1
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Fisher DL, Agrawal R, Divekar G, Hamid MA, Krishnan A, Mehranian H, Muttart J, Pradhan A, Roberts S, Romoser M, Samuel S, Vlakveld W, Yamani Y, Young J, Zafian T, Zhang L. Novice driver crashes: The relation between putative causal factors, countermeasures, real world implementations, and policy - A case study in simple, scalable solutions. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 198:107397. [PMID: 38271896 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective. Novice drivers were largely considered careless, not clueless. This article is a case study in the United States of how a better understanding of the causes of novice driver crashes led to training countermeasures targeting teen driving behaviors with known associations with crashes. These effects on behaviors were large enough and long-lasting enough to convince insurance companies to develop training programs that they offered around the country to teen drivers. The success of the training programs at reducing the frequency of behaviors linked to crashes also led to several large-scale evaluations of the effect of the training programs on actual crashes. A reduction in crashes was observed. The cumulative effect has now led to state driver licensing agencies considering as a matter of policy both to include items testing the behaviors linked to crashes on licensing exams and to require training on safety critical behaviors. The effort has been ongoing for over a quarter century and is continuing. The case study highlights the critical elements that made it possible to move from a paradigm shift in the understanding of crash causes to the development and evaluation of crash countermeasures, to the implementation of those crash countermeasures, and to subsequent policy changes at the state and federal level. Key among these elements is the development of simple, scalable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Fisher
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States; Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
| | | | | | - Malek Abdul Hamid
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Jeff Muttart
- Driver Research Institute, East Hampton, CT, USA
| | - Anuj Pradhan
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Shannon Roberts
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | | | - Siby Samuel
- University of Waterloo, College of Enigneering, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yusuke Yamani
- Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Jared Young
- Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Tracy Zafian
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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2
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Schwoerer T, Schmidt JI, Berman M, Bieniek P, Farquharson LM, Nicolsky D, Powell J, Roberts R, Thoman R, Ziel R. Increasing multi-hazard climate risk and financial and health impacts on northern homeowners. Ambio 2024; 53:389-405. [PMID: 37957445 PMCID: PMC10837396 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, more than half of the world's human population lives in urban areas, which are increasingly affected by climate hazards. Little is known about how multi-hazard environments affect people, especially those living in urban areas in northern latitudes. This study surveyed homeowners in Anchorage and Fairbanks, USA, Alaska's largest urban centers, to measure individual risk perceptions, mitigation response, and damages related to wildfire, surface ice hazards, and permafrost thaw. Up to one third of residents reported being affected by all three hazards, with surface ice hazards being the most widely distributed, related to an estimated $25 million in annual damages. Behavioral risk response, policy recommendations for rapidly changing urban environments, and the challenges to local governments in mitigation efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schwoerer
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 75734, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA.
