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Ying Z, Wu J, Ma M, Wang X, Huo M. Aquifer clogging caused by chlorine disinfection during the reclaimed water recharge. Chemosphere 2023:139387. [PMID: 37394185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquifer clogging plays a critical role in the efficiency of reclaimed water recharge. While chlorine disinfection is commonly used for reclaimed water, its impact on clogging has seldom been discussed. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism of chlorine disinfection on clogging by establishing a lab-scale reclaimed water recharge system that utilized chlorine-treated secondary effluent as feed water. The findings indicated that increasing the chlorine concentration led to a surge in the total amount of suspended particles, and the median particle size increased from 2.65 μm to 10.58 μm. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of dissolved organic matter decreased by 20%, with 80% of these compounds, including humic acid, becoming entrapped within the porous media. Additionally, the formation of biofilms was also found to be promoted. Microbial community structure analysis unveiled a consistent dominance of Proteobacteria consistently exceeded 50% in relative abundance. Moreover, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased from 0.19% to 26.28%, thereby verifying their strong tolerance to chlorine disinfection. These results showed that higher chlorine concentrations could stimulate microorganisms to secrete an increased quantity of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and form a coexistence system with the trapped particles and natural organic matter (NOM) within the porous media. Consequently, this supported the formation of biofilms, thereby potentially elevating the risk of aquifer clogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhian Ying
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jinghui Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Min Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xianze Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Mingxin Huo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China; Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Treatment and Green Development of Polluted Water in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130117, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Sunjidmaa N, Mendoza-Lera C, Hille S, Schmidt C, Borchardt D, Graeber D. Carbon limitation may override fine-sediment induced alterations of hyporheic nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics. Sci Total Environ 2022; 837:155689. [PMID: 35526618 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hyporheic zone underneath stream channels is considered a biogeochemical hotspot reducing nutrient loads being transported downstream due to its high surface-to-volume ratio in combination with the hyporheic exchange. However, the effect of environmental stressors such as high amounts of fine sediment (FS; grain size <0.2 mm) on nutrient cycling in the hyporheic zone are not well understood. Physical clogging caused by fine sediment (FS) decreases the hyporheic exchange, thus, diminishing its potential to reduce nutrient loads despite increasing its surface-to-volume ratio. We determined the effect of physical clogging on nutrient cycling based on net change rates of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; nitrate-N, ammonium-N), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for a sand and gravel hyporheic zone. We performed three experimental runs in 12 flumes with four-week duration each following a factorial design. First, we determined nutrient cycling in sand and gravel in absence of clogging, and then tested the clogging effect for each sediment type under increasing clogging (0-480 g of FS addition increasing by 60 g per level). Without clogging, gravel acted as a source of nitrate-N; and both sand and gravel released SRP. Regardless of the clogging level and the resulting reduced hyporheic exchange, we found no changes in DOC and nitrate-N dynamics but net-release of ammonium-N and SRP for gravel. In contrast, in sand, physical clogging inhibited DOC release for flumes with the higher FS. We propose that not physical clogging but DOC availability limited the nutrient uptake, as molar ratios of DOC to DIN and SRP ranged 1.2-1.5 and 77-191, respectively, indicating severe C limitation of N-uptake and partial C limitation of P-uptake. Our results suggest an interplay between nutrient molar ratios and physical clogging, which emphasize the interactions between hydrology and the stoichiometry of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the hyporheic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergui Sunjidmaa
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Clara Mendoza-Lera
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Universität Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Sandra Hille
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Borchardt
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Graeber
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhong H, Hu N, Wang Q, Chen Y, Huang L. How to select substrate for alleviating clogging in the subsurface flow constructed wetland? Sci Total Environ 2022; 828:154529. [PMID: 35292315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly ecological technology for contaminated water remediation, especially in dispersed communities and rural areas. Plants grow, biofilms form, and pollutants attach to the substrate, which is the main supporting structure of a subsurface flow CW (SSFCW) system. After long-term operation, the accumulation of clogs from physical, chemical, and biological processes in SSFCW substrates can easily cause clogging, thus reducing treatment efficiency reduction and service life and causing no discharge of sewage by intermittent until last indicates in the CW surface. Subsequently, stench and mosquito breeding occur, thus influencing environmental sanitation. Substrate clogging is the most serious, challenging, and inevitable problem in the long-term operation of SSFCWs. The present study reviews the effects of substrates on clogging categorized into physical, chemical, and biological clogging and