1
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Wang Q, Lechtenfeld OJ, Rietveld LC, Schuster J, Ernst M, Hofman-Caris R, Kaesler J, Wang C, Yang M, Yu J, Zietzschmann F. How aromatic dissolved organic matter differs in competitiveness against organic micropollutant adsorption. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2024; 21:100392. [PMID: 38434492 PMCID: PMC10907174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Activated carbon is employed for the adsorption of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water, typically present in concentrations ranging from ng L-1 to μg L-1. However, the efficacy of OMP removal is considerably deteriorated due to competitive adsorption from background dissolved organic matter (DOM), present at substantially higher concentrations in mg L-1. Interpreting the characteristics of competitive DOM is crucial in predicting OMP adsorption efficiencies across diverse natural waters. Molecular weight (MW), aromaticity, and polarity influence DOM competitiveness. Although the aromaticity-related metrics, such as UV254, of low MW DOM were proposed to correlate with DOM competitiveness, the method suffers from limitations in understanding the interplay of polarity and aromaticity in determining DOM competitiveness. Here, we elucidate the intricate influence of aromaticity and polarity in low MW DOM competition, spanning from a fraction level to a compound level, by employing direct sample injection liquid chromatography coupled with ultrahigh-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anion exchange resin pre-treatment eliminated 93% of UV254-active DOM, predominantly aromatic and polar DOM, and only minimally alleviated DOM competition. Molecular characterization revealed that nonpolar molecular formulas (constituting 26% PAC-adsorbable DOM) with medium aromaticity contributed more to the DOM competitiveness. Isomer-level analysis indicated that the competitiveness of highly aromatic LMW DOM compounds was strongly counterbalanced by increased polarity. Strong aromaticity-derived π-π interaction cannot facilitate the competitive adsorption of hydrophilic DOM compounds. Our results underscore the constraints of depending solely on aromaticity-based approaches as the exclusive interpretive measure for DOM competitiveness. In a broader context, this study demonstrates an effect-oriented DOM analysis, elucidating counterbalancing interactions of DOM molecular properties from fraction to compound level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver J. Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- ProVIS−Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Schuster
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Ernst
- Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3433PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Kaesler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Frederik Zietzschmann
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, the Netherlands
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Laboratory, Motardstr. 35, 13629, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Roy M, Kraaijeveld E, Gude JCJ, van Genuchten CM, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. Embedding Fe(0) electrocoagulation in a biologically active As(III) oxidising filter bed. Water Res 2024; 252:121233. [PMID: 38330719 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Long-term consumption of groundwater containing elevated levels of arsenic (As) can have severe health consequences, including cancer. To effectively remove As, conventional treatment technologies require expensive chemical oxidants to oxidise neutral arsenite (As(III)) in groundwater to negatively charged arsenate (As(V)), which is more easily removed. Rapid sand filter beds used in conventional aeration-filtration to treat anaerobic groundwater can naturally oxidise As(III) through biological processes but require an additional step to remove the generated As(V), adding complexity and cost. This study introduces a novel approach where As(V), produced through biological As(III) oxidation in a sand filter, is effectively removed within the same filter by embedding and operating an iron electrocoagulation (FeEC) system inside the filter. Operating FeEC within the biological filter achieved higher As(III) removal (81 %) compared to operating FeEC in the filter supernatant (67 %). This performance was similar to an analogous embedded-FeEC system treating As(V)-contaminated water (85 %), confirming the benefits of incorporating FeEC in a biological bed for comparable As(III) and As(V) removal. However, operating FeEC in the sand matrix consumed more energy (14 Wh/m3) compared to FeEC operated in a water matrix (7 Wh/m3). The efficiency of As removal increased and energy requirements decreased in such embedded-FeEC systems by deep-bed infiltration of Fe(III)-precipitates, which can be controlled by adjusting flow rate and pH. This study is one of the first to demonstrate the feasibility of embedding FeEC systems in sand filters for groundwater arsenic removal. Such systems capitalise on biological As(III) oxidation in aeration-filtration, effectively eliminating As(V) within the same setup without the need for chemicals or major modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Roy
- Water Management Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Erik Kraaijeveld
- Water Management Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jink C J Gude
- NX Filtration BV, Josink Esweg 44, 7545PN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Case M van Genuchten
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen DK-1350, Denmark
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Water Management Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Doris van Halem
- Water Management Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, the Netherlands
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3
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Jan A, Chen M, Nijboer M, Luiten-Olieman MWJ, Rietveld LC, Heijman SGJ. Effect of Long-Term Sodium Hypochlorite Cleaning on Silicon Carbide Ultrafiltration Membranes Prepared via Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. Membranes (Basel) 2024; 14:22. [PMID: 38248712 PMCID: PMC10820315 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is widely used for the chemical cleaning of fouled ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Various studies performed on polymeric membranes demonstrate that long-term (>100 h) exposure to NaClO deteriorates the physicochemical properties of the membranes, leading to reduced performance and service life. However, the effect of NaClO cleaning on ceramic membranes, particularly the number of cleaning cycles they can undergo to alleviate irreversible fouling, remains poorly understood. Silicon carbide (SiC) membranes have garnered widespread attention for water and wastewater treatment, but their chemical stability in NaClO has not been studied. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP-CVD) provides a simple and economical route to prepare/modify ceramic membranes. As such, LP-CVD facilitates the preparation of SiC membranes: (a) in a single step; and (b) at much lower temperatures (700-900 °C) in comparison with sol-gel methods (ca. 2000 °C). In this work, SiC ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared via LP-CVD at two different deposition temperatures and pressures. Subsequently, their chemical stability in NaClO was investigated over 200 h of aging. Afterward, the properties and performance of as-prepared SiC UF membranes were evaluated before and after aging to determine the optimal deposition conditions. Our results indicate that the SiC UF membrane prepared via LP-CVD at 860 °C and 100 mTorr exhibited excellent resistance to NaClO aging, while the membrane prepared at 750 °C and 600 mTorr significantly deteriorated. These findings not only highlight a novel preparation route for SiC membranes in a single step via LP-CVD, but also provide new insights about the careful selection of LP-CVD conditions for SiC membranes to ensure their long-term performance and robustness under harsh chemical cleaning conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Jan
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Nijboer
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke W J Luiten-Olieman
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan G J Heijman
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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Fitriani N, Theresia L, O'Marga TTN, Kurniawan SB, Supriyanto A, Abdullah SRS, Rietveld LC. Performance of a modified and intermittently operated slow sand filter with two different mediums in removing turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate with varying acclimatization periods. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22577. [PMID: 38046171 PMCID: PMC10686868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the utilization of blood clam shells as a potential substitute for conventional media, as well as the influence of the acclimation time on the efficacy of an intermittent slow sand filter (ISSF) in the treatment of real domestic wastewater. ISSF was operated with 16 h on and 8 h off, focusing on the parameters of turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate. Two media combinations (only blood clam shells [CC] and sand + blood clam shells [SC]) were operated under two different acclimatization periods (14 and 28 d). Results showed that SC medium exhibited significantly higher removal of turbidity (p < 0.05) as compared to CC medium (45.99 ± 26.84 % vs. 3.79 ± 9.35 %), while CC exhibited slightly higher (p > 0.05) removal of ammonia (23.12 ± 20.2 % vs. 16.77 ± 16.8 %) and phosphate (18.03 ± 11.96 % vs 13.48 ± 12 %). Comparing the acclimatization periods, the 28 d of acclimatization period showed higher overall performances than the 14 d. Further optimizations need to be conducted to obtain an effluent value below the national permissible limit, since the ammonia and phosphate parameters are still slightly higher. SEM analysis confirmed the formation of biofilm on both mediums after 28 d of acclimatization; with further analysis of schmutzdecke formation need to be carried out to enrich the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurina Fitriani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Ledy Theresia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Timothy Tjahja Nugraha O'Marga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Setyo Budi Kurniawan
