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Auer A, Walther LM, Jendryczko D, Auer L, Wirtz PH. Is your stress my stress? A standardized, randomized-controlled paradigm to study physiological stress contagion based on direct stress observation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 162:106964. [PMID: 38301381 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Existing research indicates that not only own stress leads to physiological stress reactions, but also observing stress in others. So far, a standardized paradigm to reliably induce physiological stress contagion based on direct face-to-face stress observation compared to an active placebo-stress observing control condition is lacking. Here, we tested a standardized randomized placebo-controlled experimental paradigm to investigate physiological reactivity to direct stress observation and characterized the stress contagion response of the major endocrine stress systems, including full reactivity kinetics. METHODS Healthy young male participants were randomly assigned to (1) undergo an adapted version of the Trier Social Stress Test ("TSST participants", n = 20), (2) observe it ("stress observers", n = 36), or (3) observe a corresponding placebo-stress control condition ("placebo-stress observers", n = 30). We repeatedly assessed heart rate, salivary alpha-amylase, salivary cortisol, and salivary aldosterone. RESULTS Stress observers exhibited greater physiological reactivity to stress observation as compared to placebo-stress observers to placebo-stress observation in heart rate, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol (p's ≤ .027), but not in aldosterone. We observed similar reactivity kinetics in TSST participants and stress observers but less pronounced in stress observers. DISCUSSION Extending previous literature, our findings indicate that independent of secondary effects of the observation setting, direct observation of stress in other individuals induces activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis. Moreover, the physiological stress contagion response resembles the physiological reactivity to first-hand stress but is less pronounced. Potential implications of physiological stress contagion regarding health, cognition, or behavior, as well as modulating factors need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Auer
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Walther
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David Jendryczko
- Methods for Intensive Data in Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Leon Auer
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Alrosan AZ, Heilat GB, Alrosan K, Aleikish AA, Rabbaa AN, Shakhatreh AM, Alshalout EM, Al Momany EM. Autonomic brain functioning and age-related health concerns. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100123. [PMID: 38510918 PMCID: PMC10950753 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates involuntary bodily functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and digestion, in addition to controlling motivation and behavior. In older adults, the ANS is dysregulated, which changes the ability of the ANS to respond to physiological signals, regulate cardiovascular autonomic functionality, diminish gastric motility, and exacerbate sleep problems. For example, a decrease in heart rate variability, or the variation in the interval between heartbeats, is one of the most well-known alterations in the ANS associated with health issues, including cardiovascular diseases and cognitive decline. The inability to perform fundamental activities of daily living and compromising the physiological reactivity or motivational responses of older adults to moving toward or away from specific environmental stimuli are significant negative consequences of chronic and geriatric conditions that pose grave threats to autonomy, health, and well-being. The most updated research has investigated the associations between the action responsiveness of older adults and the maintenance of their physiological and physical health or the development of mental and physical health problems. Once autonomic dysfunction may significantly influence the development of different age-related diseases, including ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune diseases, this review aimed to assess the relationship between aging and autonomic functions. The review explored how motivational responses, physiological reactivity, cognitive processes, and lifelong developmental changes associated with aging impact the ANS and contribute to the emergence of health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Z. Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Ghaith B. Heilat
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Khaled Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Abrar A. Aleikish
- Master of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Aya N. Rabbaa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Aseel M. Shakhatreh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ehab M. Alshalout
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Enaam M.A. Al Momany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
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Gonzalez A, Rozenman M, Goger P, Velasco SE. Autonomic reactivity during acute social stress: exploratory investigation of an interaction by threat interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties. Anxiety Stress Coping 2024; 37:251-264. [PMID: 37453083 PMCID: PMC10788382 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2235283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This preliminary study examined the interactive influences of interpretation bias and emotion dysregulation in predicting autonomic stress response.Methods: Participants (N = 72 college students; ages 18-25, 70% female, 47% Hispanic/Latinx), completed a performance-based assessment of threat interpretation bias and self-report measures of emotion regulation difficulties. Electrodermal activity (EDA; skin conductance level) was collected while participants completed a standardized psychosocial stressor task.Results: Interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties interacted to predict EDA trajectories (β = 0.054, SE = .001, CI:.007, .002, p < .001) during acute stress: presence of either interpretation bias toward threat (β = 6.950, SE = 2.826, CI: 1.407, 12.488, p = .013) or emotion regulation difficulties (β = 9.387, SE = 3.685, CI: 2.141, 16.636, p = .011) was associated with greater reactivity and poorer recovery; presence of both was associated with the lowest resting state EDA and blunted reactivity (β = 1.340, SE = 3.085, CI: -4.721, 7.407, p = .66).Conclusions: Preliminary findings support interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties, and their distinct interactive patterns, as predictors of autonomic reactivity trajectories during stress. Interpretation bias modification and emotion regulation skills may be important intervention targets for common psychological conditions that are influenced by aberrant psychophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Pauline Goger
