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Charlesworth TES, Hatzenbuehler ML. Mechanisms upholding the persistence of stigma across 100 years of historical text. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11069. [PMID: 38744930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, many social groups face negative stereotypes. Is such negativity a stable feature of society and, if so, what mechanisms maintain stability both within and across group targets? Answering these theoretically and practically important questions requires data on dozens of group stereotypes examined simultaneously over historical and societal scales, which is only possible through recent advances in Natural Language Processing. Across two studies, we use word embeddings from millions of English-language books over 100 years (1900-2000) and extract stereotypes for 58 stigmatized groups. Study 1 examines aggregate, societal-level trends in stereotype negativity by averaging across these groups. Results reveal striking persistence in aggregate negativity (no meaningful slope), suggesting that society maintains a stable level of negative stereotypes. Study 2 introduces and tests a new framework identifying potential mechanisms upholding stereotype negativity over time. We find evidence of two key sources of this aggregate persistence: within-group "reproducibility" (e.g., stereotype negativity can be maintained by using different traits with the same underlying meaning) and across-group "replacement" (e.g., negativity from one group is transferred to other related groups). These findings provide novel historical evidence of mechanisms upholding stigmatization in society and raise new questions regarding the possibility of future stigma change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa E S Charlesworth
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2211 Campus Dr, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Mark L Hatzenbuehler
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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2
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Nakagawa T, Kobayashi E. Let us move forward: Comment on "are generations a useful concept?". Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104286. [PMID: 38653081 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Generational labels (e.g., Millennials and Baby Boomers) are widely used in daily life to represent the unique characteristics of groups of people. However, the existence of generational differences remains contentious. In their focal paper, Costanza et al. (2023) critically reviewed the literature on generational differences and proposed two future research directions: the social constructionist and lifespan development perspectives. In this commentary, we aimed to extend the proposed directions for future research on generational differences by integrating the two perspectives into one theoretical framework. Future research should investigate how proximal social relationships (e.g., intergenerational relations) and distal social norms (e.g., age norms) change over historical time and whether these historical changes shape individuals' development and aging. The theoretical framework that integrates the two proposed research directions may stimulate research on generational differences to progress beyond the concept of generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nakagawa
- Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Erika Kobayashi
- Research Team for Social Participation and Healthy Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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Lee S, Koffer R, Drewelies J. Adults Older Than Age 55 Engage in Less Diverse Activities Than Those 18 Years Ago. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:1511-1520. [PMID: 36932984 PMCID: PMC10461533 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Life-span perspectives have long acknowledged that individual functioning is shaped by historical and sociocultural contexts. Secular increases favoring recent cohorts are widely documented. However, little is known about secular trends in day-to-day activities and whether historical changes have occurred in younger and older adults alike. METHODS We compared data from 2 independent cohort samples of the daily diary portion of the Midlife in the United States Study obtained 18 years apart (1995/1996 cohort: n = 1,499 vs 2013/2014 cohort: n = 782) and identified case-matched cohorts (n = 757 per cohort) based on age, gender, education, and race. An activity diversity score was calculated based on 7 common daily activities, using Shannon's entropy method. We additionally examined the roles of age and other sociodemographic and health characteristics in cohort differences in activity diversity. RESULTS Results revealed that the 2013/2014 cohort experienced lower daily activity diversity than the 1995/1996 cohort. Age was positively associated with activity diversity in the 1995/1996 cohort, whereas age was negatively associated with activity diversity in the 2013/2014 cohort. These associations were significant for those who were older than age 55. Cohorts also differed in the types of most dominant activities and average time spent on those activities. DISCUSSION Findings show changes in the lifestyles and daily activities of U.S. adults across 2 decades. Contrasting to the common belief that today's adults may be healthier and more active, they seem engaging in less diverse daily activities, which can be a risk for future health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel Koffer