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, Novohradská 237, 379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Agus Supriyanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, CN Delft 2628, Netherlands
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5
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Wei L, Li Z, Ye G, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. Comparative study of low-cost fluoride removal by layered double hydroxides, geopolymers, softening pellets and struvite. Environ Technol 2022; 43:4306-4314. [PMID: 34157955 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1946600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive F- in drinking water due to natural and anthropogenic activities is a serious health hazard affecting humans worldwide. In this study, a comparative assessment was made of eight mineral-based materials with advantageous structural properties for F- uptake: layered-double-hydroxides (LDHs), geopolymers, softening pellets and struvite. These materials are considered low-cost, for being either a waste or by-product, or can be locally-sourced. It can be concluded that Ca-based materials showed the strongest affinity for F- (Ca-Al-CO3 LDHs, slag-based geopolymer, softening pellets). The Langmuir adsorption capacity of Ca-Al-CO3 LDHs, slag-based geopolymer and softening pellets was observed to be 20.83, 5.23 and 1.20 mg/g, respectively. The main mechanism of F- uptake on Ca-Al-CO3 LDHs, Mg-Al-Cl LDHs, slag-based geopolymers and softening pellets was found to be sorption at low initial F- concentrations (<10 mg/L) whereas precipitation as CaF2 is proposed to play a major role at higher initial F- concentrations (>20 mg/L). Although the softening pellets had the highest Ca-content (96-97%; XRF), their dense structure and consequent low BET surface area (2-3 m2/g), resulted in poorer performance than the Ca-based LDHs and slag-based geopolymers. Nevertheless, geopolymers, as well as struvite, were not considered to be of interest for application in water treatment, as they would need modification due to their poor stability and/or F- leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Wei
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenming Li
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Materials and Environment (Microlab), Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guang Ye
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Materials and Environment (Microlab), Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Doris van Halem
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology Delft, The Netherlands
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6
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Wang Q, Zietzschmann F, Hofman-Caris R, Jiang N, Schuster J, Wang Z, Yu J, Yang M, Rietveld LC. Unraveling competition versus adsorbability of dissolved organic matter against organic micropollutants onto activated carbon. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Chen M, Heijman SGJ, Luiten-Olieman MWJ, Rietveld LC. Oil-in-water emulsion separation: Fouling of alumina membranes with and without a silicon carbide deposition in constant flux filtration mode. Water Res 2022; 216:118267. [PMID: 35306459 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic membranes have drawn increasing attention in oily wastewater treatment as an alternative to their traditional polymeric counterparts, yet persistent membrane fouling is still one of the largest challenges. Particularly, little is known about ceramic membrane fouling by oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions in constant flux filtration modes. In this study, the effects of emulsion chemistry (surfactant concentration, pH, salinity and Ca2+) and operation parameters (permeate flux and filtration time) were comparatively evaluated for alumina and silicon carbide (SiC) deposited ceramic membranes, with different physicochemical surface properties. The original membranes were made of 100% alumina, while the same membranes were also deposited with a SiC layer to change the surface charge and hydrophilicity. The SiC-deposited membrane showed a lower reversible and irreversible fouling when permeate flux was below 110 L m-2 h-1. In addition, it exhibited a higher permeance recovery after physical and chemical cleaning, as compared to the alumina membranes. Increasing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration in the feed decreased the fouling of both membranes, but to a higher extent in the alumina membranes. The fouling of both membranes could be reduced with increasing the pH of the emulsion due to the enhanced electrostatic repulsion between oil droplets and membrane surface. Because of the screening of surface charge in a high salinity solution (100 mM NaCl), only a small difference in irreversible fouling was observed for alumina and SiC-deposited membranes under these conditions. The presence of Ca2+ in the emulsion led to high irreversible fouling of both membranes, because of the compression of diffusion double layer and the interactions between Ca2+ and SDS. The low fouling tendency and/or high cleaning efficiency of the SiC-deposited membranes indicated their potential for oily wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chen
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan G J Heijman
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke W J Luiten-Olieman
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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8
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Chen M, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. State-of-the-Art Ceramic Membranes for Oily Wastewater Treatment: Modification and Application. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:888. [PMID: 34832117 PMCID: PMC8625480 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane filtration is considered to be one of the most promising methods for oily wastewater treatment. Because of their hydrophilic surface, ceramic membranes show less fouling compared with their polymeric counterparts. Membrane fouling, however, is an inevitable phenomenon in the filtration process, leading to higher energy consumption and a shorter lifetime of the membrane. It is therefore important to improve the fouling resistance of the ceramic membranes in oily wastewater treatment. In this review, we first focus on the various methods used for ceramic membrane modification, aiming for application in oily wastewater. Then, the performance of the modified ceramic membranes is discussed and compared. We found that, besides the traditional sol-gel and dip-coating methods, atomic layer deposition is promising for ceramic membrane modification in terms of the control of layer thickness, and pore size tuning. Enhanced surface hydrophilicity and surface charge are two of the most used strategies to improve the performance of ceramic membranes for oily wastewater treatment. Nano-sized metal oxides such as TiO2, ZrO2 and Fe2O3 and graphene oxide are considered to be the potential candidates for ceramic membrane modification for flux enhancement and fouling alleviation. The passive antifouling ceramic membranes, e.g., photocatalytic and electrified ceramic membranes, have shown some potential in fouling control, oil rejection and flux enhancement, but have their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Chen
- Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (S.G.J.H.); (L.C.R.)
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9
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Lin B, Heijman SG, Shang R, Rietveld LC. Integration of oxalic acid chelation and Fenton process for synergistic relaxation-oxidation of persistent gel-like fouling of ceramic nanofiltration membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Annaduzzaman M, Rietveld LC, Ghosh D, Hoque BA, van Halem D. Anoxic storage to promote arsenic removal with groundwater-native iron. Water Res 2021; 202:117404. [PMID: 34271453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Storage containers are usually used to provide a constant water head in decentralized, community groundwater treatment systems for the removal of iron (Fe) and arsenic (As). However, the commonly practiced aeration prior to storage assists in rapid and complete Fe2+ oxidation, resulting in poor As removal, despite sufficient native-Fe2+ in the source water. In this study, it was found that application of anoxic storage enhanced As removal from groundwater, containing ≥300 µg/L of As(III) and 2.33 mg/L of Fe2+ in an As affected village of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. Although the oxidation of Fe2+ and As(III) during oxic storage was considerably faster, the As/Fe removal ratio was higher during anoxic storage (61-80±5 µgAs/mgFe) compared to the oxic storage (45±5 µgAs/mgFe). This higher As removal efficacy in anoxic storage containers could not be attributed to the speciation of As, since As(V) concentrations were higher during oxic storage due to more favorable abiotic (As(III) oxidation by O2 and Fenton-like intermediates) and biotic (As(III) oxidizing bacteria, e.g., Sideroxydans, Gallionella, Hydrogenophaga) conditions. The continuous, in-situ hydrous ferric oxide floc formation during flow-through operation, and the favorable lower pH aiding higher sorption capacities for the gradually formed As(V) likely contributed to the improved performance in the anoxic storage containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Annaduzzaman
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands.
