1
|
Gkioulidou M, Mitchell DG, Manweiler JW, Lanzerotti LJ, Gerrard AJ, Ukhorskiy AY, Keika K, Mouikis CG, Kistler LM. Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) Revisited: In-Flight Calibrations, Lessons Learned and Scientific Advances. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:80. [PMID: 38037569 PMCID: PMC10684722 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) on both the Van Allen Probes spacecraft is a time-of-flight versus total energy instrument that provided ion composition data over the ring current energy (∼7 keV to ∼1 MeV), and electrons over the energy range ∼25 keV to ∼1 MeV throughout the duration of the mission (2012 - 2019). In this paper we present instrument calibrations, implemented after the Van Allen Probes mission was launched. In particular, we discuss updated rate dependent corrections, possible contamination by "accidentals" rates, and caveats concerning the use of certain products. We also provide a summary of the major advances in ring current science, obtained from RBSPICE observations, and their implications for the future of inner magnetosphere exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matina Gkioulidou
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | | | - Louis J. Lanzerotti
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Andrew J. Gerrard
- Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | | | - Kunihiro Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lynn M. Kistler
- Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manweiler JW, Breneman A, Niehof J, Larsen B, Romeo G, Stephens G, Halford A, Kletzing C, Brown LE, Spence H, Reeves G, Friedel R, Smith S, Skoug R, Blake B, Baker D, Kanekal S, Hoxie V, Jaynes A, Wygant J, Bonnell J, Crawford D, Gkioulidou M, Lanzerotti LJ, Mitchell DG, Gerrard A, Ukhorskiy A, Sotirelis T, Barnes RJ, Millan R, Harris B. Science of the Van Allen Probes Science Operations Centers. Space Sci Rev 2022; 218:66. [PMID: 36407497 PMCID: PMC9668807 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-022-00919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Van Allen Probes mission operations materialized through a distributed model in which operational responsibility was divided between the Mission Operations Center (MOC) and separate instrument specific SOCs. The sole MOC handled all aspects of telemetering and receiving tasks as well as certain scientifically relevant ancillary tasks. Each instrument science team developed individual instrument specific SOCs proficient in unique capabilities in support of science data acquisition, data processing, instrument performance, and tools for the instrument team scientists. In parallel activities, project scientists took on the task of providing a significant modeling tool base usable by the instrument science teams and the larger scientific community. With a mission as complex as Van Allen Probes, scientific inquiry occurred due to constant and significant collaboration between the SOCs and in concert with the project science team. Planned cross-instrument coordinated observations resulted in critical discoveries during the seven-year mission. Instrument cross-calibration activities elucidated a more seamless set of data products. Specific topics include post-launch changes and enhancements to the SOCs, discussion of coordination activities between the SOCs, SOC specific analysis software, modeling software provided by the Van Allen Probes project, and a section on lessons learned. One of the most significant lessons learned was the importance of the original decision to implement individual team SOCs providing timely and well-documented instrument data for the NASA Van Allen Probes Mission scientists and the larger magnetospheric and radiation belt scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian Larsen
- ECT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Giuseppe Romeo
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Grant Stephens
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | | | - Lawrence E. Brown
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | - Geoff Reeves
- ECT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | | | - Sonya Smith
- ECT, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Ruth Skoug
- ECT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Bern Blake
- ECT, Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dan Baker
- ECT, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Shri Kanekal
- ECT, Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - Vaughn Hoxie
- ECT, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | | | - John Wygant
- EFW, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - John Bonnell
- EFW, University of California-Berkley, Berkley, CA USA
| | | | - Matina Gkioulidou
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | - Donald G. Mitchell
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Andrew Gerrard
- RBSPICE, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Aleksandr Ukhorskiy
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Thomas Sotirelis
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Robin J. Barnes
- RBSPICE and Project, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | | | - Blaine Harris
- RBSPICE, Fundamental Technologies, LLC, Lawrence, KS USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdukadir A, Mattursun A, Kerim A, Omar K, Hushur L. A study of the aromaticity of heteroannelated cyclooctatetraene derivatives. J Mol Model 2018; 24:123. [PMID: 29721619 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of the rings of thiophene, pyrrole, furan, and benzene annelated cyclooctatetraene (COT) derivatives and of their double charged ions was studied using the graph-theoretical theory of aromaticity. On the basis of topological resonance energy, it was found that the global aromaticity is dependent upon on the arrangement of heteroatoms in the given molecule. Relative stability of these molecules when in different charged states can been explained in terms of the topological charge stabilization rule. We expect that fusing the COT ring with an increasing number of aromatic rings will lead to an increase in the aromaticity of the molecule. According to the bond resonance energy (BRE) and circuit resonance energy (CRE) indices, local antiaromaticity of the COT ring is weakened as the number of fused rings increases, and these changes play a significant role in the global aromaticity of the molecule. For some compounds, our BRE and CRE indices do not predict the same order of magnitude of the local aromatic character of certain rings that the nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS(0) and (NICS(1)) methods predict. Finally, for the available compounds, correlations between the diatropic and paratropic chemical shifts of the protons and our ring current results were analyzed and good agreement was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ablimit Abdukadir
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Aygul Mattursun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Ablikim Kerim
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
| | - Kamalbek Omar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Lutpulla Hushur
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Aromaticity/aromatic belongs to one of the most useful and popular terms in organic chemistry and related fields. However, aromaticity is not an unambiguous term; therefore, its definition is enumerative. The criteria are based on energy (increased stability), molecular geometry (very low bond lengths alternation), magnetism (induction of the diatropic ring current by external magnetic field) and reactivity (tendency to maintain π-electron structure in chemical reactions). The energetic criterion is based on resonance energy and aromatic stabilization energy, whereas harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity-on molecular geometry. Magnetism-based criteria are illustrated by local indicators (for individual rings): nucleus independent chemical shifts and proton nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts as well as the global aromaticity index-exaltation of the magnetic susceptibility. For selected homo- and hetero-cyclic compounds, illustrative data are presented in tables, which allow the comparison of the above-mentioned indices. Finally, examples of agreements or disagreements between these various aromaticity indices are presented for few representative cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - H. Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|