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wettstein M, Tesarz J. Increasing pain prevalence and intensity among middle-aged and older adults: Evidence from the German Ageing Survey. J Psychosom Res 2023; 168:111233. [PMID: 36958227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain is a very common chronic condition in late life that is associated with poorer quality of life and greater functional restrictions. Little is known regarding temporal trends in pain prevalence and pain intensity. Therefore, we estimated trends in pain prevalence and intensity over time among German middle-aged and older adults. METHODS We used two independent samples drawn in different years from the German Ageing Survey, which is a nationwide population-representative study with a cohort-sequential design. Specifically, a sample of individuals aged 40-85 years who were assessed in 2008 (n = 5961) was compared with a sample of individuals with the same age range who were assessed in 2014 (n = 5809). Individuals were asked if and to what extent they had experienced constant or recurrent pain within the past four weeks. χ2 tests and regression analyses were computed. RESULTS In 2008, about 44% of all individuals reported suffering from at least very mild pain. In 2014, this proportion was higher by about 7%. Controlling for chronological age, gender, education, region of residence (West vs. East Germany), depressive symptoms, chronic diseases, BMI, and physical activity, the difference in pain prevalence and pain intensity between the samples remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our data suggest an increase in the prevalence and intensity of pain among middle-aged and older German adults between 2008 and 2014, which remained statistically significant when controlling for socio-demographic and health-related indicators. Further research is needed to identify the factors underlying this increasing pain prevalence and pain intensity in order to counteract this negative temporal trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wettstein
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany; Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Jonas Tesarz
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Medical Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Jiang K, Fu B, Luo Z, Xiong R, Men Y, Shen H, Li B, Shen G, Tao S. Attributed radiative forcing of air pollutants from biomass and fossil burning emissions. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119378. [PMID: 35500713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy is vital to human society but significantly contributes to the deterioration of environmental quality and the global issue of climate change. Biomass and fossil fuels are important energy sources but have distinct pollutant emission characteristics during the burning process. This study aimed at attributing radiative forcing of climate forcers, including greenhouse gases but also short-lived climate pollutants, from the burning of fossil and biomass fuels, and the spatiotemporal characteristics. We found that air pollutant emissions from the burning process of biofuel and fossil fuels induced RFs of 68.2 ± 36.8 mW m-2 and 840 ± 225 mW m-2, respectively. The relatively contribution of biomass burning emissions was 7.6% of that from both fossil and biofuel combustion processes, while its contribution in energy supply was 11%. These relative contributions varied obviously across different regions. The per unit energy consumption of biomass fuel in the developed regions, such as North America (0.57 ± 0.33 mW m-2/107TJ) and Western Europe (0.98 ± 0.79 mW m-2/107TJ), had higher impacts of combustion emission related RFs compared to that of developing regions, like China (0.40 ± 0.26 mW m-2/107TJ), and South and South-East Asia (0.31 ± 0.71 mW m-2/107TJ) where low efficiency biomass burning in residential sector produced significant amounts of organic matter that had a cooling effect. Note that the study only evaluated fuel combustion emission related RFs, and those associated with the production of fuels and land use change should be studied later in promoting a comprehensive understanding on the climate impacts of biomass utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yatai Men
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Hori H, Ohta A, Matsui H, Yano K, Morita-Tominaka M, Linn Z, Masumoto D, Okumura Y, Okamura S, Kurihara K, Hayakawa A, Rikiishi T, Kobayashi K. Changes of cancer diagnosis disclosure to children in Japan in the last 20 years. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 27:245-252. [PMID: 34599412 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-02038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of cancer diagnosis disclosure to children has been changed with the times. The regulations of clinical trials in the 2000s might change the practice in Japan. However, the perspective of this topic among children and adults has not been investigated in detail. METHODS We studied changes in the practice of information sharing with children with cancer at pediatric cancer centers and the perspective of cancer diagnosis disclosure to children among school children, their parents and pediatric oncologists in the last 20 years by comparing the results of questionnaire surveys conducted in 1998, 2008 and 2018. RESULTS This study revealed that the performing rate has increased with the times, but the institutions actively performing for children aged 7-9 years were 36.4% even in the 2018 survey. More than 70% of children wished diagnosis disclosure if they suffer from cancer in the series of surveys, while the ratio of parents who tell cancer diagnosis to their children hovered at 34.5 to 53.7% (p < 0.001 in all surveys). The ratio of pediatric oncologists having the policy to perform diagnosis disclosure proactively increased from 9.3 to 60.0%, while that of parents having the same policy stayed at 5.3% even in 2018. CONCLUSIONS The performing rate of information sharing with children with cancer was significantly changed in the last 20 years. The opinion gaps were observed between parents and children and between parents and pediatric oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hori
