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Warnung L, Sattler S, Haiden E, Schober S, Pahr D, Reisinger A. A mechanically validated open-source silicone model for the training of gastric perforation sewing. BMC Med Educ 2023; 23:261. [PMID: 37076839 PMCID: PMC10116820 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal perforation is commonly seen in emergency departments. The perforation of the stomach is an emergency situation that requires immediate surgical treatment. The necessary surgical skills require regular practical training. Owing to patient`s safety, in vivo training opportunities in medicine are restricted. Animal tissue especially porcine tissue, is commonly used for surgical training. Due to its limiting factors, artificial training models are often to be preferred. Many artificial models are on the market but to our knowledge, none that mimic the haptic- and sewing properties of a stomach wall at the same time. In this study, an open source silicone model of a gastric perforation for training of gastric sewing was developed that attempts to provide realistic haptic- and sewing behaviour. METHODS To simulate the layered structure of the human stomach, different silicone materials were used to produce three different model layups. The production process was kept as simple as possible to make it easily reproducible. A needle penetration setup as well as a systematic haptic evaluation were developed to compare these silicone models to a real porcine stomach in order to identify the most realistic model. RESULTS A silicone model consisting of three layers was identified as being the most promising and was tested by clinical surgeons. CONCLUSIONS The presented model simulates the sewing characteristics of a human stomach wall, is easily reproducible at low-costs and can be used for practicing gastric suturing techniques. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Warnung
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria.
- Division of Radiotherapy-Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, Krems, 3500, Austria.
| | - Stefan Sattler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, Tulln, 3430, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Elmar Haiden
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Tulln, Alter Ziegelweg 10, Tulln, 3430, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Sophie Schober
- Medical Science and Human Medicine study programme, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
| | - Dieter Pahr
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, University of Technology Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, Wien, 1060, Austria
| | - Andreas Reisinger
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems, 3500, Austria
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, University of Technology Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, Wien, 1060, Austria
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Graham-Stephenson A, Gabrysz-Forget F, Yarlagadda B. Development of a novel 3D-printed and silicone live-wire model for thyroidectomy. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103410. [PMID: 35221114 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present the development and validation of a novel and innovative low-cost model for thyroidectomy. The purpose is to provide a high-fidelity and inexpensive method to provide repetition to surgeons early on the learning curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model consists of a 3D-printed laryngeal and tracheal framework, with silicone components to replicate the thyroid gland, strap muscles, and skin. A copper wire models the recurrent laryngeal nerve and is circuited with a buzzer to indicate contact with instruments. Thirteen resident trainees successfully completed the simulated thyroidectomy after viewing an instructional video. Face validity of the model was assessed with a 19-item 5-point Likert scale survey. Subject performance was assessed using a checklist of procedure steps. RESULTS Participant feedback indicated enthusiasm for realism of the recurrent nerve (4.46 average Likert rating, 5 indicates strong agreement), dissection of the nerve (4.15), use of the buzzer (4.69), and overall satisfaction (4.46). Soft tissue components scored poorly including realism of the skin (3.08), thyroid gland (3.31), and mobilization of the lobe (3.23), identifying aspects to improve. All participants reported increased confidence with thyroid surgery after using the model; this was most pronounced among junior residents (1.5 ± 0.76 versus 3.13 ± 1.13; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Thyroidectomy requires repetition and volume to gain competence. Use of the simulator early in training will provide confidence and familiarity, to enhance the educational value of subsequent live surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Graham-Stephenson
- Center for Professional Development & Simulation, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA; Department of Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
| | - Fanny Gabrysz-Forget
- Department of Medicine, Central Hospital of the University of Montreal, Montreal, 1000 St. Denis St, Quebec H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Bharat Yarlagadda
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, 41 Mall Road, Burlington, MA 01805, USA.
