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Gonzalez A, Rozenman M, Goger P, Velasco SE. Autonomic reactivity during acute social stress: exploratory investigation of an interaction by threat interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties. Anxiety Stress Coping 2024; 37:251-264. [PMID: 37453083 PMCID: PMC10788382 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2023.2235283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This preliminary study examined the interactive influences of interpretation bias and emotion dysregulation in predicting autonomic stress response.Methods: Participants (N = 72 college students; ages 18-25, 70% female, 47% Hispanic/Latinx), completed a performance-based assessment of threat interpretation bias and self-report measures of emotion regulation difficulties. Electrodermal activity (EDA; skin conductance level) was collected while participants completed a standardized psychosocial stressor task.Results: Interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties interacted to predict EDA trajectories (β = 0.054, SE = .001, CI:.007, .002, p < .001) during acute stress: presence of either interpretation bias toward threat (β = 6.950, SE = 2.826, CI: 1.407, 12.488, p = .013) or emotion regulation difficulties (β = 9.387, SE = 3.685, CI: 2.141, 16.636, p = .011) was associated with greater reactivity and poorer recovery; presence of both was associated with the lowest resting state EDA and blunted reactivity (β = 1.340, SE = 3.085, CI: -4.721, 7.407, p = .66).Conclusions: Preliminary findings support interpretation bias and emotion regulation difficulties, and their distinct interactive patterns, as predictors of autonomic reactivity trajectories during stress. Interpretation bias modification and emotion regulation skills may be important intervention targets for common psychological conditions that are influenced by aberrant psychophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | - Pauline Goger
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Amirkhan JH, Manalo R, Velasco SE. Stress overload in first-generation college students: Implications for intervention. Psychol Serv 2023; 20:636-646. [PMID: 35389674 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
First-generation college students (FGCS), those whose parents never obtained a baccalaureate, are disadvantaged relative to continuing generation college students (CGCS) in regard to academic performance and health status. The literature documents myriad challenges facing FGCS, in the form of both adjustment demands and limited resources. Stress overload, the pathogenic form of stress, occurs when demands overwhelm coping resources. Its relevance to the plight of FGCS, as well as its established link to dysfunction in other college populations, prompted the present hypotheses: Stress overload (a) would be more prevalent among FGCS than CGCS and (b) could thereby explain their academic and health disparities. Public-university students (n = 593) completed an anonymous online survey assessing stress overload, somatic symptoms, and grades. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed FGCS (n = 366) to report more stress overload than CGCS, even after controlling for specific confounds, as well as lower grades and marginally more symptoms. Path analyses yielded a best-fitting model that showed stress overload to mediate the association between generational status (FGCS vs. CGCS) and grade and symptom levels. In sum, stress-overload maps onto the circumstances of FGCS, provides a common denominator to their myriad challenges, and offers a mechanism to explain their academic performance and health issues. This suggests the utility of stress overload as a screening tool and as a primary focus for therapeutic intervention with FGCS. These implications, the study's limitations, and the need for future research to probe the role of stress overload in the FGCS college experience are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodel Manalo
- Psychology Department, California State University Long Beach
| | - Sarah E Velasco
- Psychology Department, California State University Long Beach
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Amirkhan JH, Velasco SE. Stress overload and the new nightmare for Dreamers. J Am Coll Health 2021; 69:67-73. [PMID: 31478808 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1652182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To determine if, following threats to DACA policies, Dreamer college students experienced greater stress overload, more symptoms, and worse grades than their classmates. Participants: Students (n = 424) from a large public university, including Dreamers (n = 64), participated between March 2017 and June 2018. Methods: Students completed an anonymous online survey containing self-report measures of stress overload, symptoms, grades, and background characteristics. Results: Dreamers reported significantly higher levels of stress overload than did other students, including minorities and immigrants. Dreamers reported more somatic symptoms but not lower grades than other students-outcomes mediated, wholly or partially, by stress overload. Conclusion: Findings document the health toll of current politics on Dreamers, and indicate disproportionate stress overload as a reason. They also attest to Dreamer "grit" in maintaining grades nevertheless. Implications include the need for proactive support by universities and broader social policy change to restore well-being to these students.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Amirkhan
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Sarah E Velasco
- Department of Psychology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