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Devanita Ghosh
- Laboratory of Biogeochem-mystery, Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bilqis A Hoque
- Environment and Population Research Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Doris van Halem
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
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11
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Wang Q, Mitchell RL, Hofman R, Yu J, Yang M, Rietveld LC, Zietzschmann F. How properties of low molecular weight model competitors impact organic micropollutant adsorption onto activated carbon at realistically asymmetric concentrations. Water Res 2021; 202:117443. [PMID: 34333298 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the predominant competitor for adsorption sites against organic micropollutants (OMPs) in activated carbon adsorption. However, top-down approaches using highly complex mixtures of real water DOM do not allow to concisely examine the impacts of specific LMW DOM molecular properties on competitive adsorption. Therefore, we followed a bottom-up approach using fifteen model compounds (mDOM) to elucidate how important DOM characteristics, including hydrophobicity and unsaturated structures (ring, double/triple bond), impact competitiveness. Large concentration asymmetry (~500 μg DOC/μg OMP) made mDOM compounds, which were overall less preferentially adsorbed than OMPs, become competitive against OMPs and inhibit OMP adsorption kinetics by pre-occupation of adsorption sites. Our results revealed that both hydrophobicity interactions and π-interactions increased mDOM competitiveness, while π-interactions outweighed hydrophobic interactions. However, π-interactions could not be satisfactorily evaluated with a parameter such as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) due to interferences of carboxyl groups in aromatic mDOMs. Instead, mDOM adsorbability, described by mDOM adsorption capacity, proved to be a comprehensive indicator for mDOM competitiveness. To our knowledge, this is the first study that systematically clarifies the impacts of intricately interacting molecular properties on DOM adsorption and the related competition against OMP adsorption. DOM adsorbability may inspire a new fractionation, and assist the further isolation, identification and detailed characterization of LMW DOM competitors in real DOM-containing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherland; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Raja-Louisa Mitchell
- Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Roberta Hofman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein 3433PE, the Netherland
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherland
| | - Frederik Zietzschmann
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherland; Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität Berlin, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany; Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Motardstr. 35, Berlin 13629, Germany
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12
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Annaduzzaman M, Rietveld LC, Hoque BA, Bari MN, van Halem D. Arsenic removal from iron-containing groundwater by delayed aeration in dual-media sand filters. J Hazard Mater 2021; 411:124823. [PMID: 33858074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generally, abstracted groundwater is aerated, leading to iron (Fe2+) oxidation to Fe3+ and precipitation as Fe3+-(hydr)oxide (HFO) flocs. This practice of passive groundwater treatment, however, is not considered a barrier for arsenic (As), as removal efficiencies vary widely (15-95%), depending on Fe/As ratio. This study hypothesizes that full utilization of the adsorption capacity of groundwater native-Fe2+ based HFO flocs is hampered by rapid Fe2+ oxidation-precipitation during aeration before or after storage. Therefore, delaying Fe2+ oxidation by the introduction of an anoxic storage step before aeration-filtration was investigated for As(III) oxidation and removal in Rajshahi (Bangladesh) with natural groundwater containing 329(±0.05) µgAs/L. The results indicated that As(III) oxidation in the oxic storage was higher with complete and rapid Fe2+ oxidation (2±0.01 mg/L) than in the anoxic storage system, where Fe2+ oxidation was partial (1.03±0.32 mg/L), but the oxidized As(V)/Fe removal ratio was comparatively higher for the anoxic storage system. The low pH (6.9) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.24 mg/L) in the anoxic storage limited the rapid oxidation of Fe2+ and facilitated more As(V) removal. The groundwater native-Fe2+ (2.33±0.03 mg/L) removed 61% of As in the oxic system (storage-aeration-filtration), whereas 92% As removal was achieved in the anoxic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Annaduzzaman
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Md Niamul Bari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Doris van Halem
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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13
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Doekhi-Bennani Y, Leilabady NM, Fu M, Rietveld LC, van der Hoek JP, Heijman SGJ. Simultaneous removal of ammonium ions and sulfamethoxazole by ozone regenerated high silica zeolites. Water Res 2021; 188:116472. [PMID: 33027697 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous development of industry and civilization has led to changes in composition, texture and toxicity of waste water due to the wide range of pollutants being present. Considering that the conventional wastewater treatment methods are insufficient for removing micropollutants and nutrients to a high level, other, alternative, treatment methods should be used to polish wastewater treatment plant effluents. In this study we developed an alternative, polishing concept for removal of ammonium and micropollutants that could potentially be incorporated in existing wastewater treatment plants. We demonstrated a method to use high silica MOR zeolite granules as an adsorbent for simultaneous removal of the micropollutant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ammonium (NH4+) ions from aqueous solutions. At an initial NH4+ concentration of 10 mg/L the high silica zeolite mordenite (MOR) granules removed 0.42 mg/g of NH4+, similar to the removal obtained by commonly used natural zeolite Zeolita (0.44 mg/g). However, at higher NH4+ concentrations the Zeolita performed better. In addition, the Langmuir isotherm model showed a higher maximum adsorption capacity of Zeolita (qmax, 4.08 mg/g), which was about two times higher than that of MOR (2.11). The adsorption capacity of MOR towards SMX, at both low (2 µg/L) and high (50 mg/L) initial concentrations, was high and even increased in the presence of NH4+ ions. The used adsorbent could be regenerated with ozone and reused in consecutive adsorption-regeneration cycles with marginal decrease in the total adsorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Doekhi-Bennani
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Nazila Mir Leilabady
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mingyan Fu
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Peter van der Hoek
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Waternet, Department Research & Innovation, P.O. Box 94370, 1090 GJ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan G J Heijman
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands
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14
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Chen M, Shang R, Sberna PM, Luiten-Olieman MW, Rietveld LC, Heijman SG. Highly permeable silicon carbide-alumina ultrafiltration membranes for oil-in-water filtration produced with low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Caltran I, Rietveld LC, Shorney-Darby HL, Heijman SGJ. Separating NOM from salts in ion exchange brine with ceramic nanofiltration. Water Res 2020; 179:115894. [PMID: 32408185 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water treatment, natural organic matter (NOM) is effectively removed from surface water using ion exchange (IEX). A main drawback of using IEX for NOM removal is the production of spent IEX regeneration brine, a polluting waste that is expensive to discharge. In this work, we studied ceramic nanofiltration as a treatment for the spent NOM-rich brine, with the aim to reduce the volume of this waste and to recycle salt. Compared to polymeric nanofiltration, the fouling was limited. When NOM is rejected and concentrated, a clean permeate with the regeneration salt (NaCl) could be produced and reused in the IEX regeneration process. Bench scale studies revealed that NOM could be effectively separated from the NaCl solution by steric effects. However, the separation of NaCl from other salts present in the brine, such as Na2SO4, was not sufficient for reuse purposes. The low sulphate rejection was mainly due to the low zeta potential of the membrane at the high ionic strength of the brine. The permeate of the ceramic nanofiltration should be treated further to obtain a sodium chloride quality that can be recycled as a regenerant solution for ion exchange. Further treatment steps will benefit from the removal of NOM from the brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caltran
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | | | - S G J Heijman
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, the Netherlands
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16
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Wang Q, Zietzschmann F, Yu J, Hofman R, An W, Yang M, Rietveld LC. Projecting competition between 2-methylisoborneol and natural organic matter in adsorption onto activated carbon from ozonated source waters. Water Res 2020; 173:115574. [PMID: 32062223 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Though the ozone-activated carbon process has been widely applied for drinking water purification, little is known about how ozone-modified natural organic matter (NOM) competes with micropollutants in activated carbon adsorption. In this study, three natural waters and one synthetic water (standard humics solution) with highly heterogeneous NOM compositions were employed to investigate the interference of ozonated NOM with the adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). Analysis using liquid chromatography with online carbon and UV254 detection (LC-OCD-UVD) revealed that ozonation led to various disintegration patterns of macromolecules in NOM, and UV absorbance was reduced markedly for nearly all NOM fractions. Powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption experiments showed that increasing ozone consumption coincided with reducing NOM competition against MIB in the three natural waters, as expressed by the fitted initial concentrations of the equivalent background compound (c0,EBC). In the synthetic water, in contrast, competition increased under low/moderate specific ozone consumptions and then decreased with further elevation of ozone consumptions. Regarding the significance on affecting ozonated NOM interference, aromaticity reduction outweighed formation of low molecular weight (LMW) organics in most cases, enhancing MIB adsorption capacity. However, disintegration of the humics fraction with larger molecular weight (1,103 g/mol, as compared to 546-697 g/mol in three natural waters) into smaller, more competitive fractions caused the observed initial deteriorated MIB adsorption in synthetic water. A superior correlation between c0,EBC and the UV absorbance of LMW organics (R2 = 0.93) over concentrations of LMW organics underlined the importance of the aromatic properties in competitive adsorption projection for ozone pretreated natural waters. Furthermore, the change of relative concentration of UV absorbing compounds during ozonation could help estimate the decrease of c0,EBC, which could be a promising tool for waterworks to adjust PAC doses for MIB removal in ozonated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100019, Beijing, China
| | - Frederik Zietzschmann
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands; Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Motardstr. 35, 13629, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100019, Beijing, China.