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Frei M, Reymond P, Wacker J, van Steenberghe M, Beghetti M, Sologashvili T, Vallée JP. Three-dimensional printed moulds to obtain silicone hearts with congenital defects for paediatric heart-surgeon training. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 65:ezae079. [PMID: 38445719 PMCID: PMC10942813 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezae079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many types of congenital heart disease are amenable to surgical repair or palliation. The procedures are often challenging and require specific surgical training, with limited real-life exposure and often costly simulation options. Our objective was to create realistic and affordable 3D simulation models of the heart and vessels to improve training. METHODS We created moulded vessel models using several materials, to identify the material that best replicated human vascular tissue. This material was then used to make more vessels to train residents in cannulation procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging views of a 23-month-old patient with double-outlet right ventricle were segmented using free open-source software. Re-usable moulds produced by 3D printing served to create a silicone model of the heart, with the same material as the vessels, which was used by a heart surgeon to simulate a Rastelli procedure. RESULTS The best material was a soft elastic silicone (Shore A hardness 8). Training on the vessel models decreased the residents' procedural time and improved their grades on a performance rating scale. The surgeon evaluated the moulded heart model as realistic and was able to perform the Rastelli procedure on it. Even if the valves were poorly represented, it was found to be useful for preintervention training. CONCLUSIONS By using free segmentation software, a relatively low-cost silicone and a technique based on re-usable moulds, the cost of obtaining heart models suitable for training in congenital heart defect surgery can be substantially decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Frei
- Radiology Clinics, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Charles Hahn Hemodynamic Propulsion Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Wacker
- Department of Women, Children and Adolescents, Paediatric Specialties Service, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu van Steenberghe
- Charles Hahn Hemodynamic Propulsion Laboratory, Medical Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Beghetti
- Department of Women, Children and Adolescents, Paediatric Specialties Service, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tornike Sologashvili
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Vallée
- Radiology Clinics, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospital and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lezhnev AA, Ryabtsev DV, Hamanturov DB, Barskiy VI, Yatsyk SP. Silicone models of the aortic root to plan and simulate interventions. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 31:204-209. [PMID: 32463865 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this work was to develop technology to create 'soft' patient-specific models of semilunar heart valves, the aortic valve in particular, suitable for training and simulation of surgical and endovascular interventions. METHODS Data obtained during routine cardiac contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography were used to create 3-dimensional models of the aortic root. Three-dimensional models were used to create soft silicone models of the aortic root made by casting silicone into a negative mould printed with stereolithography. A comparison between the constructed models and the size of the aortic root was performed. We quantified how much time was needed for production of each model. RESULTS Four patient-specific soft models of the aortic root were produced. Data from patients of different ages and body surface areas were used as prototypes. All models had minimum size errors. During development of this technology, production time per model was reduced from 63 to 39 h. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the feasibility of making soft patient-specific 3-dimensional aortic root models using currently available technology. These models can be used both for training physicians in a variety of open surgical and endovascular interventions and for the study of complex aortic root geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergeiy P Yatsyk
- National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
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Kono K, Terada T. In vitro experiments of vessel wall apposition between the Enterprise and Enterprise 2 stents for treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:241-5. [PMID: 26687376 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-015-2666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A closed-cell stent called Enterprise has been used for stent-assisted coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms. The Enterprise stent tends to cause kinks and vessel wall malposition in curved vessels and may cause thromboembolic complications. We evaluated vessel wall apposition of a new closed-cell stent, Enterprise 2, compared with a previous Enterprise stent, using curved vascular silicone models. METHODS The Enterprise or Enterprise 2 stent was deployed in curved vascular models with various radii of approximately 5 to 10 mm. Stent deployment was performed 25 times in each stent. A push-pull technique was used to minimize incomplete wall apposition. To evaluate conformity of stents, gaps between a stent and a vessel wall were measured. RESULTS The gap ratio (gap / a wall diameter) was 15 % ± 17 % (mean ± standard deviation) and 41 % ± 15 % with the Enterprise 2 stent and the Enterprise stent, respectively. Taking gap ratios and radii of vessel curvature into consideration, the Enterprise 2 stent had significantly better wall apposition than the Enterprise stent (p = 0.005). In the same radius of vessel curvature, the Enterprise 2 stent had approximately half of the gap compared with the Enterprise stent. There were no significant differences in vessel straightening effects between the two stents. CONCLUSIONS The Enterprise 2 stent has better wall apposition in curved vessels than the Enterprise stent. The gap between a vessel wall and the Enterprise 2 stent is approximately half that of the Enterprise stent. However, gaps and kinks are still present in curved vessels with a small radius. Caution should be taken for kinks and malposition in acutely curved vessels, such as the siphon of the internal carotid artery.