| | - Jennifer I Schmidt
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99509, USA
| | - Matthew Berman
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99509, USA
| | - Peter Bieniek
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 75734, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA
| | - Louise M Farquharson
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA
| | - Dmitry Nicolsky
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA
| | - James Powell
- Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, University of Alaska Southeast, 11066 Auke Lake Way, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
| | - Rachel Roberts
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK, 99509, USA
| | - Rick Thoman
- International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 75734, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA
| | - Robert Ziel
- Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757320, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7340, USA
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3
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Han Y, Jia H, Xu C, Bockarjova M, Westen CV, Lombardo L. Unveiling spatial inequalities: Exploring county-level disaster damages and social vulnerability on public disaster assistance in contiguous US. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119690. [PMID: 38048707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics between public disaster assistance, disaster damages, and social vulnerability at county-level is crucial for designing effective disaster mitigation strategies. This study utilized the Local Bivariate Moran Index (LBMI) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to examine spatial patterns and relationships between disaster damages, social vulnerability, and public disaster assistance in contiguous US counties from 2001 to 2021. LBMI results reveal that public disaster assistance has predominantly been directed towards post-disaster recovery efforts, with a particular focus on coastal communities affected by major declared disasters. However, the distributions of public assistance and individual housing assistance, which are the two primary sources of public disaster assistance, do not adequately cover physically and socially vulnerable communities. The distribution of pre-disaster risk mitigation also falls short of sufficiently covering vulnerable communities. Results further indicate the complex interactions between different categories of natural disasters and public assistances. The GWR model results demonstrate spatial variations in predicting each category of public disaster assistance. These findings indicate the need to address disparities in accessing public disaster assistance in the US, and advocate for more equitable disaster mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Changqing Xu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Marija Bockarjova
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van Westen
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Luigi Lombardo
- University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, the Netherlands
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4
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Knox RL, Wohl EE, Morrison RR. Levees don't protect, they disconnect: A critical review of how artificial levees impact floodplain functions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 837:155773. [PMID: 35537517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recognition of floodplain importance in the scientific community, floodplains are not afforded the same legal protection as river channels. In the United States alone, flood-related economic losses were much higher in the second half of the 20th century than the first half despite the expenditure of billions of dollars on flood defenses. Partially to blame are the low appraisal and understanding of human impacts to floodplain functions. Here, we explore the impacts of levees on floodplain functions and analyze case studies of floodplain restoration through levee removal. Floodplain functions include (1) fluxes of water, solutes, and particulate materials; (2) enhanced spatial heterogeneity of hydrology and biogeochemistry; (3) enhanced habitat abundance and diversity; (4) enhanced biomass and biodiversity; and (5) hazard mitigation. Case studies of floodplain restoration involving artificial levee adjustment are heavily concentrated in North America, Europe, and Japan, and those case studies assess floodplain functions within 30 years of restoration. In the United States, restoration through levee removal comprises less than 1% of artificial levee length and 1-2% of disconnected floodplains. In Europe, restoration effectiveness was severely limited by upstream flow regulation. Most case studies were impacted by stressors outside the study site and took place in lowland alluvial rivers. Reconfiguration was successful at achieving limited aims while reconnection set floodplains on a trajectory to more fully restore floodplain functions. Case studies illustrated the tension between restoration scale and study resolution in time and space as well as the role of site-specific characteristics in determining restoration outcomes. Numerous knowledge gaps surrounding the integrative relationships between floodplain functions must be addressed in future studies. The ubiquity of flow regulation demands that future floodplain restoration occur in a whole-of-basin manner. Monitoring of restoration must take place for longer periods of time and include multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Knox
- Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ellen E Wohl
- Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ryan R Morrison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Feinberg DS, Ryan CM. Collaboration in Hazard Mitigation Planning: Case Studies in Washington State, USA. Environ Manage 2022; 70:54-63. [PMID: 35556162 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-022-01661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hazard mitigation plans can support communities' resilience in the context of natural hazards and climate change. The quality of these plans can be evaluated using established indicators; however, research is also needed regarding the perceptions of participants in planning processes, to understand aspects of the planning processes that may not be evident in the plan documents. This study builds on previously reported plan quality scores and survey data, to investigate whether selected collaboration dynamics (principled engagement and capacity for joint action) occurred during counties' hazard planning processes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 hazard planning professionals who were involved in preparing county-level hazard mitigation plans in Washington State, USA. Findings (for cases with both high- and low-scoring plans) include evidence of collaboration dynamics, although important participants (e.g., members of the local community) were reportedly missing from some planning processes, raising concerns about the extent to which the plans reflect local needs. These results are consistent with previous literature, which has demonstrated that members of the public often view hazard mitigation as inaccessible and disconnected from their daily lives. The paper concludes with recommendations for how practitioners might go about bolstering participation from important participants, potentially leading to higher-quality plans and helping to protect communities from hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Feinberg
- Sustainability Strategist, Third Partners LLC, PO Box 10188 #83929, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA.