| | - Roberta Hofman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 3433PE, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Wei An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100019, Beijing, China
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Water Management, PO Box 5048, 2600GA, Delft, the Netherlands
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17
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Wei L, Zietzschmann F, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. Fluoride removal by Ca-Al-CO 3 layered double hydroxides at environmentally-relevant concentrations. Chemosphere 2020; 243:125307. [PMID: 31733543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, F- removal by Ca-Al-CO3 layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was investigated at environmentally-relevant concentration ranges (2-12 mg/L) to below the WHO guideline, with an emphasis on the effect of LDHs' modification, as well as the effects of initial F- concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature and co-existing ions. Ca-Al-CO3 LDHs, either untreated, calcined or microwave treated, showed affinity for the removal of F- from synthetic groundwater with capacities of 6.7-8.4 mg F-/g LDHs at groundwater-relevant pH, with a higher F- removal capacity at lower pH (<8) and lower temperature (12 °C, as compared to 25 °C & 35 °C). Since calcination and microwave treatment resulted in only marginal defluorination improvements, using untreated LDHs appears the practically most feasible option. For the untreated LDHs, competition with Cl- and NO3- was not observed, whereas at higher HCO3- and SO42- concentrations (>250 mg/L) a slight reduction in F- removal was observed. This study indicates the potential of Ca-Al-CO3 LDHs as a cost-effective F- removal technology, particularly when locally sourced and in combination with low-cost pH correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Wei
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Frederik Zietzschmann
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Doris van Halem
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA, Delft, the Netherlands
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18
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Gonzalez B, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. Arsenic removal from geothermal influenced groundwater with low pressure NF pilot plant for drinking water production in Nicaraguan rural communities. Sci Total Environ 2019; 667:297-305. [PMID: 30833235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research evaluated the effect of different fluxes (16, 23 & 30 L/m2 h) and temperatures (31,35 & 43 °C) on the rejection of As(V) during nanofiltration (NF) of natural geothermal influenced groundwater in Nicaragua. A NF pilot plant powered by solar panels was built and operated in rural community Telica, exposed to As-rich drinking water sources due to geothermal influences. The results showed that even at high temperatures it is possible to obtain high rejection of As(V) (0.87-0.9) during NF filtration (recovery 10%; flux 16 L/m2 h) of geothermal influenced groundwater, with the additional advantage of requiring low operating pressures (1.2 bar ~ 12mwc). The permeate concentration (~5 μg/L) complied with the WHO guideline for drinking water and the concentrate (~55 μg/L) could be used by local villagers for daily activities (e.g., laundry and bathing). For all investigated fluxes and temperatures the order of rejection of As(V) (as HAsO42-), compared with the other anions, could be interpreted on the basis of its charge, hydrated radius and hydration free energy. At lower temperatures (31 and 35 °C) permeate quality improved slightly (~3 μg/L), but although an increased temperature had a negative effect on the As rejection, As concentrations in the permeate never exceeded 5 μg/L, while the required TMP dropped - depending on the flux - with 0.5 to 1 bar. This decrease in required pressure might be of huge benefit in deserted, rural locations where electricity is scarce, as with an overhead tank of 10-15 m a gravity-fed NF system would be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayardo Gonzalez
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - S G J Heijman
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - D van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands
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19
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Gonzalez Rodriguez B, Rietveld LC, Longley AJ, van Halem D. Arsenic contamination of rural community wells in Nicaragua: A review of two decades of experience. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:1441-1449. [PMID: 30677910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several surveys have been conducted in Nicaragua between 1996 and 2015 confirming the presence of high levels of arsenic (>10 μg/L). In this paper, these peer-reviewed (n = 2) and non-peer reviewed sources (n = 14) have been combined to provide an extensive overview of the arsenic contamination of drinking water sources in Nicaragua. So far, arsenic contamination has been detected in over 80 rural communities located in 34 municipalities of the country and arsenic poisoning has been identified in at least six of those communities. The source of arsenic contamination in Nicaragua is probably volcanic in origin, both from volcanic rocks and geothermal fluids which are distributed across the country. Arsenic may have directly entered into the groundwater by geothermally-influenced water bodies, or indirectly by reductive dissolution or alkali desorption, depending on the local geochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
| | - A J Longley
- Nuevas Esperanzas, Apartado 400, León, Nicaragua
| | - D van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
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20
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Gutiérrez JP, van Halem D, Uijttewaal WSJ, Del Risco E, Rietveld LC. Natural recovery of infiltration capacity in simulated bank filtration of highly turbid waters. Water Res 2018; 147:299-310. [PMID: 30317039 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of the suspended sediments in river water, cake formation on the streambed and clogging of the aquifer may occur, leading to a decline in the production yield of riverbank filtration systems, particularly in highly turbid river waters. However, naturally occurring flow forces may induce sufficient scouring of the streambed, thereby self-regulating the thickness of the formed cake layer. This study assessed the recovery of the infiltration capacity in a simulated physically clogged riverbank filtration system, due to self-cleansing processes. A straight tilting flume, provided with an infiltration column at the bottom, was used for emulating clogging, infiltration and self-cleansing. Based on the presented research it may be concluded that the infiltration of a mixture of different sediments, as found in natural water bodies, can already be recovered at low shear stresses. Clay and silt behaved very differently, due to the difference in cohesiveness. Clay was found to produce a persistent sticky cake layer, whereas silt penetrated deeper into the bed, both resulting in an absence of infiltration velocity recovery. A cake layer of fine sand sediments was easiest to remove, resulting in dune formation on the streambed. However, due to deep bed clogging by fine sand particles in a coarser streambed, the infiltration velocity did not fully recover. The interaction between mixed suspended sediments (5% clay, 80% silt, and 15% fine sand) resulted in uneven erosion patterns during scouring of the streambed and recovery of the infiltration velocity is low. Altogether it may be concluded that natural recovery of infiltration capacity during river bank filtration of highly turbid waters is expected to occur, as long as the river carries a mixture of suspended sediments and the sand of the streambed is not too coarse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Gutiérrez
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands; Universidad del Valle, Cinara Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Calle 13 100-00, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Doris van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Wim S J Uijttewaal
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Efraín Del Risco
- Universidad del Valle, Eidenar, Faculty of Engineering, Calle 13 100-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, Netherlands
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21
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Gude JCJ, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. As(III) removal in rapid filters: Effect of pH, Fe(II)/Fe(III), filtration velocity and media size. Water Res 2018; 147:342-349. [PMID: 30321824 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the top layer of aerated rapid sand filtration systems, uncharged As(III) is biologically converted to charged As(V). Subsequently, the main removal mechanism for As(V) is adsorption onto oxidised, flocculated Fe(III) (hydrous ferric hydroxides; HFO). The aim of this research was to understand the interactions between As and Fe in biologically active rapid filter columns and investigate the effect of different operational modes on Fe removal to subsequently promote As removal. For this purpose, different filter media column experiments were performed using natural, aerated groundwater containing 3.4 μg/l As(III). Results show that independent of the filter media size, complete (biological) conversion of As(III), manganese, ammonium and nitrite was achieved in approximately 70 days. After ripening, enhanced As removal was achieved with a top layer of coarse media or by dosing additional Fe(III). Addition of Fe(II) did not have the same effect on As removal, potentially due to heterogeneous Fe(II) oxidation in the upper layer of the filter, attaching rapidly to the filter grain surface and thereby preventing HFO flocs to penetrate deeper into the bed. Increasing the flow rate from 1 to 4 m/h did not improve As removal and lowering the pH from 8 to 7.4, resulted in an 55% increased removal of dissolved As. Altogether it is concluded that As removal in biologically active rapid sand filters can be improved by applying coarser filter media on top, in combination with dosing Fe(III) and/or pH correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C J Gude
