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Gölz L, Pannetier P, Fagundes T, Knörr S, Behnstedt L, Coordes S, Matthiessen P, Morthorst J, Vergauwen L, Knapen D, Holbech H, Braunbeck T, Baumann L. Development of the integrated fish endocrine disruptor test-Part B: Implementation of thyroid-related endpoints. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:830-845. [PMID: 37578010 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Given the vital role of thyroid hormones (THs) in vertebrate development, it is essential to identify chemicals that interfere with the TH system. Whereas, among nonmammalian laboratory animals, fish are the most frequently utilized test species in endocrine disruptor research, for example, in guidelines for the detection of effects on the sex hormone system, there is no test guideline (TG) using fish as models for thyroid-related effects; rather, amphibians are used. Therefore, the objective of the present project was to integrate thyroid-related endpoints for fish into a test protocol combining OECD TGs 229 (Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay) and 234 (Fish Sexual Development Test). The resulting integrated Fish Endocrine Disruption Test (iFEDT) was designed as a comprehensive approach to covering sexual differentiation, early development, and reproduction and to identifying disruption not only of the sexual and/or reproductive system but also the TH system. Two 85-day exposure tests were performed using different well-studied endocrine disruptors: 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Whereas the companion Part A of this study presents the findings on effects by PTU and EE2 on endpoints established in existing TGs, the present Part B discusses effects on novel thyroid-related endpoints such as TH levels, thyroid follicle histopathology, and eye development. 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil induced a massive proliferation of thyroid follicles in any life stage, and histopathological changes in the eyes proved to be highly sensitive for TH system disruption especially in younger life stages. For measurement of THs, further methodological development is required. 17-α-Ethinylestradiol demonstrated not only the well-known disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but also induced effects on thyroid follicles in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to higher EE2 concentrations, suggesting crosstalk between endocrine axes. The novel iFEDT has thus proven capable of simultaneously capturing endocrine disruption of both the steroid and thyroid endocrine systems. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:830-845. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pauline Pannetier
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Site de Plouzané, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, Plouzané, France
| | - Teresa Fagundes
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knörr
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Behnstedt
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Coordes
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jane Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pannetier P, Gölz L, Pissarreira Mendes Fagundes MT, Knörr S, Behnstedt L, Coordes S, Matthiessen P, Morthorst JE, Vergauwen L, Knapen D, Holbech H, Braunbeck T, Baumann L. Development of the integrated fish endocrine disruptor test (iFEDT)-Part A: Merging of existing fish test guidelines. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024; 20:817-829. [PMID: 37483114 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) among scientists and public authorities over the last 30 years, notably because of their wide use and the increasing evidence of detrimental effects on humans and the environment. However, test systems for the detection of potential EDCs as well as testing strategies still require optimization. Thus, the aim of the present project was the development of an integrated test protocol that merges the existing OECD test guidelines (TGs) 229 (fish short-term reproduction assay) and 234 (fish sexual development test) and implements thyroid-related endpoints for fish. The integrated fish endocrine disruptor test (iFEDT) represents a comprehensive approach for fish testing, which covers reproduction, early development, and sexual differentiation, and will thus allow the identification of multiple endocrine-disruptive effects in fish. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, two exposure tests were performed with well-studied EDCs: 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis, and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), an estrogen receptor agonist. In part A of this article, the effects of PTU and EE2 on established endpoints of the two existing TGs are reported, whereas part B focuses on the novel thyroid-related endpoints. Results of part A document that, as expected, both PTU and EE2 had strong effects on various endocrine-related endpoints in zebrafish and their offspring. Merging of TGs 229 and 234 proved feasible, and all established biomarkers and endpoints were responsive as expected, including reproductive and morphometric changes (PTU and EE2), vitellogenin levels, sex ratio, gonad maturation, and histopathology (only for EE2) of different life stages. A validation of the iFEDT with other well-known EDCs will allow verification of the sensitivity and usability and confirm its capacity to improve the existing testing strategy for EDCs in fish. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:817-829. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Site de Plouzané, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail, Plouzané, France
| | - Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Knörr
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Behnstedt