| | - Clare M Ryan
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Univ. of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, 98195-2100, USA
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6
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Morales Arteaga JF, Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Lestan D. Simultaneous removal of arsenic and toxic metals from contaminated soil: Laboratory development and pilot scale demonstration. Environ Pollut 2022; 294:118656. [PMID: 34890746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil chemistry of toxic metalloids and metals differs, making their simultaneous removal difficult. Soil contaminated with As, Pb, Zn and Cd was washed with oxalic acid, Na-dithionite and EDTA solution. Toxic elements were removed from the washing solution by alkalinisation with CaO to a pH 12.5: As was co-precipitated with Fe from Fe-EDTA chelate formed after the soil washing. The toxic metals precipitated after substitution of their EDTA chelates with Ca. The novel method was scaled up on the ReSoil® platform. On average, 60, 76, 29, and 53% of As, Pb, Zn, and Cd were removed, no wastewater was generated and EDTA was recycled. Addition of zero-valent iron reduced the toxic elements' leachability. Remediation was most effective for As: phytoaccessibility (CaCl2 extraction), mobility (NH4NO3), and accessibility from human gastric and gastrointestinal phases were reduced 22, 104, 6, and 51 times, respectively. Remediation increased pH but had no effect on soil functioning assessed by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. Brassica napus produced 1.9 times more biomass on remediated soil, accumulated no As and 5.0, 2.6, and 9.0 times less Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. We demonstrated the novel remediation technology as cost-efficient (material cost = 41.86 € t-1) and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Gluhar
- Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Foong SY, Liew RK, Lee CL, Tan WP, Peng W, Sonne C, Tsang YF, Lam SS. Strategic hazard mitigation of waste furniture boards via pyrolysis: Pyrolysis behavior, mechanisms, and value-added products. J Hazard Mater 2022; 421:126774. [PMID: 34364214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Waste furniture boards (WFBs) contain hazardous formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds when left unmanaged or improperly disposed through landfilling and open burning. In this study, pyrolysis was examined as a disposal and recovery approach to convert three types of WFBs (i.e., particleboard, plywood, and fiberboard) into value-added chemicals using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG-FTIR analysis shows that pyrolysis performed at an optimum temperature of 250-550 °C produced volatile products mainly consisting of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and light hydrocarbons, such as methane. Py-GC/MS shows that pyrolysis at different final temperatures and heating rates recovered mainly phenols (25.9-54.7%) for potential use as additives in gasoline, colorants, and food. The calorific value of WFBs ranged from 16 to 18 MJ/kg but the WFBs showed high H/C (1.7-1.8) and O/C (0.8-1.0) ratios that provide low chemical energy during combustion. This result indicates that WFBs are not recommended to be burned directly as fuel, however, they can be pyrolyzed and converted into solid pyrolytic products such as biochar with improved properties for fuel application. Hazardous components, such as cyclopropylmethanol, were removed and converted into value-added compounds, such as 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-d-glucopyranose, for use in pharmaceuticals. These results show that the pyrolysis of WFBs at high temperature and low heating rate is a promising feature to produce value-added chemicals and reduce the formation of harmful chemical species. Thus, the release of hazardous formaldehyde and greenhouse gases into the environment is redirected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ying Foong
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Second floor, Jalan Macalister, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang 10400, Malaysia; Eco-Innovation Research Interest Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chern Leing Lee
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Wei Peng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, Roskilde, DK-4000 Denmark
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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8
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Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Finžgar N, Gerl M, Kastelec D, Lestan D. Demonstrational gardens with EDTA-washed soil. Part I: Remediation efficiency, effect on soil properties and toxicity hazards. Sci Total Environ 2021; 792:149060. [PMID: 34325881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The viable chelator-based soil washing has yet to be demonstrated on a larger scale. Soil containing 1850, 3830 and 21 mg kg-1 Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively, was washed with 100 mmol EDTA kg-1 in a series of 16 batches (1 ton soil/batch) using the new ReSoil® technology. The ReSoil® recycled the process water and 85% of the EDTA, producing no wastewater and 14.4 kg ton-1 of waste. The soil washing removed 71, 28 and 53% of Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively, mainly from the carbonate fraction, saturated the