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Asuka Ohta
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Honami Matsui
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kanako Yano
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Miyuki Morita-Tominaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Zayar Linn
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Masumoto
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okumura
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okamura
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kurihara
- Department of Medical Education, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, 1-7-50 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Takeshi Rikiishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kobayashi
- Department of Child Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University Graduate School of Nursing Science, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0044, Japan
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Löckenhoff CE, Drewelies J, Duezel S, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Demuth I, Freund AM, Staudinger UM, Lindenberger U, Wagner GG, Ram N, Gerstorf D. Socio historical Change in Urban Older Adults' Perceived Speed of Time and Time Pressure. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:457-466. [PMID: 34180501 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perceptions of time are shaped by sociohistorical factors. Specifically, economic growth and modernization often engender a sense of acceleration. Research has primarily focused on one time perception dimension (perceived time pressure) in one subpopulation (working-age adults), but it is not clear whether historical changes extend to other dimensions (e.g., perceived speed of time) and other subpopulations, such as older adults who are no longer in the workforce and experience age-related shifts in time perception. We therefore examined sociohistorical and age-related trends in two dimensions of time perception in two cohorts of urban older adults. METHOD Using propensity score matching for age and education, samples were drawn from the Berlin Aging Study (1990-1993, n = 256, Mage = 77.49) and the Berlin Aging Study-II (2009-2014, n = 248, Mage = 77.49). Cohort differences in means, variances, covariance, and correlates of perceived speed of time and time pressure were examined using multigroup SEM. RESULTS There were no cohort differences in the perceived speed of time, but later-born cohorts reported more time pressure than earlier-born cohorts. There were no significant age differences, but perceptions of speed of time were more heterogeneous in the 1990s than in the 2010s. Cohorts did not differ in how time perceptions were associated with sociodemographic, health, cognitive, and psychosocial correlates. DISCUSSION These findings document sociohistorical trends toward greater perceived time pressure and reduced heterogeneity in perceived speed of time among later-born urban adults. Conceptualizations of social acceleration should thus consider the whole adult life span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Duezel
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ilja Demuth
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Freund
- Department of Psychology and University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging," University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert G Wagner
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Berlin, Germany
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Psychology and Communication, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.,German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) at the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) Berlin, Germany
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Lucia P, Grech D, Buia MC. Long-term changes (1800-2019) in marine vegetational habitats: Insights from a historic industrialised coastal area. Mar Environ Res 2020; 161:105003. [PMID: 32823175 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophytes play an important structural and functional role in marine ecosystems but are experiencing a considerable decline in many areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the long tradition of studies on vegetated marine habitats in the Gulf of Naples (Italy), a gap of knowledge on their long-term dynamics has recently been highlighted, mainly in the most anthropised areas. This work aimed to provide insights from the historic industrialised coastal area of the Site of National Interest (SIN) Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Pozzuoli, Italy), after decades of chemical contaminations and coastal transformation, to build a baseline for the next remediation and restoration programs. Historical occurrence of macroalgae and seagrasses before, during and after the industrial period was assessed; in particular, we focused the attention mainly on habitat-forming species, due to the vital function played in the trophic net. We observed no differences in the macroalgal diversity between the SIN district and the other parts of the Gulf of Pozzuoli, except for the Gulf of Pozzuoli during the industrial period, where the biodiversity showed a decreasing trend. However, a substantial regression of the largest macrophytes (Fucales) on rocky coasts and of marine monocots on sandy bottoms, all over the area, has been recorded. A loss of about 70% has concerned seagrass cover, mainly Posidonia oceanica, in the contaminated area of the SIN: at present, this engineering species is missing on the bottom, facing the industrialised area. The human-made coastline transformation, the lack of natural substrates and the spatial remoteness among donor populations seem to be the leading causes of the significant decrease, over time, of marine forests in this study area. These factors should be taken into account to establish conservation priorities and for plant restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porzio Lucia
