing HCPS in humans using in silico prediction servers. We modeled the Andes and Sin Nombre hantavirus nucleocapsid protein to locate the identified epitopes. Based on the mean percent prediction probability score, epitope IMASKSVGS/TAEEKLKKKSAF was identified as the best candidate B-cell epitope specific for hantaviruses causing HCPS. Promiscuous epitopes were identified in the C-terminal of the protein. Our study for the first time has reported pan-specific B-cell epitopes for developing immunoassays in the detection of antibodies to hantaviruses causing HCPS. Identification of epitopes with pan-specific recognition of all genotypes causing HCPS could be valuable for the development of immunodiagnositic tools toward pan-detection of hantavirus antibodies in ELISA. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2320-2324, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagadevan Kalaiselvan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asit Ranjan Ghosh
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Control, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore 632 055, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Angulo J, Pino K, Echeverría-Chagas N, Marco C, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Galeno H, Villagra E, Vera L, Lagos N, Becerra N, Mora J, Bermúdez A, Cárcamo M, Díaz J, Miquel JF, Ferrés M, López-Lastra M. Association of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL28B, but Not TNF-α, With Severity of Disease Caused by Andes Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:e62-9. [PMID: 26394672 PMCID: PMC4657541 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andes virus (ANDV) is the sole etiologic agent of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in Chile, with a fatality rate of about 35%. Individual host factors affecting ANDV infection outcome are poorly understood. In this case-control genetic association analysis, we explored the link between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12979860, rs8099917 and rs1800629 and the clinical outcome of ANDV-induced disease. The SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 are known to play a role in the differential expression of the interleukin 28B gene (IL28B), whereas SNP rs1800629 is implicated in the expression of tumor necrosis factor α gene (TNF-α). METHODS A total of 238 samples from confirmed ANDV-infected patients collected between 2006 and 2014, and categorized according to the severity of the disease, were genotyped for SNPs rs12979860, rs8099917, and rs1800629. RESULTS Analysis of IL28B SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 revealed a link between homozygosity of the minor alleles (TT and GG, respectively), displaying a mild disease progression, whereas heterozygosity or homozygosity for the major alleles (CT/CC and TG/TT, respectively) in both IL28B SNPs is associated with severe disease. No association with the clinical outcome of HCPS was observed for TNF-α SNP rs1800629 (TNF -308G>A). CONCLUSIONS The IL28B SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917, but not TNF-α SNP rs1800629, are associated with the clinical outcome of ANDV-induced disease, suggesting a possible link between IL28B expression and ANDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer Angulo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia
| | - Karla Pino
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia
| | - Natalia Echeverría-Chagas
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Marco
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, División de Pediatría
| | | | - Héctor Galeno
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Eliecer Villagra
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Lilian Vera
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Natalia Lagos
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Natalia Becerra
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Judith Mora
- Subdepartamento de Virología Clínica, Departamento Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional y de Referencia
| | - Andrea Bermúdez
- Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago
| | - Marcela Cárcamo
- Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago
| | - Janepsy Díaz
- Departamento de Asuntos Científicos, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago
| | - Juan Francisco Miquel
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Marcela Ferrés
- Laboratorio de Infectología, Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, División de Pediatría
| | - Marcelo López-Lastra
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia
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17
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are the etiologic agents of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in Old World, and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)/Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS), in the New World. Serological methods are the most common approach used for laboratory diagnosis of HCPS, however theses methods do not allow the characterization of viral genotypes. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been extensively used for diagnosis of viral infections, including those caused by hantaviruses, enabling detection of few target sequence copies in the sample. However, most studies proposed methods of PCR with species-specific primers. This study developed a simple and reliable diagnostic system by RT-PCR for different hantavirus detection. Using new primers set, we evaluated human and rodent hantavirus positive samples of various regions from Brazil. Besides, we performed computational analyzes to evaluate the detection of other South American hantaviruses. The diagnostic system by PCR proved to be a sensible and simple assay, allowing amplification of Juquitiba virus, Araraquara virus, Laguna Negra virus, Rio Mamore virus and Jabora virus, beyond of the possibility of the detecting Andes, Anajatuba, Bermejo, Choclo, Cano Delgadito, Lechiguanas, Maciel, Oran, Pergamino and Rio Mearim viruses. The primers sets designed in this study can detect hantaviruses from almost all known genetics lineages in Brazil and from others South America countries and also increases the possibility to detect new hantaviruses. These primers could easily be used both in diagnosis of suspected hantavirus infections in humans and also in studies with animals reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Guerra Schrago
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Over the past few decades understanding and recognition of hantavirus infection has greatly improved worldwide, but both the amplitude and the magnitude of hantavirus outbreaks have been increasing. Several novel hantaviruses with unknown pathogenic potential have been identified in a variety of insectivore hosts. With the new hosts, new geographical distributions of hantaviruses have also been discovered and several new species were found in Africa. Hantavirus infection in humans can result in two clinical syndromes: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) caused by Old World and New World hantaviruses, respectively. The clinical presentation of HFRS varies from subclinical, mild, and moderate to severe, depending in part on the causative agent of the disease. In general, HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, Amur virus and Dobrava virus are more severe with mortality rates from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul virus causes moderate and Puumala virus and Saaremaa virus cause mild forms of disease with mortality rates <1%. The central phenomena behind the pathogenesis of both HFRS and HCPS are increased vascular permeability and acute thrombocytopenia. The pathogenesis is likely to be a complex multifactorial process that includes contributions from immune responses, platelet dysfunction and the deregulation of endothelial cell barrier functions. Also a genetic predisposition, related to HLA type, seems to be important for the severity of the disease. As there is no effective treatment or vaccine approved for use in the USA and Europe, public awareness and precautionary measures are the only ways to minimize the risk of hantavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - A Saksida
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Korva
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
Hantavirus, a genus of rodent- and insectivore-borne viruses in the family Bunyaviridae, is a group of emerging zoonotic pathogens. Hantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in man, often with severe consequences. Vascular leakage is evident in severe hantavirus infections, and increased permeability contributes to the pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantavirus interactions with hematopoietic and endothelial cells, and their effects on the increased vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
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