soil with basic cations and increased the soil pH by up to 0.5 units. Raised beds (4 × 1 × 0.5 m) with original (contaminated) and remediated soil were constructed as lysmeters, and local produce was grown from July 2018 to November 2019. Throughout the gardening period, the concentration of Pb and Cd in the leachates from the remediated soil was lower and that of Zn was higher than in the original soil. Remediation decreased the concentration of plant-available and mobile toxic metals, as determined by CaCl2 and NH4NO3 extractions, and reduced the bioavailability of Pb, Zn, and Cd in the simulated human gastrointestinal phase by an average of 4.3, 1.7 and 2.7-fold, respectively. Revitalization with vermicompost, earthworms and rhizosphere soil, and spring fertilisation with compost and manure, had no significant effect on the mobility and accessibility of the toxic metals. The ReSoil® is a cost-effective technology (material cost = 18.27 € ton-1 soil) and showed the prospect of sustainable reuse of remediated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gluhar
- Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anela Kaurin
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Finžgar
- Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gerl
- Arhel Ltd., Pustovrhova 15, 1210 Ljubljana Sentvid, Slovenia
| | - Damijana Kastelec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Curran-Groome W, Haygood H, Hino M, BenDor TK, Salvesen D. Assessing the full costs of floodplain buyouts. Clim Change 2021; 168:3. [PMID: 34538989 PMCID: PMC8439368 DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given projected increases in flood damages, managed retreat strategies are likely to become more widespread. Voluntary buyouts, where governments acquire flood-damaged properties and return the sites to open space, have been the primary form of federally funded retreat in the USA to date. However, little attention has been paid to the cost structure of buyout projects. Using a transaction cost framework, we analyze the costs of activities that comprise floodplain buyouts. Federal data do not distinguish transaction costs, but they do suggest that the cost of purchasing properties often accounts for 80% or less of total project costs. Through a systematic review (n = 1103 publications) and an analysis of government budgets (across n = 859 jurisdiction-years), we find limited sources with relevant cost information, none of which reports transaction costs. The absence of activity-level cost data inhibits more targeted policy reform to support community-driven and efficient buyout programs. Better data collection and reporting can inform more impactful and equitable buyout policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Curran-Groome
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140 USA
| | - Hallee Haygood
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140 USA
| | - Miyuki Hino
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140 USA
| | - Todd K. BenDor
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, New East Building, Campus Box #3140, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3140 USA
| | - David Salvesen
- Institute for the Environment, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 Europa Dr Suite 490, Chapel Hill, NC 27517 USA
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10
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Ebadi Y, Helm A, Hungund AP, Roberts SC, McDermott JM, Epstein JN, Fisher DL. Impact of L2 automated systems on hazard anticipation and mitigation behavior of young drivers with varying levels of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptomatology. Accid Anal Prev 2021; 159:106292. [PMID: 34256315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Level 2 (L2) driving automation systems that maintain latitudinal and longitudinal control of the vehicle decrease mental workload and result in drivers failing to monitor and respond to potential roadway hazards. This issue is potentially important for young drivers with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) since they have known difficulties anticipating and mitigating potential hazards on the road, a skill which requires attention. The objective of this study is to investigate how the use of partially automated (L2) systems and manual systems impacts hazard anticipation and mitigation among young drivers with varying levels of ADHD symptomatology. Sixty-eight drivers, classified into two groups - high and low ADHD symptomatology-navigated twice through three scenarios on a driving simulator, once with an L2 and once with a manual system. The results indicated that: (i) the hazard anticipation skills of drivers with both high and low ADHD symptomatology were depressed in the L2 condition relative to the manual condition; (ii) the hazard mitigations skills of drivers with both high and low ADHD symptomatology were depressed in the L2 condition relative to the manual condition on two measures, but improved on a third measure; and (iii) the hazard anticipation and mitigation skills of drivers with high and low ADHD symptomatology were differentially impacted, both within and across the two levels of automation. Taken together, the results indicate the pernicious and often hard to predict consequences of higher levels of automation for different populations of younger drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Ebadi
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst MA 01002, United States.