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Seong J, Jeong W, Smith N, Towner RA. Hemodynamic effects of long-term morphological changes in the human carotid sinus. J Biomech 2015; 48:956-62. [PMID: 25702250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations of morphology for human carotid artery bifurcation from infancy to young adulthood found substantial growth of the internal carotid artery with advancing age, and the development of the carotid sinus at the root of the internal carotid artery during teenage years. Although the reasons for the appearance of the carotid sinus are not clearly understood yet, it has been hypothesized that the dilation of the carotid sinus serves to support pressure sensing, and slows the blood flow to reduce pulsatility to protect the brain. In order to understand this interesting evolvement at the carotid bifurcation in the aspects of fluid mechanics, we performed in vitro phase-contrast MR flow experiments using compliant silicone replicas of age-dependent carotid artery bifurcations. The silicone models in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood were fabricated using a rapid prototyping technique, and incorporated with a bench-top flow mock circulation loop using a computer-controlled piston pump. The results of the in vitro flow study showed highly complex flow characteristics at the bifurcation in all age-dependent models. However, the highest magnitude of kinetic energy was found at the internal carotid artery in the child model. The high kinetic energy in the internal carotid artery during childhood might be one of the local hemodynamic forces that initiate morphological long-term development of the carotid sinus in the human carotid bifurcation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
| | - Woowon Jeong
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Sadasivan C, Brownstein J, Patel B, Dholakia R, Santore J, Al-Mufti F, Puig E, Rakian A, Fernandez-Prada KD, Elhammady MS, Farhat H, Fiorella DJ, Woo HH, Aziz-Sultan MA, Lieber BB. IN VITRO QUANTIFICATION OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INTRASACCULAR VOIDS LEFT AFTER ENDOVASCULAR COILING OF CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2012; 4:63-74. [PMID: 23687520 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-012-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms remains limited by coil compaction and associated recanalization. Recent coil designs which effect higher packing densities may be far from optimal because hemodynamic forces causing compaction are not well understood since detailed data regarding the location and distribution of coil masses are unavailable. We present an in vitro methodology to characterize coil masses deployed within aneurysms by quantifying intra-aneurysmal void spaces. METHODS Eight identical aneurysms were packed with coils by both balloon- and stent-assist techniques. The samples were embedded, sequentially sectioned and imaged. Empty spaces between the coils were numerically filled with circles (2D) in the planar images and with spheres (3D) in the three-dimensional composite images. The 2D and 3D void size histograms were analyzed for local variations and by fitting theoretical probability distribution functions. RESULTS Balloon-assist packing densities (31±2%) were lower (p=0.04) than the stent-assist group (40±7%). The maximum and average 2D and 3D void sizes were higher (p=0.03 to 0.05) in the balloon-assist group as compared to the stent-assist group. None of the void size histograms were normally distributed; theoretical probability distribution fits suggest that the histograms are most probably exponentially distributed with decay constants of 6-10 mm. Significant (p<=0.001 to p=0.03) spatial trends were noted with the void sizes but correlation coefficients were generally low (absolute r<=0.35). CONCLUSION The methodology we present can provide valuable input data for numerical calculations of hemodynamic forces impinging on intra-aneurysmal coil masses and be used to compare and optimize coil configurations as well as coiling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Sadasivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY
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