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Coordes
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Dries Knapen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Zebrafishlab, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Henrik Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Section, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Environmental Health and Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Molés G, Connolly M, Valdehita A, Pulido-Reyes G, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Flahaut E, Navas JM. Testing the Aquatic Toxicity of 2D Few-Layer Graphene Inks Using Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss): In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to Support an SSbD Assessment. Toxics 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38393192 PMCID: PMC10892222 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based conductive inks offer attractive possibilities in many printing technology applications. Often, these inks contain a mixture of compounds, such as solvents and stabilizers. For the safe(r) and sustainable use of such materials in products, potentially hazardous components must be identified and considered in the design stage. In this study, the hazards of few-layer graphene (FLG)-based ink formulations were tested in fish using in vitro (RTL-W1 cell line) and in vivo aquatic ecotoxicity tests (OECD TG 203). Five ink formulations were produced using different processing steps, containing varying amounts of solvents and stabilizers, with the end products formulated either in aqueous solutions or in powder form. The FLG ink formulations with the highest contents of the stabilizer sodium deoxycholate showed greater in vitro cytotoxic effects, but they did not provoke mortality in juvenile rainbow trout. However, exposure led to increased activities of the cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) and Cyp3a enzymes in the liver, which play an essential role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, suggesting that any effects will be enhanced by the presence of the stabilizers. These results highlight the importance of an SSbD approach together with the use of appropriate testing tools and strategies. By incorporating additional processing steps to remove identified cytotoxic residual solvents and stabilizers, the hazard profile of the FLG inks improved, demonstrating that, by following the principles of the European Commission's safe(r) and sustainable by design (SSbD) framework, one can contribute to the safe(r) and sustainable use of functional and advanced 2D materials in products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Molés
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mona Connolly
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Ana Valdehita
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Gerardo Pulido-Reyes
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Maria L. Fernandez-Cruz
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- Centre Inter-Universitaire de Recherche et D’Ingénierie en Matériaux (CIRIMAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 16 Av Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France;
| | - José M. Navas
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.M.); (M.C.); (A.V.); (G.P.-R.); (M.L.F.-C.)
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Aviles A, Hulgard K, Green JW, Duus A, Holbech B, Morthorst JE. Effects of sodium perchlorate and 6-propylthiouracil on metamorphosis and thyroid gland histopathology in the European common frog (Rana temporaria). Aquat Toxicol 2022; 244:106094. [PMID: 35134604 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several chemicals have been identified as thyroid hormone axis disrupting chemicals (THADCs) able to interfere with the thyroid hormone system during fetal life and early life stages, thereby impairing neurodevelopment in mammals and inducing development and growth disorders in fish and amphibians. However, identification of THADCs is particularly challenging, and thyroid modalities are currently only assessed in vivo by mammalian and amphibian tests. The aquatic African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis/tropicalis) is the model species of the amphibian test guidelines developed by the OECD and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, but as most European amphibians are semi-aquatic, concern has been raised whether the sensitivity of native European species is comparable to Xenopus. A shortened version of the OEDC test guideline 241 (Larval Amphibian Growth and Development Assay, LAGDA) was used to investigate the effects of two model THADCs on the metamorphosis and thyroid histopathology in the European common frog (Rana temporaria). R. temporaria eggs were collected on the field and exposed till metamorphic climax to sodium perchlorate (11.9-426.5 μg/L perchlorate concentrations) and 6-propylthiouracil (PTU: 1.23-47.7 mg/L). PTU severely delayed metamorphosis and affected several thyroid gland histopathological endpoints at slightly lower concentrations compared to Xenopus. As opposed to what was described in similar Xenopus studies, we observed no effect of perchlorate on the investigated endpoints. Interspecies differences may be linked to mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Aviles
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Katrine Hulgard
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - John W Green
- John W Green Ecostatistical Consulting LLC, 372 Chickory Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Annette Duus
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Holbech
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jane E Morthorst
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Denmark.