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - D van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands
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22
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Jiang N, Shang R, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. High-silica zeolites for adsorption of organic micro-pollutants in water treatment: A review. Water Res 2018; 144:145-161. [PMID: 30025266 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-silica zeolites have been found to be effective adsorbents for the removal of organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) from impaired water, including various pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial chemicals, etc. In this review, the properties and fundamentals of high-silica zeolites are summarised. Recent research on mechanisms and efficiencies of OMP adsorption by high-silica zeolites are reviewed to assess the potential opportunities and challenges for the application of high-silica zeolites for OMP adsorption in water treatment. It is concluded that the adsorption capacities are well-related to surface hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and structural features, e.g. micropore volume and pore size of high-silica zeolites, as well as the properties of OMPs. By using high-silica zeolites, the undesired competitive adsorption of background organic matter (BOM) in natural water could potentially be prevented. In addition, oxidative regeneration could be applied on-site to restore the adsorption capacity of zeolites for OMPs and prevent the toxic residues from re-entering the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ran Shang
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan G J Heijman
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
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23
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Perez-Rodriguez P, Maqueira Gonzalez C, Bennani Y, Rietveld LC, Zeman M, Smets AHM. Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants Powered by a Silicon-Based Solar Cell. ACS Omega 2018; 3:14392-14398. [PMID: 30775640 PMCID: PMC6369653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently available (photo-)electrochemical technologies for water treatment establish a trade-off between low-pollutant concentration and costs. This paper aims at decoupling these two variables by designing a photo-oxidation device using earth abundant materials and an electronic-free approach. The proposed device combines a graphite/graphite electrochemical system with a silicon-based solar cell that provides the necessary electrical power. First, the optimum operational voltage for the graphite/graphite electrochemical system was found to be around 1.6 V. That corresponded closely to the voltage produced by an a-Si:H/a-Si:H tandem solar cell of approximately 1.35 V. This configuration was shown to provide the best pollutant degradation in relation to the device area, removing 70% of the initial concentration of phenol and 90% of the methylene blue after 4 h of treatment. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of these two contaminants after 4 h of treatment was also promising, 55 and 30%, respectively. Moreover, connecting several solar cells in series led to higher pollutant degradation but lower COD removal, suggesting that the degradation of the intermediate components is a limiting factor. This is expected to be due to the higher currents achieved by the series-connected configuration, which would favor other reactions such as polymerization over the degradation of intermediate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Perez-Rodriguez
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Maqueira Gonzalez
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yasmina Bennani
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miro Zeman
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arno H. M. Smets
- Photovoltaic
Materials and Devices (PVMD), Electrical Engineering,
Mathematics and Computer Science Faculty and Sanitary Engineering, Civil Engineering
Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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24
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Peters MCFM, Keuten MGA, Knezev A, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vrouwenvelder JS, Rietveld LC, de Kreuk MK. Characterization of the bacterial community in shower water before and after chlorination. J Water Health 2018; 16:233-243. [PMID: 29676759 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bathers release bacteria in swimming pool water, but little is known about the fate of these bacteria and potential risks they might cause. Therefore, shower water was characterized and subjected to chlorination to identify the more chlorine-resistant bacteria that might survive in a chlorinated swimming pool and therefore could form a potential health risk. The total community before and after chlorination (1 mg Cl2 L-1 for 30 s) was characterized. More than 99% of the bacteria in the shower water were Gram-negative. The dominant bacterial families with a relative abundance of ≥10% of the total (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) communities were Flavobacteriaceae (24-21%), Xanthomonadaceae (23-24%), Moraxellaceae (12-11%) and Pseudomonadaceae (10-22%). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae increased after chlorination and increased even more with longer contact times at 1 mg Cl2L-1. Therefore, Pseudomonadaceae were suggested to be relatively more chlorine resistant than the other identified bacteria. To determine which bacteria could survive chlorination causing a potential health risk, the relative abundance of the intact cell community was characterized before and after chlorination. The dominant bacterial families in the intact community (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) were Xanthomonadaceae (21-17%) and Moraxellaceae (48-57%). Moraxellaceae were therefore more chlorine resistant than the other identified intact bacteria present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein C F M Peters
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Maarten G A Keuten
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands E-mail: ; Hellebrekers Technieken, Marconiweg 28, 8071 RA Nunspeet, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Knezev
- Het Waterlaboratorium, J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands and Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Merle K de Kreuk
- Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands E-mail:
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25
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Shang R, Goulas A, Tang CY, de Frias Serra X, Rietveld LC, Heijman SG. Atmospheric pressure atomic layer deposition for tight ceramic nanofiltration membranes: Synthesis and application in water purification. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Gude JCJ, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. As(III) oxidation by MnO 2 during groundwater treatment. Water Res 2017; 111:41-51. [PMID: 28040540 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The top layer of natural rapid sand filtration was found to effectively oxidise arsenite (As(III)) in groundwater treatment. However, the oxidation pathway has not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether naturally formed manganese oxide (MnO2), present on filter grains, could abiotically be responsible for As(III) oxidation in the top of a rapid sand filter. For this purpose As(III) oxidation with two MnO2 containing powders was investigated in aerobic water containing manganese(II) (Mn(II)), iron(II) (Fe(II)) and/or iron(III) (Fe(III)). The first MnO2 powder was a very pure - commercially available - natural MnO2 powder. The second originated from a filter sand coating, produced over 22 years in a rapid filter during aeration and filtration. Jar test experiments showed that both powders oxidised As(III). However, when applying the MnO2 in aerated, raw groundwater, As(III) removal was not enhanced compared to aeration alone. It was found that the presence of Fe(II)) and Mn(II) inhibited As(III) oxidation, as Fe(II) and Mn(II) adsorption and oxidation were preferred over As(III) on the MnO2 surface (at pH 7). Therefore it is concluded that just because MnO2 is present in a filter bed, it does not necessarily mean that MnO2 will be available to oxidise As(III). However, unlike Fe(II), the addition of Fe(III) did not hinder As(III) oxidation on the MnO2 surface; resulting in subsequent effective As(V) removal by the flocculating hydrous ferric oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C J Gude
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands.
