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Akamo AJ, Akinloye DI, Ugbaja RN, Adeleye OO, Dosumu OA, Eteng OE, Antiya MC, Amah G, Ajayi OA, Faseun SO. Naringin prevents cyclophosphamide-induced erythrocytotoxicity in rats by abrogating oxidative stress. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1803-1813. [PMID: 34760624 PMCID: PMC8567332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier reports have shown that Cyclophosphamide (CYCP), an anti-malignant drug, elicited cytotoxicity; and that naringin has several beneficial potentials against oxidative stress and dyslipidaemias. We investigated the influence of naringin on free radical scavenging, cellular integrity, cellular ATP, antioxidants, oxidative stress, and lipid profiles in the CYCP-induced erythrocytotoxicity rat model. Rats were pretreated orally by gavage for fourteen consecutive days with three doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) naringin before single CYCP (200 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Afterwards, the rats were sacrificed. Naringin concentrations required for 50 % scavenging hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical were 0.27 mg/mL and 0.28 mg/mL, respectively. Naringin pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) protected erythrocytes plasma membrane architecture and integrity by abolishing CYCP-induced decrease in the activity of erythrocyte LDH (a marker of ATP). Pretreatment with naringin remarkably (p < 0.05) reversed CYCP-induced decreases in the erythrocytes glutathione levels, activities of glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase; attenuated CYCP-mediated increases in erythrocytes levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and major lipids (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and non-esterified fatty acids). Taken together, different acute pretreatment doses of naringin might avert CYCP-mediated erythrocytes dysfunctions via its antioxidant, free-radical scavenging, and anti-dyslipidaemia properties.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Antioxidants
- BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene
- C31H28N2Na4O13S, xylenol tetrasodium
- C5FeN6Na2O, sodium nitroprusside
- CAT, catalase
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- CYCP, cyclophosphamide
- Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, copper II nitrate
- Cyclophosphamide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 5,5ˈ-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- Erythrocytotoxicity
- FeSO4.7H2O, Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSR, glutathione reductase
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- H3PO3, phosphoric acid
- HO•, hydroxyl radical
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- K2HPO4, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
- KCl, potassium chloride
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Lipid profile
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide
- NO, nitric oxide
- NO2−, nitrite
- NO3−, nitrate
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- Na2HPO4, disodium hydrogen phosphate
- NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen phosphate
- Naringin
- Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2
- O2HbFe2+, oxyhemoglobin
- O2•–, superoxide radical
- OONO−, peroxynitrite radical
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- R-Smad, Smad activated receptor
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, 2-thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TROOH, total hydroperoxide
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- metHb, methemoglobin
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
- •NO, nitric oxide radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Adio J. Akamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Dorcas I. Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Regina N. Ugbaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwagbemiga O. Adeleye
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A. Dosumu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ofem E. Eteng
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Moses C. Antiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gogonte Amah
- Department of Biochemistry, Benjamin Carson (SRN) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilisan, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafunke A. Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O. Faseun
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (•NO) is a biologically important short-lived free radical signaling molecule. Both the enzymatic synthesis and the predominant forms of cellular metabolism of •NO are oxygen-dependent. For these reasons, changes in local oxygen concentrations can have a profound influence on steady-state •NO concentrations. Many proteins are regulated by •NO in a concentration-dependent manner, but their responses are elicited at different thresholds. Using soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and p53 as model •NO-sensitive proteins, we demonstrate that their concentration-dependent responses to •NO are a function of the O2 concentration. p53 requires relatively high steady-state •NO concentrations (>600 nM) to induce its phosphorylation (P-ser-15), whereas sGC responds to low •NO concentrations (<100 nM). At a constant rate of •NO production (liberation from •NO-donors), decreasing the O2 concentration (1%) lowers the rate of •NO metabolism. This raises steady-state •NO concentrations and allows p53 activation at lower doses of the •NO donor. Enzymatic •NO production, however, requires O2 as a substrate such that decreasing the O2 concentration below the K m for O2 for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) will decrease the production of •NO. We demonstrate that the amount of •NO produced by RAW 264.7 macrophages is a function of the O2 concentration. Differences in rates of •NO production and •NO metabolism result in differential sGC activation that is not linear with respect to O2. There is an optimal O2 concentration (≈5-8%) where a balance between the synthesis and metabolism of •NO is established such that both the •NO concentration and sGC activation are maximal.
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Key Words
- Autooxidation
- BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin
- DETA/NO, (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)–N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate
- FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide
- FMN, flavin mononucleotide
- Km, Michaelis constant
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced
- NO2−, nitrite
- NO3−, nitrate
- Nitric oxide
- Nitric oxide synthase
- O2, oxygen
- ODQ, 1H-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[4,3–a]quinoxalin-1-one
- Oxygen
- P-Ser-15, phospho-serine 15
- Sper/NO, (Z)-1-[N-[3–aminopropyl]–N-[4-(3-aminopropylammonio)butyl]-amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- p53
- sGC
- sGC, soluble guanylyl cyclase
- •NO, nitric oxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Hickok
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, United States
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