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Cowden Hindash AH, Diamond Altman A, Levitan J, Inslicht SS. Comparing Heart Rate Analytical Methods to Examine Engagement During Imaginal Prolonged Exposure Therapy: Multicase Study. Am J Psychother 2022; 75:168-176. [PMID: 36052450 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As mobile health technologies proliferate, their use during exposure-based therapies has the potential to illuminate treatment mechanisms. The primary purpose of this study was to examine three approaches to using continuously collected physiological data of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder during prolonged exposure (PE) therapy, in an effort to examine physiological markers of treatment response. METHODS Photoplethysmogram-measured heart rates from three non-Hispanic White male veterans, during clinic-based PE therapy sessions, were analyzed to assess three potential therapeutic mechanisms: emotional engagement (examined via correlation analysis between self-reported peak distress ratings and objectively measured peak heart rate in the minute prior to distress ratings), initial emotion activation (examined through time to peak heart rate and peak self-reported distress), and extinction processes within and between therapy sessions (examined via multilevel modeling of within- and between-person changes in heart rate over time and across imaginal PE therapy sessions). RESULTS Results for each analytical approach with each patient are presented, and benefits and limitations of each approach are discussed. Treatment outcomes were as follows: one participant with overengagement did not benefit from PE, one participant with initial underengagement demonstrated clinical improvement, and one participant with optimal engagement had associated clinical improvements. CONCLUSIONS Mobile health technologies may provide a new avenue toward unveiling treatment mechanisms in psychotherapy. Use of standardized analytical approaches will enable cross-study comparison and greater understanding of treatment mechanisms, ultimately leading to increased treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Cowden Hindash
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Allison Diamond Altman
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Julia Levitan
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
| | - Sabra S Inslicht
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Advanced Postdoctoral Fellowship in Women's Health, Office of Academic Affiliations, Veterans Health Administration, San Francisco (Cowden Hindash, Inslicht); Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley (Diamond Altman, Levitan)
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Dindar K, Loukusa S, Helminen TM, Mäkinen L, Siipo A, Laukka S, Rantanen A, Mattila ML, Hurtig T, Ebeling H. Social-Pragmatic Inferencing, Visual Social Attention and Physiological Reactivity to Complex Social Scenes in Autistic Young Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:73-88. [PMID: 33638804 PMCID: PMC8732855 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined social-pragmatic inferencing, visual social attention and physiological reactivity to complex social scenes. Participants were autistic young adults (n = 14) and a control group of young adults (n = 14) without intellectual disability. Results indicate between-group differences in social-pragmatic inferencing, moment-level social attention and heart rate variability (HRV) reactivity. A key finding suggests associations between increased moment-level social attention to facial emotion expressions, better social-pragmatic inferencing and greater HRV suppression in autistic young adults. Supporting previous research, better social-pragmatic inferencing was found associated with less autistic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dindar
- Research Unit of Logopedics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 1000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Soile Loukusa
- Research Unit of Logopedics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 1000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi M Helminen
- Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leena Mäkinen
- Research Unit of Logopedics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, PO Box 1000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Siipo
- Department of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Laukka
- Learning Research Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Rantanen
- Learning Research Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja-Leena Mattila
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Ebeling