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands
| | - D van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, Netherlands
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27
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Rietveld LC, Siri JG, Chakravarty I, Arsénio AM, Biswas R, Chatterjee A. Improving health in cities through systems approaches for urban water management. Environ Health 2016; 15 Suppl 1:31. [PMID: 26960393 PMCID: PMC4895287 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-016-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human populations become more and more urban, decision-makers at all levels face new challenges related to both the scale of service provision and the increasing complexity of cities and the networks that connect them. These challenges may take on unique aspects in cities with different cultures, political and institutional frameworks, and at different levels of development, but they frequently have in common an origin in the interaction of human and environmental systems and the feedback relationships that govern their dynamic evolution. Accordingly, systems approaches are becoming recognized as critical to understanding and addressing such complex problems, including those related to human health and wellbeing. Management of water resources in and for cities is one area where such approaches hold real promise. RESULTS This paper seeks to summarize links between water and health in cities and outline four main elements of systems approaches: analytic methods to deal with complexity, interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, and multi-scale thinking. Using case studies from a range of urban socioeconomic and regional contexts (Maputo, Mozambique; Surat and Kolkata, India; and Vienna, Austria). CONCLUSION We show how the inclusion of these elements can lead to better research design, more effective policy and better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - J G Siri
- United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Chakravarty
- Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
| | - A M Arsénio
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R Biswas
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Chatterjee
- School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, India
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28
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Gude JCJ, Rietveld LC, van Halem D. Fate of low arsenic concentrations during full-scale aeration and rapid filtration. Water Res 2016; 88:566-574. [PMID: 26547752 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, groundwater treatment commonly consists of aeration, with subsequent sand filtration without using chemical oxidants like chlorine. With arsenic (As) concentrations well below the actual guidelines of 10 μg As/L, groundwater treatment plants have been exclusively designed for the removal of iron (Fe), manganese and ammonium. The aim of this study was to investigate the As removal capacity at three of these groundwater treatment plants (10-26 μg As/L) in order to identify operational parameters that can contribute to lowering the filtrate As concentration to <1 μg/L. For this purpose a sampling campaign and experiments with supernatant water and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) flocs were executed to identify the key mechanisms controlling As removal. Results showed that after aeration, As largely remained mobile in the supernatant water; even during extended residence times only 20-48% removal was achieved (with 1.4-4.2 mg/L precipitated Fe(II)). Speciation showed that the mobile As was in the reduced As(III) form, whereas, As(V) was readily adsorbed to the formed HFO flocs. In the filter bed, the remaining As(III) completely oxidized within 2 min of residence time and As removal efficiencies increased to 48-90%. Filter grain coating analysis showed the presence of manganese at all three treatment plants. It is hypothesized that these manganese oxides are responsible for the accelerated As(III) oxidation in the filter bed, leading to an increased removal capacity. In addition, pH adjustment from 7.8 to 7.0 has been found to improve the capacity for As(V) uptake by the HFO flocs in the filter bed. The overall conclusion is, that during groundwater treatment, the filter bed is crucial for rapid As(III) removal, indicating the importance to control the oxidation sequence of Fe and As for improved As removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C J Gude
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D van Halem
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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29
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Mohd Amin MF, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. Clay-starch combination for micropollutants removal from wastewater treatment plant effluent. Water Sci Technol 2016; 73:1719-1727. [PMID: 27054745 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new, more effective and cost-effective treatment alternative is investigated for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTP-eff). The potential of combining clay with biodegradable polymeric flocculants is further highlighted. Flocculation is viewed as the best method to get the optimum outcome from clay. In addition, flocculation with cationic starch increases the biodegradability and cost of the treatment. Clay is naturally abundantly available and relatively inexpensive compared to conventional adsorbents. Experimental studies were carried out with existing naturally occurring pharmaceutical concentrations found and measured in WWTP-eff with atrazine spiking for comparison between the demineralised water and WWTP-eff matrix. Around 70% of the total measured pharmaceutical compounds were removable by the clay-starch combination. The effect of clay with and without starch addition was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Mohd Amin
- Faculty of Earth Science, UMK Kampus Jeli, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia E-mail:
| | - S G J Heijman
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L C Rietveld
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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30
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Shang R, Vuong F, Hu J, Li S, Kemperman AJ, Nijmeijer K, Cornelissen ER, Heijman SG, Rietveld LC. Hydraulically irreversible fouling on ceramic MF/UF membranes: Comparison of fouling indices, foulant composition and irreversible pore narrowing. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Kramer FC, Shang R, Heijman SG, Scherrenberg SM, van Lier JB, Rietveld LC. Direct water reclamation from sewage using ceramic tight ultra- and nanofiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Moed DH, Verliefde ARD, Rietveld LC. Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Thermolysis of Morpholine, Ethanolamine, Cyclohexylamine, Dimethylamine, and 3-Methoxypropylamine in Superheated Steam. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504849v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Moed
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arne R. D. Verliefde
- Particle
and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links
653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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33
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Sánchez LD, Visscher JT, Rietveld LC. Performance of upflow gravel filtration in multi-stage filtration plants. Water Sci Technol 2015; 71:605-614. [PMID: 25746654 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of four full-scale upflow gravel filters that are part of full-scale multi-stage filtration. The study explored the design criteria, the operation and maintenance (O&M) practices, and the performance of the systems. Findings showed that most design criteria and O&M procedures are following the recommendations as presented in the literature but several diversions were also identified. Performance data showed that removal efficiencies were on the low side when compared to the literature, possibly because of the good influent quality water that was treated. Cleaning efficiency was analyzed and the overall conclusion is that an adjustment of the design criteria and O&M procedures is needed to enhance system performance. This includes drainage system design, surface cleaning by weir, and filter bed cleaning to allow a reduction in cleaning cycles and an improvement in operation control.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Sánchez
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto Cinara, Cali, Colombia E-mail:
| | | | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5084, Delft GA 2600, The Netherlands
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34
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Li L, Wang Z, Rietveld LC, Gao N, Hu J, Yin D, Yu S. Comparison of the effects of extracellular and intracellular organic matter extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa on ultrafiltration membrane fouling: dynamics and mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:14549-14557. [PMID: 25402823 DOI: 10.1021/es5035365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Algae organic matter (AOM), including intracellular organic matter (IOM) and extracellular organic matter (EOM), are major membrane foulants in the treatment of algae-polluted water. In this study, the effects of EOM and IOM (at dissolved organic concentrations of 8 mg/L) on the fouling of a poly(ether sulfone) ultrafiltration (UF) membrane were investigated using a dead-end down-flow UF unit. Changes in the membrane pore geometry and the interaction energy between the membrane and foulants were analyzed based on the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. The data (relative standard deviation within 10%) showed that UF was able to retain 57% and 46% of IOM and EOM respectively, while the corresponding membrane fluxes rapidly reduced to 28% and 33% of their respective initial values after a specific filtration volume of only 3.75 mL/cm(2). The fouling model implied that cake formation was the major mechanism. Specifically, IOM foulant had a much greater free energy of cohesion (-59.08 mJ/m(2)) than EOM foulant (3.2 mJ/m(2)), leading to the formation of a compacted cake layer on the membrane surface. In contrast, small molecules of hydrophobic EOM tended to be adsorbed into the membrane pores, leading to significant reduction of the pore size and membrane flux. Therefore, the overall fouling rates caused by EOM and IOM were comparable when both of the above-mentioned mechanisms were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
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35
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Moed DH, Verliefde ARD, Rietveld LC. Role of Metal Surface Catalysis in the Thermolysis of Morpholine and Ethanolamine under Superheater Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504217p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Moed