analyzes the substrates that can alleviate/aggravate clogging in CWs. The recommended substrates that can relieve clogging include plastic, rubber, soil mixture, walnut shell, biochar, organic waste, alum sludge, and lightweight aggregate, while shell, steel slag, blast furnace slag, zeolite, and soil may easily generate phosphorus-clogging substances. CW substrate clogging is a mixture of three clogs with synergistic effects, and the corresponding clogging mitigation substrates mentioned above can be used to alleviate the most severe among the three types of clogs to reduce the synergy, and thus to promote stable operation and technology level of CWs. This review aims to promote the scientific selection of substrates for the stable operation and technical level of CW through targeted recommendations for substrates that relieve clogging. Future studies should focus the effects of influent water quality and substrate type on clogging, and waste as substrate to alleviate clogging, while mitigating the negative environmental impact of waste treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Yucheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Huo M, Geng Z, Fan W. Risk of physical clogging induced by low-density suspended particles during managed aquifer recharge with reclaimed water: Evidences from laboratory experiments and numerical modeling. Environ Res 2020; 186:109527. [PMID: 32311526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How to reduce the risk of physical clogging is the most significant challenge during managed aquifer recharge (MAR). The prediction of occurrence and development of physical clogging has received increasing attention. In this study, chlorinated secondary wastewater (SW) was recharged into a laboratory column filled with quartz sands. The results showed that the continuous injection of reclaimed water caused a significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity by about 86% in porous media, during the 50-h injection process. The reduction was attributed to physical clogging resulting from the deposition of suspended particles with a flocculent and reticular structure, significantly increasing the surface area and the effective volume of the particle deposits. A numerical model was established based on the mass balance equations for liquid and suspended particles, coupling the particle transport-deposition model and the expressions describing the relationships between the porosity, hydraulic conductivity (K), and the concentration of deposited particles; the model was used to obtain a quantitative description of the temporal and spatial distribution of physical clogging. The bulk factor and the attachment and detachment coefficients were calibrated simultaneously. The model results provided an improved understanding of the influence degree of the three parameters on the physical clogging process. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the bulk factor had the largest sensitivity among the three parameters. In addition, a significant correlation was observed between the simulated data and the experimental data (R2 > 0.90, p < 0.01). The proposed numerical model provides a meaningful guidance tool for assessing and predicting the risk of physical clogging induced by low-density floc particles during artificial recharge with reclaimed water at a large-scale site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xie
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, China
| | - Mingxin Huo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
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Gutiérrez JP, van Halem D, Uijttewaal WSJ, Del Risco E, Rietveld LC. Natural recovery of infiltration capacity in simulated bank filtration of highly turbid waters. Water Res 2018; 147:299-310. [PMID: 30317039 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the suspended sediments in river water, cake formation on the streambed and clogging of the aquifer may occur, leading to a decline in the production yield of riverbank filtration systems, particularly in highly turbid river waters. However, naturally occurring flow forces may induce sufficient scouring of the streambed, thereby self-regulating the thickness of the formed cake layer. This study assessed the recovery of the infiltration capacity in a simulated physically clogged riverbank filtration system, due to self-cleansing processes. A straight tilting flume, provided with an infiltration column at the bottom, was used for emulating clogging, infiltration and self-cleansing. Based on the presented research it may be concluded that the infiltration of a mixture of different sediments, as found in natural water bodies, can already be recovered at low shear stresses. Clay and silt behaved very differently, due to the difference in cohesiveness. Clay was found to produce a persistent sticky cake layer, whereas silt penetrated deeper into the bed, both resulting in an absence of infiltration velocity recovery. A cake layer of fine sand sediments was easiest to remove, resulting in dune formation on the streambed. However, due to deep bed clogging by fine sand particles in a coarser streambed, the infiltration velocity did not fully recover. The interaction between mixed suspended sediments (5% clay, 80% silt, and 15% fine sand) resulted in uneven erosion patterns during scouring of the streambed and recovery of the infiltration velocity is low. Altogether it may be concluded that natural recovery of infiltration capacity during river bank filtration of highly turbid waters is expected to occur, as long as the river carries a mixture of suspended sediments and the sand of the streambed is not too coarse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Gutiérrez
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands; Universidad del Valle, Cinara Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Calle 13 100-00, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Doris van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Wim S J Uijttewaal
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Efraín Del Risco
- Universidad del Valle, Eidenar, Faculty of Engineering, Calle 13 100-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
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