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Kenda M, Vegelj J, Herlah B, Perdih A, Mladěnka P, Sollner Dolenc M. Evaluation of Firefly and Renilla Luciferase Inhibition in Reporter-Gene Assays: A Case of Isoflavonoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6927. [PMID: 34203212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Firefly luciferase is susceptible to inhibition and stabilization by compounds under investigation for biological activity and toxicity. This can lead to false-positive results in in vitro cell-based assays. However, firefly luciferase remains one of the most commonly used reporter genes. Here, we evaluated isoflavonoids for inhibition of firefly luciferase. These natural compounds are often studied using luciferase reporter-gene assays. We used a quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model to compare the results of in silico predictions with a newly developed in vitro assay that enables concomitant detection of inhibition of firefly and Renilla luciferases. The QSAR model predicted a moderate to high likelihood of firefly luciferase inhibition for all of the 11 isoflavonoids investigated, and the in vitro assays confirmed this for seven of them: daidzein, genistein, glycitein, prunetin, biochanin A, calycosin, and formononetin. In contrast, none of the 11 isoflavonoids inhibited Renilla luciferase. Molecular docking calculations indicated that isoflavonoids interact favorably with the D-luciferin binding pocket of firefly luciferase. These data demonstrate the importance of reporter-enzyme inhibition when studying the effects of such compounds and suggest that this in vitro assay can be used to exclude false-positives due to firefly or Renilla luciferase inhibition, and to thus define the most appropriate reporter gene.
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Da Silva E, Hickey C, Ellis G, Hougaard K, Sørli J. In vitro prediction of clinical signs of respiratory toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:204-209. [PMID: 34345862 PMCID: PMC8320621 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date there are no OECD validated alternative approaches to study toxicity following inhalation exposure to airborne chemicals. The available OECD test guidelines for acute inhalation toxicity aim to estimate a value of the lethal air concentration of the test chemical leading to the death of 50% of the exposed animals (LC50), to satisfy hazard classification and labelling requirements. This paper explores the view that alternative approaches must compare to outcomes of existing guideline methods to become accepted and implemented in a regulatory context. This case study describes the initiatives taken to validate the lung surfactant bioassay, an in vitro cell-free method, and discusses the challenges faced. While the lung surfactant bioassay could not predict the GHS classification for acute inhalation toxicity of 26 chemicals, the assay successfully predicted the clinical signs of respiratory toxicity observed during or shortly after exposure in vivo as reported in registration dossiers. The lung surfactant bioassay is a promising alternative approach to assess the potential of chemicals to cause changes to respiration remaining after exposure (indicating decreased lung function), and can be combined with other test methods in an integrated approach to testing and assessment of inhaled substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Da Silva
- Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Hickey
- Firmenich Incorporated, United States
| | | | - K.S. Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J.B. Sørli
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gaviria Agudelo C, Becerra NY, Vergara JD, Correa LA, Estrada S, Restrepo LM. Dermo-epidermal organotypic cultures for in vitro evaluation of skin irritation and corrosion. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 63:104657. [PMID: 31644923 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, in-vitro skin models for chemical hazard identification have been developed. Most of them consist only of human keratinocytes, neglecting the contribution of other skin constituents. Cultures containing the dermal and epidermal component provide an attractive system to investigate, in a more realistic model, toxicological responses, which represents a distinct advantage over keratinocytes-based models that do not mimic faithfully the in vivo environment. This study aimed to validate dermo-epidermal organotypic cultures (ORGs) as a platform to perform irritation and corrosion tests. Skin models were constructed by seeding keratinocytes on fibroblast-containing fibrin gels. After 21 days, the ORGs were evaluated histologically, and the irritant and corrosion potential was determined by means of viability measurements (MTT assay) and cytokine release, according to 431 and 439 OECD tests guidelines. Skin models showed similar histological characteristics to native skin and were able to classify different substances with high accuracy, showing their applicability to skin irritation and corrosion tests. Although cytokines release seems to be chemical-dependent, a tendency was observed, leading to the improvement of the prediction capacity. Nevertheless, further studies should be done to reduce variability in order to increase prediction capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Gaviria Agudelo