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Tamayo I, Velasco SE, Puy C, Esmon CT, Dichiara MG, Montes R, Hermida J. Group V secretory phospholipase A2 impairs endothelial protein C receptor-dependent protein C activation and accelerates thrombosis in vivo. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1921-7. [PMID: 25069533 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) must be bound to a molecule of phosphatidylcholine (PC) to be fully functional, i.e. to interact with protein C/activated protein C (APC) properly. PC can be replaced with other lipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine or platelet-activating factor, by the action of group V secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-V), an enzyme that is upregulated in a variety of inflammatory conditions. Studies in purified systems have demonstrated that the substitution of PC notably impairs EPCR function in a process called EPCR encryption. OBJECTIVES To analyze whether sPLA2-V was able to regulate EPCR-dependent protein C activation in vivo, and its impact on thrombosis and the hemostatic system. METHODS Mice were transfected with sPLA2-V by hydrodynamic gene delivery. The effects on thrombosis were studied with the laser carotid artery occlusion model, and APC generation capacity was measured with ELISA. Global hemostasis was analyzed with thromboelastometry. RESULTS We found that sPLA2-V overexpression in mice significantly decreased their ability to generate APC. Furthermore, a murine carotid artery laser thrombosis model revealed that higher sPLA2-V levels were directly associated with faster artery thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS sPLA2-V plays a thrombogenic role by impairing the ability of EPCR to promote protein C activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tamayo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Ibarburu I, Soria-Díaz ME, Rodríguez-Carvajal MA, Velasco SE, Tejero-Mateo P, Gil-Serrano AM, Irastorza A, Dueñas MT. Growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Oenococcus oeni I4 and structural characterization of their EPSs. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 103:477-86. [PMID: 17650209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the influence of medium constituents on growth, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by a strain of Oenococcus oeni. The structure of one of the EPSs has also been characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS EPS concentration was estimated by the phenol/sulfuric acid method. After purification and fractionation of crude EPSs, the sugar composition was determined by GLC-MS of the TMS methyl glycosides. The major polysaccharide is 2-substituted-(1-3)-beta-D-glucan. This structure was determined by methylation analysis and conventional (1)H- and (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, O. oeni synthesized two heteropolysaccharides, although a lesser proportion, constituted by galactose and glucose, and one of them also showed rhamnose. The sugar source has a clear influence on growth and EPS synthesis, and EPS production was not enhanced by adding ethanol or increasing the nitrogen source. EPS biosynthesis starts in the exponential growth phase, and continued during the stationary growth phase. CONCLUSIONS Higher EPS yields were obtained on cultures grown on glucose + fructose. O. oeni produces a beta-glucan, as the predominant EPS, and it is also able to produce two heteropolysaccharides. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work provides a better understanding of EPS synthesis by O. oeni and shows the first EPS structure described for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ibarburu
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco, San Sebastián, Spain
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Velasco SE, Yebra MJ, Monedero V, Ibarburu I, Dueñas MT, Irastorza A. Influence of the carbohydrate source on beta-glucan production and enzyme activities involved in sugar metabolism in Pediococcus parvulus 2.6. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:325-34. [PMID: 17303279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of carbohydrate source on growth, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and on the activity of the enzymes implicated in energy generation and UDP-glucose synthesis in Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 was evaluated. The highest EPS production was obtained on glucose, while fructose was a poor substrate for EPS synthesis. HPLC and NMR analysis on monomer composition and structure of the EPS showed that this strain produced the same beta-glucan, regardless of the carbohydrate source. The alpha-phosphoglucomutase specific activities were dependent on the carbohydrate source and a high correlation between the activity of this enzyme and the amount of EPS was found in glucose- and maltose-grown cultures. alpha-UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity, necessary for the activation of glucose, was very low, but significantly higher on glucose as sugar source. In vitro phosphorylation assays and transport activities showed that glucose is taken up by a proton motive force-dependent permease, while fructose is internalized by an inducible phosphotransferase system, which renders fructose-6-phosphate. The levels of 6-phosphofructokinase activity and alpha-phosphoglucomutase activities determined on fructose were higher and lower, than those found on glucose or maltose, respectively. This suggests that fructose-6-phosphate is mainly diverted to glycolysis and explains the low EPS synthesis on fructose. Results indicate that alpha-phosphoglucomutase and/or alpha-UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase might be the bottlenecks for EPS biosynthesis, opening the field for metabolic-engineering strategies aimed to improve EPS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Velasco
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco, Box 1072, 20080, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Abstract
We found that rats subjected to thermal skin injury (skin burn) had increased serum xanthine oxidase (XO) activities, increased serum complement activation (decreased serum CH50 levels), increased erythrocyte (RBC) fragility, increased lung neutrophil accumulation, and increased lung leak compared to sham-treated rats. Treatment of rats with allopurinol (an XO inhibitor) not only decreased serum XO activity, but also decreased complement activation, RBC fragility, lung neutrophil accumulation, and lung leak abnormalities in rats subjected to skin burn. We conclude that XO may contribute to acute lung injury and a number of events associated with the development of acute lung leak following skin burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Burton
- Webb-Waring Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Florell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City