| | - Abigail Helm
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst MA 01002, United States.
| | - Apoorva P Hungund
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst MA 01002, United States.
| | - Shannon C Roberts
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst MA 01002, United States.
| | - Jennifer M McDermott
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst MA 01002, United States.
| | - Jeffery N Epstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burney Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States.
| | - Donald L Fisher
- Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, 55 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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11
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Smith G, Saunders W, Vila O, Gyawali S, Bhattarai S, Lawdley E. A comparative analysis of hazard-prone housing acquisition programs in US and New Zealand communities. J Environ Stud Sci 2021; 11:392-403. [PMID: 37915423 PMCID: PMC10616994 DOI: 10.1007/s13412-021-00689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the preliminary results of an international comparative assessment of hazard-prone housing acquisition programs (buyouts) undertaken in six US and New Zealand communities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with government officials and consultants tasked with administering buyout programs following flood, debris flow, and earthquake-based disasters. Key issues analyzed include local capacity, public participation, planning and design, program complexity, funding and financial management, and lesson drawing. The findings are timely given the rise in disaster-related losses, buyouts are increasingly cited as a strategy to reduce natural hazard risk and advance climate change adaptation, and national buyout programs are evolving in both countries to tackle the challenges associated with this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Smith
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, North Carolina State University College of Design, Campus Box 7701, Raleigh, NC 27675 USA
| | - Wendy Saunders
- Earthquake Commission, Risk Reduction and Resilience, Level 11 Majestic Tower, Willis Street, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olivia Vila
- Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Samata Gyawali
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Samiksha Bhattarai
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Eliza Lawdley
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
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12
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Hajiseyedjavadi F, Zhang T, Agrawal R, Knodler M, Fisher D, Samuel S. Effectiveness of visual warnings on young drivers hazard anticipation and hazard mitigation abilities. Accid Anal Prev 2018; 116:41-52. [PMID: 29277384 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that young drivers fail both to scan for and mitigate latent hazards mostly due to their cluelessness. This study aims to investigate whether these skills could be improved by providing young drivers with alerts in advance of the upcoming threat using a driving simulator experiment. In particular, the warning was presented on the head-up displays (HUD) either 2 s, 3 s or 4 s in advance of a latent threat. The hazard anticipation, hazard mitigation and attention maintenance performance of forty-eight young drivers aged 18-25 was evaluated across eight unique scenarios either in the presence or in the absence of latent threat alerts displayed on a HUD. There were four groups overall: one control group (no alert) and three experimental groups (2 s alert, 3 s alert and 4 s alert). The analysis of the hazard anticipation data showed that all three experimental groups with HUD warnings (2 s, 3 s, 4 s) significantly increased the likelihood that drivers would glance towards latent pedestrian and vehicle hazards when compared to the control group. The hazard mitigation analysis showed that in situations involving a pedestrian threat, HUD alerts provided 3 or 4 s in advance of a potential threat led drivers to travel significantly slower than the control group or the 2 s group. No significant effect of a HUD alert on drivers' speed was found when the latent hazard was a vehicle. An analysis of eye behaviors showed that only 7 out of 597 glances at the HUD were longer than 2 s safety-threshold, indicating that the warnings do not seem to distract the driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 139B Marston Hall, College of Engineering, 130 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Tingru Zhang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 110 Elab I, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Ravi Agrawal
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 110 Elab I, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Michael Knodler
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 214B Marston Hall, College of Engineering, 130 Natural Resources Road, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Donald Fisher
- Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, 55 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Siby Samuel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 315 Elab I, 160 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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