- Tissue Engineering and cell therapy research Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - N Y Becerra
- Tissue Engineering and cell therapy research Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - J D Vergara
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - L A Correa
- Tissue Engineering and cell therapy research Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - S Estrada
- Tissue Engineering and cell therapy research Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - L M Restrepo
- Tissue Engineering and cell therapy research Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
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Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Kearns P, González M, Riego Sintes J. Developing OECD test guidelines for regulatory testing of nanomaterials to ensure mutual acceptance of test data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:74-83. [PMID: 30831158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) provides a global forum for discussion of nano-safety issues. Together with the OECD Test Guidelines Programme (TGP) the WPMN has explored the need for adaptation of some of the existing OECD Test Guidelines (TGs) and Guidance Documents (GDs) as well as developing new TGs and GDs to specifically address NM issues. An overview is provided of progress in the TGP and WPMN, and information on supporting initiatives, regarding the development of TGs for nanomaterials addressing Physical Chemical Properties, Effects on Biotic Systems, Environmental Fate and Behaviour, and Health Effects. Three TGs specifically addressing manufactured nanomaterials have been adopted: a new TG318 ″Dispersion Stability of Nanomaterials in Simulated Environmental Media", and adaptation of TG412 and TG413 on Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study/90-day Study. The associated GD39 on Inhalation Toxicity Testing has also been revised. The TGP current develops four new TGs and four GDs. One new TG and six GDs are developed in the WPMN. Six new proposals were submitted to the TGP in 2018. Furthermore, as TGs are accompanied by OECD harmonised templates (OHTs) for data collection, an outline of recently developed OHTs particularly relevant for NMs is also included.
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Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Mech A, Riego Sintes J, Gilliland D, González M, Kearns P, Moss K, Visser M, Groenewold M, Bleeker EAJ. Physico-chemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials - Characterisation and relevant methods. An outlook based on the OECD Testing Programme. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:8-28. [PMID: 29074277 PMCID: PMC5817049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and characterising nanomaterials require additional information on physico-chemical properties and test methods, compared to chemicals in general. Furthermore, regulatory decisions for chemicals are usually based upon certain toxicological properties, and these effects may not be equivalent to those for nanomaterials. However, regulatory agencies lack an authoritative decision framework for nanomaterials that links the relevance of certain physico-chemical endpoints to toxicological effects. This paper investigates various physico-chemical endpoints and available test methods that could be used to produce such a decision framework for nanomaterials. It presents an overview of regulatory relevance and methods used for testing fifteen proposed physico-chemical properties of eleven nanomaterials in the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing Programme, complemented with methods from literature, and assesses the methods' adequacy and applications limits. Most endpoints are of regulatory relevance, though the specific parameters depend on the nanomaterial and type of assessment. Size (distribution) is the common characteristic of all nanomaterials and is decisive information for classifying a material as a nanomaterial. Shape is an important particle descriptor. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient is undefined for particulate nanomaterials. Methods, including sample preparation, need to be further standardised, and some new methods are needed. The current work of OECD's Test Guidelines Programme regarding physico-chemical properties is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Agnieszka Mech
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Juan Riego Sintes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mar González
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Peter Kearns
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Kenneth Moss
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (7405M), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20460 United States.
| | - Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Hund-Rinke K, Baun A, Cupi D, Fernandes TF, Handy R, Kinross JH, Navas JM, Peijnenburg W, Schlich K, Shaw BJ, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. Regulatory ecotoxicity testing of nanomaterials - proposed modifications of OECD test guidelines based on laboratory experience with silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1442-1447. [PMID: 27592624 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1229517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory ecotoxicity testing of chemicals is of societal importance and a large effort is undertaken at the OECD to ensure that OECD test guidelines (TGs) for nanomaterials (NMs) are available. Significant progress to support the adaptation of selected TGs to NMs was achieved in the context of the project MARINA ( http://www.marina-fp7.eu/ ) funded within the 7th European Framework Program. Eight OECD TGs were adapted based on the testing of at least one ion-releasing NM (Ag) and two inert NMs (TiO2). With the materials applied, two main variants of NMs (ion releasing vs. inert NMs) were addressed. As the modifications of the test guidelines refer to general test topics (e.g. test duration or measuring principle), we assume that the described approaches and modifications will be suitable for the testing of further NMs with other chemical compositions. Firm proposals for modification of protocols with scientific justification(s) are presented for the following tests: growth inhibition using the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata (formerly: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; TG 201), acute toxicity with the crustacean Daphnia magna (TG 202), development toxicity with the fish Danio rerio (TG 210), reproduction of the sediment-living worm Lumbriculus variegatus (TG 225), activity of soil microflora (TGs 216, 217), and reproduction of the invertebrates (Enchytraeus crypticus, Eisenia fetida, TGs 220, 222). Additionally, test descriptions for two further test systems (root elongation of plants in hydroponic culture; test on fish cells) are presented. Ecotoxicological data obtained with the modified test guidelines for TiO2 NMs and Ag NM and detailed method descriptions are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Schmallenberg , Germany
| | - Anders Baun
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Denisa Cupi
- b Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | | | - Richard Handy
- d School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth , Plymouth , UK
| | - John H Kinross
- c School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Willie Peijnenburg
- f National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands.,g University Leiden , Leiden , Netherlands , and
| | - Karsten Schlich
- a Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology , Schmallenberg , Germany
| | - Benjamin J Shaw
- d School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth , Plymouth , UK
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Rasmussen K, González M, Kearns P, Sintes JR, Rossi F, Sayre P. Review of achievements of the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing and Assessment Programme. From exploratory testing to test guidelines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 74:147-60. [PMID: 26603783 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper charts the almost ten years of history of OECD's work on nanosafety, during which the programme of the OECD on the Testing and Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials covered the testing of eleven nanomaterials for about 59 end-points addressing physical-chemical properties, mammalian and environmental toxicity, environmental fate and material safety. An overview of the materials tested, the test methods applied and the discussions regarding the applicability of the OECD test guidelines, which are recognised methods for regulatory testing of chemicals, are given. The results indicate that many existing OECD test guidelines are suitable for nanomaterials and consequently, hazard data collected using such guidelines will fall under OECD's system of Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) which is a legally binding instrument to facilitate the international acceptance of information for the regulatory safety assessment of chemicals. At the same time, some OECD test guidelines and guidance documents need to be adapted to address nanomaterials while new test guidelines and guidance documents may be needed to address endpoints that are more relevant to nanomaterials. This paper presents examples of areas where test guidelines or guidance for nanomaterials are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mar González
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Peter Kearns
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Juan Riego Sintes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - François Rossi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Phil Sayre
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, formerly with Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
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Kim JS, Sung JH, Ji JH, Song KS, Lee JH, Kang CS, Yu IJ. In vivo Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles after 90-day Silver Nanoparticle Inhalation Exposure. Saf Health Work 2011; 2:34-8. [PMID: 22953185 DOI: 10.5491/SHAW.2011.2.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles has resulted in their widespread use in many consumer products. Yet, despite their many advantages, it is also important to determine whether silver nanoparticles may represent a hazard to the environment and human health. Methods Thus, to evaluate the genotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles, in vivo genotoxicity testing (OECD 474, in vivo micronuclei test) was conducted after exposing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days according to OECD test guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90 Day Study) with a good laboratory practice system. The rats were exposed to silver nanoparticles (18 nm diameter) at concentrations of 0.7 × 106 particles/cm3 (low dose), 1.4 × 106 particles/cm3 (middle dose), and 2.9 × 106 particles/cm3 (high dose) for 6 hr/day in an inhalation chamber for 90 days. The rats were killed 24 hr after the last administration, then the femurs were removed and the bone marrow collected and evaluated for micronucleus induction. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or in the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes among the total erythrocytes after silver nanoparticle exposure when compared with the control. Conclusion The present results suggest that exposure to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days does not induce genetic toxicity in male and female rat bone marrow in vivo.
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