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Gross MA, Viders DE, Brown JM, Mulvin DW, Miles RH, Brentlinger ER, Velasco SE, Crawford TS, Burton LK, Repine JE. Local skin burn causes systemic (lung and kidney) endothelial cell injury reflected by increased circulating and decreased tissue factor VIII-related antigen. Surgery 1989; 106:310-6; discussion 316-7. [PMID: 2503901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inasmuch as xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived O2* metabolites may contribute to vascular endothelial injury and Factor VIII antigen (F8Ag) is a component of endothelial cells, we hypothesized that XO-derived O2* might damage and cause distant organ endothelial cells to release F8Ag in rats subjected to skin burn. We found that serum F8Ag (ELISA) increased in the blood of rats subjected to skin burn (70 degrees C water to shaved dorsal skin for 30 seconds) but not in sham control rats (30 degrees C water). Coincidentally, F8Ag levels also decreased in lung and kidney tissue sections (immunofluorescent staining) of burned rats but not sham rats. Increases in circulating F8Ag levels and decreases in tissue F8Ag levels appeared to result from XO-derived O2* metabolites: F8Ag levels did not increase in the blood and did not decrease in the tissues of rats pretreated with allopurinol (a specific XO inhibitor, 50 mg/kg) or dimethylthiourea (DMTU) (a permeable O2* metabolite scavenger, 250 mg/kg). Lung injury as assessed by permeability studies (I125-albumin leak) paralleled changes in blood F8Ag levels in sham, burn, allopurinol-, and DMTU-treated groups. We conclude that skin burn causes a systemic vascular injury that can be inhibited by allopurinol or DMTU and is reflected by increased circulating and tissue decreased Factor VIII antigen levels. Release of Factor VIII antigen may serve as a valuable marker of distant organ injury in patients with skin burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gross
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Center, Denver 80262
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Grosso MA, Brown JM, Viders DE, Mulvin DW, Banerjee A, Velasco SE, Repine JE, Harken AH. Xanthine oxidase-derived oxygen radicals induce pulmonary edema via direct endothelial cell injury. J Surg Res 1989; 46:355-60. [PMID: 2495387 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(89)90201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypoperfusion/ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) may initiate ARDS (nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema). Endothelial damage via xanthine oxidase (XO)-derived oxygen radicals (O2*) may mediate I/R injury. We previously documented Factor VIII antigen (F8) as a marker for endothelial injury. The purpose of this study was to (1) document I/R-induced nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, (2) identify whether XO or O2* mediates nonhydrostatic edema, and (3) identify the site of injury (? endothelium). Rat lungs were isolated, ventilated, and perfused (100 min, control, or 40 min at 37 degrees C, I (static vent.), + 60 min, R). Effluent was analyzed for F8 release (ELISA: data relative to control). Tungsten-fed rats had negligible lung XO vs rats fed standard diet (3.6 vs 34.5 mU/g, (P less than 0.05). Catalase (CAT) 50 micrograms/ml) was added to perfusate prior to R. Sectioned lungs were fluorescein anti-F8 photographed (IF) and qualitatively assessed. (Table: see text). We conclude that (1) pulmonary hypoperfusion (I/R) leads to nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema, and (2) the edema results in part from XO-generated O2* directed at the capillary endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Grosso
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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Brown JM, Terada LS, Grosso MA, Whitman GJ, Velasco SE, Patt A, Harken AH, Repine JE. Hydrogen peroxide mediates reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. Mol Cell Biochem 1988; 84:173-5. [PMID: 3148110 DOI: 10.1007/bf00421052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In an isolated, normothermic rat heart model (Langendorff, 37 degrees C), dimethylthiourea (DMTU) infusion only during reperfusion reduced both injury and measurable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations after global ischemia. Cardiac function was assessed by measurement of ventricular developed pressure (DP). H2O2 was assessed using H2O2 dependent aminotriazole inactivation of myocardial catalase. Depletion of xanthine oxidase by two methods (tungsten or allopurinol inhibition) also improved recovery of function and H2O2 production. The results indicate that XO derived H2O2 contributes to myocardial reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver
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Brown JM, Terada LS, Grosso MA, Whitmann GJ, Velasco SE, Patt A, Harken AH, Repine JE. Xanthine oxidase produces hydrogen peroxide which contributes to reperfusion injury of ischemic, isolated, perfused rat hearts. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:1297-301. [PMID: 3127425 PMCID: PMC329662 DOI: 10.1172/jci113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three lines of investigation indicated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from xanthine oxidase (XO) contributes to cardiac dysfunction during reperfusion after ischemia. First, addition of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a highly permeant O2 metabolite scavenger (but not urea) simultaneously with reperfusion improved recovery of ventricular function as assessed by ventricular developed pressure (DP), contractility (+dP/dt), and relaxation rate (-dP/dt) in isolated Krebs-Henseleit-perfused rat hearts subjected to global normothermic ischemia. Second, hearts from rats fed tungsten or treated with allopurinol had negligible XO activities (less than 0.5 mU/g wet myocardium compared with greater than 6.0 mU/g in control hearts) and increased ventricular function after ischemia and reperfusion. Third, myocardial H2O2-dependent inactivation of catalase occurred after reperfusion following ischemia, but not after ischemia without reperfusion or perfusion without ischemia. In contrast, myocardial catalase did not decrease during reperfusion of ischemic hearts treated with DMTU, tungsten, or allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262
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