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Clinic of Child Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Chen K, Hollunder B, Garbusow M, Sebold M, Heinz A. The physiological responses to acute stress in alcohol-dependent patients: A systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 41:1-15. [PMID: 32994116 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of physiological stress reactivity plays a key role in the development and relapse risk of alcohol dependence. This article reviews studies investigating physiological responses to experimentally induced acute stress in patients with alcohol dependence. A systematic search from electronic databases resulted in 3641 articles found and after screening 62 articles were included in our review. Studies are analyzed based on stress types (i.e., social stress tasks and nonsocial stress tasks) and physiological markers (i.e., the nervous system, the endocrine system, somatic responses and the immune system). In studies applying nonsocial stress tasks, alcohol-dependent patients were reported to show a blunted stress response compared with healthy controls in the majority of studies applying markers of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. In studies applying social stress tasks, findings are inconsistent, with less than half of the studies reporting altered physiological stress responses in patients. We discuss the impact of duration of abstinence, comorbidities, baseline physiological arousal and intervention on the discrepancy of study findings. Furthermore, we review evidence for an association between blunted physiological stress responses and the relapse risk among patients with alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Barbara Hollunder
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Movement Disorder & Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Sebold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ekas NV, Kouros CD. A Pilot Study of Responses to Interparental Conflict in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3280-90. [PMID: 33219432 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04802-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research supports that parents of children with ASD experience higher rates of marital conflict compared to parents of neurotypically developing (NT) children; however, no known research examining reactions to interparental conflict in children with ASD exists. This study compared emotional, behavioral, and physiological responses to interparental conflict in ASD (n = 21) and NT children (n = 29). Children were presented with videotaped interactions (constructive vs. destructive conflict) of actors and their reactions were measured. Children with ASD reported higher levels of negative emotions following constructive conflict compared to NT children. Parents of children with ASD rated their child's emotional and behavioral responses to interparental conflict more negatively than parents of NT children. Comparable levels of physiological reactivity were found across both groups.
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Busscher B, Spinhoven P, de Geus EJC. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity during flight as an indicator of treatment outcome for aviophobia: A longitudinal study with 3-year follow-up. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 67:101443. [PMID: 30583795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Emotion can be seen as the organizing process that coordinates response systems to deal effectively with challenges and opportunities. Synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity is regarded as an indication of this organizing process. Synchrony is expected to increase with the intensity of emotional stimuli. Conversely, adaptive emotional functioning could be indicated by progressive synchrony upon increasing demands, and the magnitude of synchrony could be an indication of progress during therapy. METHODS We examined whether synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity over repeated exposures increased from watching a flight video through simulated flight to actual flight, and whether the magnitude of synchronous change predicted favourable short- and long-term treatment outcome within a group of 77 aviophobic participants during CBT. RESULTS Results did not show a relationship between the intensity of the phobic stimuli and the magnitude of synchronous change in subjective and physiological reactivity. Moreover, synchronous change across both response systems did not predict treatment outcome. LIMITATIONS By design this study had no control group. Additional treatment or life events between end of treatment and 3-year follow-up were not assessed. CONCLUSION The results provide only weak support for the functionalistic view that successful treatment of anxiety disorders is indicated by synchronous change in reactivity across emotional response systems. The relationship between these systems is likely to be affected by many intervening variables including higher order cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Busscher
- VALK Foundation, Postbox 110, 2300, AC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
| | - Philip Spinhoven
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kudinova AY, Burkhouse KL, Siegle G, Owens M, Woody ML, Gibb BE. Pupillary reactivity to negative stimuli prospectively predicts recurrence of major depressive disorder in women. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1836-1842. [PMID: 27671353 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a large body of research supporting the association between disrupted physiological reactivity to negative stimuli and depression. The present study aimed to examine whether physiological reactivity to emotional stimuli, assessed via pupil dilation, served as a biological marker of risk for depression recurrence among individuals who are known to be at a higher risk due to having previous history of depression. Participants were 57 women with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD). Pupil dilation to angry, happy, sad, and neutral faces was recorded. Participants' diagnoses and symptoms were assessed 24 months after the initial assessment. We found that women's pupillary reactivity to negative (sad or angry faces) but not positive stimuli prospectively predicted MDD recurrence. Additionally, we found that both hyper- and hypopupillary reactivity to angry faces predicted risk for MDD recurrence. These findings suggest that disrupted physiological response to negative stimuli indexed via pupillary dilation could serve as a physiological marker of MDD risk, thus presenting clinicians with a convenient and inexpensive method to predict which of the at-risk women are more likely to experience depression recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastacia Y Kudinova