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arne R. D. Verliefde
- Particle
and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links
653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Faculty
of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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36
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Shang R, Verliefde AR, Hu J, Heijman SG, Rietveld LC. The impact of EfOM, NOM and cations on phosphate rejection by tight ceramic ultrafiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Lutchmiah K, Verliefde ARD, Roest K, Rietveld LC, Cornelissen ER. Forward osmosis for application in wastewater treatment: a review. Water Res 2014; 58:179-97. [PMID: 24762551 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Research in the field of Forward Osmosis (FO) membrane technology has grown significantly over the last 10 years, but its application in the scope of wastewater treatment has been slower. Drinking water is becoming an increasingly marginal resource. Substituting drinking water for alternate water sources, specifically for use in industrial processes, may alleviate the global water stress. FO has the potential to sustainably treat wastewater sources and produce high quality water. FO relies on the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane to extract clean water from the feed, however the FO step is still mostly perceived as a "pre-treatment" process. To prompt FO-wastewater feasibility, the focus lies with new membrane developments, draw solutions to enhance wastewater treatment and energy recovery, and operating conditions. Optimisation of these parameters are essential to mitigate fouling, decrease concentration polarisation and increase FO performance; issues all closely related to one another. This review attempts to define the steps still required for FO to reach full-scale potential in wastewater treatment and water reclamation by discussing current novelties, bottlenecks and future perspectives of FO technology in the wastewater sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerusha Lutchmiah
- Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - A R D Verliefde
- Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands; Ghent University, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Roest
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Dept. of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E R Cornelissen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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38
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Lutchmiah K, Lauber L, Roest K, Harmsen DJ, Post JW, Rietveld LC, van Lier JB, Cornelissen ER. Zwitterions as alternative draw solutions in forward osmosis for application in wastewater reclamation. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Moed
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands,
| | - Arne R. D. Verliefde
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands,
- Ghent University, Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands,
| | - Luuk C. Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil
Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands,
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40
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Keuten MGA, Peters MCFM, Daanen HAM, de Kreuk MK, Rietveld LC, van Dijk JC. Quantification of continual anthropogenic pollutants released in swimming pools. Water Res 2014; 53:259-270. [PMID: 24530546 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection in swimming pools is often performed by chlorination, However, anthropogenic pollutants from swimmers will react with chlorine and form disinfection by-products (DBPs). DBPs are unwanted from a health point of view, because some are irritating, while others might be carcinogenic. The reduction of anthropogenic pollutants will lead to a reduction in DBPs. This paper investigates the continual release of anthropogenic pollutants by means of controlled sweat experiments in a pool tank during laboratory time-series experiments (LTS experiments) and also during on-site experiments (OS experiments) in a swimming pool. The sweat released during the OS and LTS experiments was very similar. The sweat rate found was 0.1-0.2 L/m(2)/h at water temperatures below 29 °C and increased linearly with increasing water temperatures to 0.8 L/m(2)/h at 35 °C. The continual anthropogenic pollutant release (CAPR) not only consisted of sweat, particles (mainly skin fragments and hair) and micro-organisms, but also sebum (skin lipids) has to be considered. The release of most components can be explained by the composition of sweat. The average release during 30 min of exercise is 250 mg/bather non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC), 77.3 mg/bather total nitrogen (TN), 37.1 mg/bather urea and 10.1 mg/bather ammonium. The release of NPOC cannot be explained by the composition of sweat and is most probably a result of sebum release. The average release of other components was 1.31 × 10(9) # particles/bather (2-50 μm), 5.2 μg/bather intracellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP) and 9.3 × 10(6) intact cell count/bather (iCC). The pool water temperature was the main parameter to restrain the CAPR. This study showed that a significant amount of the total anthropogenic pollutants release is due to unhygienic behaviour of bathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G A Keuten
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands; Hellebrekers Technieken, Nunspeet, The Netherlands.
| | - M C F M Peters
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H A M Daanen
- TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam and Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M K de Kreuk
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J C van Dijk
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, The Netherlands
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Bergmans BJC, Veltman AM, van Loosdrecht MCM, van Lier JB, Rietveld LC. Struvite formation for enhanced dewaterability of digested wastewater sludge. Environ Technol 2014; 35:549-555. [PMID: 24645433 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.837081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main advantages of controlled struvite formation in digested sludge is an improvement in dewaterability of the digested sludge, which eventually leads to lower volumes of dewatered sludge that need to be transported. The effects of the control parameters for struvite formation, magnesium concentration and pH, on digested sludge dewaterability were investigated and are discussed in relation to the efficiency of struvite formation. Laboratory experiments with digested activated sludge were performed in a 20 L batch reactor. CO2 was stripped from the digested sludge using a bubble aerator and magnesium chloride was added to induce struvite formation. The dewaterability of the sludge was determined by gravity filtration tests. In the experiments, either the pH or the molar magnesium to phosphate ratio (Mg:PO4) was varied. The results confirm improved sludge dewaterability after struvite formation. Magnesium to phosphate ratios above 1.0 mol/mol did not further improve dewaterability. The addition of magnesium did not prevent the need for polymer addition for sludge dewatering. An increase in pH led to a deterioration in dewaterability. The best dewaterability results were found at the lowest pH value (pH = 7.0), while stirring the sludge instead of using the bubble aerator. At these settings, an orthophosphate removal of around 80% was achieved.
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Hu J, Shang R, Deng H, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. Effect of PAC dosage in a pilot-scale PAC-MBR treating micro-polluted surface water. Bioresour Technol 2014; 154:290-296. [PMID: 24412856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To address the water scarcity issue and advance the traditional drinking water treatment technique, a powdered activated carbon-amended membrane bioreactor (PAC-MBR) is proposed for micro-polluted surface water treatment. A pilot-scale study was carried out by initially dosing different amounts of PAC into the MBR. Comparative results showed that 2g/L performed the best among 0, 1, 2 and 3g/L PAC-MBR regarding organic matter and ammonia removal as well as membrane flux sustainability. 1g/L PAC-MBR exhibited a marginal improvement in pollutant removal compared to the non-PAC system. The accumulation of organic matter in the bulk mixture of 3g/L PAC-MBR led to poorer organic removal and severer membrane fouling. Molecular weight distribution of the bulk liquid in 2g/L PAC-MBR revealed the synergistic effects of PAC adsorption/biodegradation and membrane rejection on organic matter removal. Additionally, a lower amount of soluble extracellular polymer substances in the bulk can be secured in 21 days operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Hu
- Delft University of Technology, P. O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Ran Shang
- Delft University of Technology, P. O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Huiping Deng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China
| | | | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, P. O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The draw solution is the driving force of the forward osmosis (FO) process; however, the solute loss of the draw solute to the feed side is a general, financial limitation for most applications. The anthropogenic amino acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was investigated as a draw solution for FO. At concentrations of approximately 1.0 osmol/kg, EDTA demonstrated comparable water fluxes (Jv = 5.29 L/m(2) h) to the commonly used salt, NaCl (Jv = 4.86 L/m(2) h), and both produced better water fluxes than glucose (Jv = 3.46 L/m(2) h). EDTA showed the lowest solute loss with Js (reverse solute loss or solute leakage) = 0.54 g/m(2) h. The molecular weight, degree of ionisation and charge of EDTA played a major role in this efficiency and EDTA was therefore well rejected by the membrane, showing a low Js/Jv ratio of 0.10 g/L. Owing to the low solute loss of EDTA and its resistance to biodegradation, this compound has the potential to be used as a draw solute for FO during long periods without requiring much replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerusha Lutchmiah
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands E-mail: ; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W Post
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk C Rietveld
- Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands E-mail:
| | - Emile R Cornelissen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Post box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Shang R, Verliefde ARD, Hu J, Zeng Z, Lu J, Kemperman AJB, Deng H, Nijmeijer K, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. Tight ceramic UF membrane as RO pre-treatment: the role of electrostatic interactions on phosphate rejection. Water Res 2014; 48:498-507. [PMID: 24156950 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate limitation has been reported as an effective approach to inhibit biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) systems for water purification. The rejection of dissolved phosphate by negatively charged TiO2 tight ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (1 kDa and 3 kDa) was observed. These membranes can potentially be adopted as an effective process for RO pre-treatment in order to constrain biofouling by phosphate limitation. This paper focuses on electrostatic interactions during tight UF filtration. Despite the larger pore size, the 3 kDa ceramic membrane exhibited greater phosphate rejection than the 1 kDa membrane, because the 3 kDa membrane has a greater negative surface charge and thus greater electrostatic repulsion against phosphate. The increase of pH from 6 to 8.5 led to a substantial increase in phosphate rejection by both membranes due to increased electrostatic repulsion. At pH 8.5, the maximum phosphate rejections achieved by the 1 kDa and 3 kDa membrane were 75% and 86%, respectively. A Debye ratio (ratio of the Debye length to the pore radius) is introduced in order to evaluate double layer overlapping in tight UF membranes. Threshold Debye ratios were determined as 2 and 1 for the 1 kDa and 3 kDa membranes, respectively. A Debye ratio below the threshold Debye ratio leads to dramatically decreased phosphate rejection by tight UF membranes. The phosphate rejection by the tight UF, in combination with chemical phosphate removal by coagulation, might accomplish phosphate-limited conditions for biological growth and thus prevent biofouling in the RO systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Shang
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
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Ma C, Yu S, Shi W, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. Effect of different temperatures on performance and membrane fouling in high concentration PAC-MBR system treating micro-polluted surface water. Bioresour Technol 2013; 141:19-24. [PMID: 23664177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A bench-scale immersed microfiltration coupled with 50 g/L PAC was developed to treat micro-polluted surface water (MPSW) under 10 and 20 °C and the effects of temperatures on the performance and the membrane fouling were also investigated. The low temperature (10 °C) delayed the time for the start-up by 9 days and the complete nitrification by 10 days. In the stable operation, two systems both had high NH₃-N removal efficiency (above 90%) and better removal of organic matters (10% DOC, 5% UV₂₅₄ and 4% SUVA) at 10 °C. Polysaccharides (SMP) were the main membrane fouling matters at low temperature (10 °C) and low temperature (10 °C) didn't cause serious chemical irreversible membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Ma C, Yu S, Shi W, Tian W, Heijman SGJ, Rietveld LC. High concentration powdered activated carbon-membrane bioreactor (PAC-MBR) for slightly polluted surface water treatment at low temperature. Bioresour Technol 2012; 113:136-142. [PMID: 22386626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, different concentrations of PAC combined with MBR were carried out to treat slightly polluted surface water (SPSW) at low temperature (10°C). Effects of PAC on the efficiencies of operation, treatment, and the performance of the process were investigated. It was found that the effluent quality, performance efficiency, resistance of shock load were all enhanced and chemical irreversible membrane fouling was reduced with increasing dosage of PAC in MBR. Only when the concentration of PAC which acted as biological carriers was high enough (i.g., 50 g/L), nitrification without initial inoculation in the filtration tank could start within 19 days and be completed within 35 days at 10°C. Fifty grams per liter PAC was the optimal dosage in MBR for stable and extended operation. Under this condition, mean removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen (NH(3)-N), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV(254) were 93%, 75%, and 85%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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de Vet WWJM, van Loosdrecht MCM, Rietveld LC. Phosphorus limitation in nitrifying groundwater filters. Water Res 2012; 46:1061-1069. [PMID: 22209259 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus limitation has been demonstrated for heterotrophic growth in groundwater, in drinking water production and distribution systems, and for nitrification of surface water treatment at low temperatures. In this study, phosphorus limitation was tested, in the Netherlands, for nitrification of anaerobic groundwater rich in iron, ammonium and orthophosphate. The bioassay method developed by Lehtola et al. (1999) was adapted to determine the microbially available phosphorus (MAP) for nitrification. In standardized batch experiments with an enriched mixed culture inoculum, the formation of nitrite and nitrate and ATP and the growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB; as indicated by qPCR targeting the amoA-coding gene) were determined for MAP concentrations between 0 and 100 μg PO4-P L(-1). The nitrification and microbial growth rates were limited at under 100 μg PO4-P L(-1) and virtually stopped at under 10 μg PO4-P L(-1). In the range between 10 and 50 μg PO4-P L(-1), a linear relationship was found between MAP and the maximum nitrification rate. AOB cell growth and ATP formation were proportional to the total ammonia oxidized. Contrary to Lehtola et al. (1999), biological growth was very slow for MAP concentrations less than 25 μg PO4-P L(-1). No full conversion nor maximum cell numbers were reached within 19 days. In full-scale groundwater filters, most of the orthophosphate was removed alongside with iron. The remaining orthophosphate appeared to have only limited availability for microbial growth and activity. In some groundwater filters, nitrification was almost totally prevented by limitation of MAP. In batch experiments with filtrate water from these filters, the nitrification process could be effectively stimulated by adding phosphoric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W J M de Vet
- Oasen Drinking Water Company, PO box 122, 2800 AC Gouda, The Netherlands.
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de Vet WWJM, Dinkla IJT, Rietveld LC, van Loosdrecht MCM. Biological iron oxidation by Gallionella spp. in drinking water production under fully aerated conditions. Water Res 2011; 45:5389-5398. [PMID: 21889183 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxidation under neutral conditions (pH 6.5-8) may be a homo- or heterogeneous chemically- or a biologically-mediated process. The chemical oxidation is supposed to outpace the biological process under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7-8). The iron oxidation kinetics and growth of Gallionella spp. - obligatory chemolithotrophic iron oxidizers - were assessed in natural, organic carbon-containing water, in continuous lab-scale reactors and full-scale groundwater trickling filters in the Netherlands. From Gallionella cell numbers determined by qPCR, balances were made for all systems. The homogeneous chemical iron oxidation occurred in accordance with the literature, but was retarded by a low water temperature (13 °C). The contribution of the heterogeneous chemical oxidation was, despite the presence of freshly formed iron oxyhydroxides, much lower than in previous studies in ultrapure water. This could be caused by the adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on the iron oxide surfaces. In the oxygen-saturated natural water with a pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.7, Gallionella spp. grew uninhibited and biological iron oxidation was an important, and probably the dominant, process. Gallionella growth was not even inhibited in a full-scale filter after plate aeration. From this we conclude that Gallionella spp. can grow under neutral pH and fully aerated conditions when the chemical iron oxidation is retarded by low water temperature and inhibition of the autocatalytic iron oxidation.
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de Vet WWJM, Kleerebezem R, van der Wielen PWJJ, Rietveld LC, van Loosdrecht MCM. Assessment of nitrification in groundwater filters for drinking water production by qPCR and activity measurement. Water Res 2011; 45:4008-18. [PMID: 21632087 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In groundwater treatment for drinking water production, the causes of nitrification problems and the effectiveness of process optimization in rapid sand filters are often not clear. To assess both issues, the performance of a full-scale groundwater filter with nitrification problems and another filter with complete nitrification and pretreatment by subsurface aeration was monitored over nine months. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting the amoA gene of bacteria and archaea and activity measurements of ammonia oxidation were used to regularly evaluate water and filter sand samples. Results demonstrated that subsurface aeration stimulated the growth of ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes (AOP) in the aquifer. Cell balances, using qPCR counts of AOP for each filter, showed that the inoculated AOP numbers from the aquifer were marginal compared with AOP numbers detected in the filter. Excessive washout of AOP was not observed and did not cause the nitrification problems. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea grew in both filters, but only in low numbers compared to bacteria. The cell-specific nitrification rate in the sand and backwash water samples was high for the subsurface aerated filter, but systematically much lower for the filter with nitrification problems. From this, we conclude that incomplete nitrification was caused by nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W J M de Vet
- Oasen Drinking Water Company, PO Box 122, 2800 AC Gouda, The Netherlands.
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Rietveld LC, Norton-Brandão D, Shang R, van Agtmaal J, van Lier JB. Possibilities for reuse of treated domestic wastewater in the Netherlands. Water Sci Technol 2011; 64:1540-1546. [PMID: 22179654 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2011.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of wastewater reuse is becoming an increasingly important means of supplementing water supply needs and/or reducing costs. The present paper provides examples of possible uses of treated domestic effluent for the three sectors, i.e. public water supply, industrial and agricultural uses with the aim to address the feasibility of these applications. It is concluded that, although The Netherlands as a whole is considered to be a low water stressed country, regional fresh water scarcity and costs can result in the need for applications of domestic wastewater reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rietveld
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.
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