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Ngingo BL, Mchome ZS, Bwana VM, Chengula A, Mwanyika G, Mremi I, Sindato C, Mboera LEG. Socioecological systems analysis of potential factors for cholera outbreaks and assessment of health system's readiness to detect and respond in Ilemela and Nkasi districts, Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:1261. [PMID: 37968626 PMCID: PMC10652585 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera outbreaks are a recurrent issue in Tanzania, with Ilemela and Nkasi districts being particulary affected. The objective of this study was to conduct a socio-ecological system (SES) analysis of cholera outbreaks in these districts, identifying potential factors and assessing the preparedness for cholera prevention and control. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in Ilemela and Nkasi districts of Mwanza and Rukwa regions, respectively in Tanzania between September and October 2021. A SES framework analysis was applied to identify potential factors associated with cholera outbreaks and assess the readiness of the districts to cholera prevention and control. RESULTS Ilemela is characterised by urban and peri-urban ecosystems while Nkasi is mainly rural. Cholera was reported to disproportionately affect people living along the shores of Lake Victoria in Ilemela and Lake Tanganyika in Nkasi, particularly fishermen and women involved infish trading. The main potential factors identified for cholera outbreaks included defecation in the shallow ends and along the edges of lakes, open defecation, bathing/swimming in contaminated waters and improper waste disposal. The preparedness of both districts for cholera prevention and response was found to be inadequate due to limited laboratory capacity, insufficient human resources, and budget constraints. CONCLUSION People of Ilemela and Nkasi districts remain at significant risk of recurrent cholera outbreaks and the capacity of the districts to detect the disease is limited. Urgent preventive measures, such as conducting considerable community awareness campaigns on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation are needed to alleviate the disease burden and reduce future cholera outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baraka L Ngingo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Zaina S Mchome
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Veneranda M Bwana
- National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Augustino Chengula
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gaspary Mwanyika
- Department of Applied Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Irene Mremi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tabora Research Centre, Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Chu CH, Liu CC, Lai CY, Chen YC, Tien CH, Hsieh KH, Lin CM. New dimension on potential factors of successful pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization. Pediatr Neonatol 2023; 64:19-25. [PMID: 35999154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous catheterization (PIVC) is pivotal to pediatric medical care; however, it is a challenging technique for pediatricians, and the parameters affecting successful pediatric PIVC establishment have not been fully investigated. METHODS This prospective observational study collected data from pediatric patients aged less than 18 years who required PIVC. The participants were categorized into five groups for subgroup analysis: newborn, infant, toddler, pre-school, and student (children and adolescent). Data on demography, biochemistry, and PIVC executors were examined to elucidate the most powerful factors affecting the success of PIVC. RESULTS A total of 935 peripheral venous cannulations conducted within 1 year were studied. Age-subgroup analysis showed the highest failure rate (FR) of PIVC in the infant group (18.4%). No significant difference in BMI standard deviation score was noted among the groups (p-value = 0.430). Compared with those for the success group, more attempts, longer completion time, and more medical staff were needed for the failure group (all p-values < 0.05). A high serum procalcitonin level was correlated with an increased FR (p-value = 0.016). In addition, the success rate was positively associated with the seniority of the operators, except for the 3-year experienced R3 group (93.5%) showing a higher success rate than the 4-year experienced CR group (84.2%). CONCLUSIONS Difficulty in setting up PIVC was the greatest in infants and even greater than that in newborns. Even though seniority was a cardinal factor in successful PIVC, a high FR was still noted despite the lack of continuous and steady practice.
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Mahmoud AS, Dayhum AS, Rayes AA, Annajar BB, Eldaghayes IM. Exploiting epidemiological data to understand the epidemiology and factors that influence COVID-19 pandemic in Libya. World J Virol 2021; 10:156-167. [PMID: 34367931 PMCID: PMC8316877 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i4.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There were only 75 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported in Libya by the National Center for Disease Control during the first two months following the first confirmed case on 24 March 2020. However, there was dramatic increase in positive cases from June to now; as of 19 November 2020, approximately 357940 samples have been tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the results have revealed a total number of 76808 confirmed cases, 47587 recovered cases and 1068 deaths. The case fatality ratio was estimated to be 1.40%, and the mortality rate was estimated to be 15.90 in 100000 people. The epidemiological situation markedly changed from mid-July to the beginning of August, and the country proceeded to the cluster phase. COVID-19 has spread in almost all Libyan cities, and this reflects the high transmission rate of the virus at the regional level with the highest positivity rates, at an average of 14.54%. Apparently, there is an underestimation of the actual number of COVID-19 cases due to the low testing capacity. Consequently, the Libyan health authority needs to initiate a large-scale case-screening process and enforce testing capacities and contact testing within the time frame, which is not an easy task. Advisably, the Libyan health authority should improve the public health capacities and conduct strict hygienic measures among the societies and vaccinate as many people against COVID-19 to minimize both the case fatality ratio and socio-economic impacts of the pandemic in Libya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdusalam S Mahmoud
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
| | - Abdunaser S Dayhum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
| | - Abdunnabi A Rayes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
| | - Badereddin B Annajar
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Technology, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
- National Center for Disease Control, Tripoli 71171, Libya
| | - Ibrahim M Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
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Wang J, Shi L, Zhai L, Zhang H, Wang S, Zou J, Shen Z, Lian C, Chen Y. Analysis of the long-term effectiveness of biochar immobilization remediation on heavy metal contaminated soil and the potential environmental factors weakening the remediation effect: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111261. [PMID: 32950873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the research and application of biochar in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil has become a hotspot, especially regarding the remediation of agricultural land. Biochar has been proved to be effective in reducing the content of available heavy metals in the soil as well as the heavy metals in plants. However, the long-term effectiveness of biochar immobilization has not been widely studied. In this review, retrospective search was carried out on the published literature results concerning remediation effects of biochar on different areas of heavy metal contaminated soil in the recent years, its application in field remediation (several years), and some potential abiotic and biotic factors that may weaken the immobilization effects of biochar. This results indicate that: (1) biochar is widely used in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in different areas and has excellent immobilization effect. (2) Most of the research demonstrate that the immobilization effect of biochar is effective for 2-3 years or according to few results even for 5 years. However, there have been various reports claiming that the immobilization effect of biochar decreases with time. (3) Abiotic factors such as acid rain, flooded environment, changes in soil condition (pH, redox and dissolved organic matter) and changes in biochar (Cl- and alkali leaching) can significantly weaken the immobilization effect of biochar. (4) Biotic factors such as plant roots, earthworms and soil microorganisms can also significantly reduce the immobilization effect of biochar. Therefore, field experiments having longer time span with biochar need to be further carried out, and the developmental research of modified biochar with a more stable immobilization effect also needs further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lulu Zhai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengxiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midoricho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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