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Greg Siegle
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Max Owens
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Mary L Woody
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- Center for Affective Science, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York, USA
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Nachar N, Lavoie ME, Marchand A, O'Connor KP, Guay S. The effect of talking about psychological trauma with a significant other on heart rate reactivity in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:171-6. [PMID: 24857563 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly make efforts to avoid trauma-oriented conversations with their significant others, which may interfere with the natural recovery process. Trauma-oriented conversations can be experienced as physiologically arousing, depending on the intensity of PTSD symptoms and perceptions of social support. In the current investigation, changes in heart rate responses to a trauma-oriented social interaction with a significant other were assessed. Perceived supportive and unsupportive or negative social interactions were examined as moderators of the association between heart rate changes to this context and intensity of PTSD symptoms. A total of 46 individuals with PTSD completed diagnostic interviews and self-report measures of symptoms and perceived supportive and negative social interactions during a trauma-oriented social interaction with a significant other. Heart rate was continuously measured during this interaction. Results showed that engagement in a trauma-oriented social interaction was predictive of elevations in heart rate that positively correlated with intensity of PTSD symptoms. The moderation hypothesis was partially supported. In addition, perceived negative social interactions positively correlated with elevations in heart rate. These findings can inform social intervention efforts for individuals with PTSD.
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Nuske HJ, Vivanti G, Dissanayake C. Reactivity to fearful expressions of familiar and unfamiliar people in children with autism: an eye-tracking pupillometry study. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:14. [PMID: 24982695 PMCID: PMC4064262 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with autism are often reported to have difficulty with emotion processing. However, clinical and experimental data show that they are sensitive to familiarity; for example, they show normative attachment to familiar people, and have normative brain activity in response to familiar faces. To date, no study has measured their reactivity to the emotions of familiar vs. unfamiliar people. Thus, our aim was to determine whether individuals with autism would show normative reactivity to emotion in familiar people. METHODS Participants were 21 children with autism and 21 children with typical development, aged two to five years, matched on age and gender. The children observed videos of familiar people (their child-care teachers) and unfamiliar people expressing fear, whilst their visual attention and pupillary reactions were recorded (the latter as an index of emotional reactivity), using eye tracking technology. RESULTS The children with autism showed normative pupillary reactions (peak magnitude) to fear expressed by familiar people, but a reduced response to fear expressed by unfamiliar people. However, across familiarity conditions, the children with autism had longer latency peak responses than the typically developing children. This pattern of findings was independent of cognitive factors or visual attention as visual attention by group was not related to familiarity condition. The children with autism had reduced visual attention to neutral faces; however, on fearful faces there were no group differences. Abnormalities in pupillary reactivity in the autism group were related to less prosocial behaviour and more severe play and communication deficits. CONCLUSIONS Children with autism were less atypical in their responses to fearful expressions of people they know, arguing against a pervasive emotional impairment in autism, but rather one that may be mediated by familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Nuske
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Giacomo Vivanti
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Victoria Autism Specific Early Learning and Care Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheryl Dissanayake
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Zemp M, Bodenmann G, Mark Cummings E. The role of skin conductance level reactivity in the impact of children's exposure to interparental conflict on their attention performance. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 118:1-12. [PMID: 24184777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that undermining of attention performance might be one decisive underlying mechanism in the link between marital conflict and children's academic maladjustment, but little is known about specific risk patterns in this regard. This study examines, in an experimental approach, the role of children's history of interparental discord and skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) as moderators in the link between analogue marital conflict exposure and children's attention. The attention performance of 57 children, aged 11 to 13 years, was assessed prior to and immediately after a 1-min video exposure to either (a) a couple conflict or (b) a neutral condition. SCLR was measured continuously throughout the stimulus presentation. Results indicated that children's family background of interparental conflict and their physiological reactivity moderated the influence of the experimental stimulus on children's short-term attention performance. Lower SCLR served as a protective factor in children from high-conflict homes exposed to the couple conflict. The current study advances the body of knowledge in this field by identifying risk patterns for the development of attention problems in children in relation to marital conflict exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zemp
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
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