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, "Villa Dohrn Center- Benthic Ecology", Punta S. Pietro, 80077, Ischia, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Grech
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, "Villa Dohrn Center- Benthic Ecology", Punta S. Pietro, 80077, Ischia, Naples, Italy; IMC - International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, Torregrande - 09170 Oristano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Buia
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn di Napoli, "Villa Dohrn Center- Benthic Ecology", Punta S. Pietro, 80077, Ischia, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
Family background shapes young adults' decisions in their transition to adulthood, and the outcomes of these decisions lay the foundation for their subsequent life course. This study examines the influence of parental education on their children's union formation. We examine the timing of entry into a first union (a married or a cohabiting union), the choice between marriage and cohabitation, and the timing of first marriage. Data from eight nationally representative surveys conducted in the Netherlands are pooled (N = 39,777), with respondents being born between 1930 and 1990, to examine not only the effect of parental education on union formation but also whether this effect changes over birth cohorts, periods, and the life course, and varies by gender. Results from discrete-time hazard analyses show little change in the effect of parental education across cohorts and periods but strong life-course effects. Gender differences in the effect of parental education are relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl E. Mooyaart
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aart C. Liefbroer
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG)/University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kuang YW, Li J, Hou EQ. Lipid-content-normalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the xylem of conifers can indicate historical changes in regional airborne PAHs. Environ Pollut 2015; 196:53-59. [PMID: 25299794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The temporal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations as well as the lipid content in the xylem of Masson pine trees sampled from the same site were determined and compared with the days of haze occurrence and with the historical PAHs reported in sedimentary cores. The patterns of the lipid content as well as the PAH concentrations based on the xylem dry weight (PAHs-DW) decreased from the heartwood to the sapwood. The trajectories of PAHs normalized by xylem lipid content (PAHs-LC) coincided well with the number of haze-occurred days and were partly similar with the historical changes in airborne PAHs recorded in the sedimentary cores. The results indicated that PAHs-LC in the xylem of conifers might reliably reflect the historical changes in airborne PAHs at a regional scale. The species-specificity should be addressed in the utility and application of dendrochemical monitoring on historical and comparative studies of airborne PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-wen Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Jiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - En-qing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
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Hohensinner S, Sonnlechner C, Schmid M, Winiwarter V. Two steps back, one step forward: reconstructing the dynamic Danube riverscape under human influence in Vienna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:121-143. [PMID: 27069519 PMCID: PMC4811291 DOI: 10.1007/s12685-013-0076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
As part of an interdisciplinary project on the environmental history of the Viennese Danube, the past river landscape was reconstructed. This article describes the different types of historical sources used for the GIS-based reconstruction, the underlying methodological approach and its limitations regarding reliability and information value. The reconstruction was based on three cornerstones: (1) the available historical sources; (2) knowledge about morphological processes typical for the Austrian Danube prior to regulation; and (3) the interpretation of past hydraulic measures with respect to their effectiveness and their impact on the river's behaviour. We compiled ten historical states of the riverscape step-by-step going backwards in time to the early 16th century. After one historical situation had been completed, we evaluated its relevance for the temporally younger situations and whether corrections would have to be made. Such a regressive-iterative approach allows for permanent critical revision of the reconstructed time segments already processed. The resulting maps of the Danube floodplain from 1529 to 2010 provide a solid basis for interpreting the environmental conditions for Vienna's urban development. They also help to localise certain riverine and urban landmarks (such as river arms or bridges) relevant for the history of Vienna. We conclude that the diversity of approaches and findings of the historical and natural sciences (river morphology, hydrology) provide key synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Hohensinner
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Max-Emanuel-Str. 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Schmid
- Centre for Environmental History (ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Winiwarter
- Centre for Environmental History (ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria
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