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Pillai VN, Ali LM, Prabhu SG, Krishnan A, Tariq S, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA. Expression, purification, and functional characterization of soluble recombinant full-length simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Pr55 Gag. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12892. [PMID: 36685375 PMCID: PMC9853374 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) precursor polypeptide Pr55Gag drives viral assembly and facilitates specific recognition and packaging of the SIV genomic RNA (gRNA) into viral particles. While several studies have tried to elucidate the role of SIV Pr55Gag by expressing its different components independently, studies using full-length SIV Pr55Gag have not been conducted, primarily due to the unavailability of purified and biologically active full-length SIV Pr55Gag. We successfully expressed soluble, full-length SIV Pr55Gag with His6-tag in bacteria and purified it using affinity and gel filtration chromatography. In the process, we identified within Gag, a second in-frame start codon downstream of a putative Shine-Dalgarno-like sequence resulting in an additional truncated form of Gag. Synonymously mutating this sequence allowed expression of full-length Gag in its native form. The purified Gag assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro in the presence of nucleic acids, revealing its biological functionality. In vivo experiments also confirmed formation of functional VLPs, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR demonstrated efficient packaging of SIV gRNA by these VLPs. The methodology we employed ensured the availability of >95% pure, biologically active, full-length SIV Pr55Gag which should facilitate future studies to understand protein structure and RNA-protein interactions involved during SIV gRNA packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta N. Pillai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lizna Mohamed Ali
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suresha G. Prabhu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anjana Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Liu G, Li Y, Qin L, Yan Y, Ye Y, Chen Y, Huang C, Zhao S, Yao Y, Su Z, Chen X. SIV infection aggravates malaria in a Chinese rhesus monkey coinfection model. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:965. [PMID: 31718574 PMCID: PMC6852750 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The co-occurrence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria in humans in endemic areas raises the question of whether one of these infections affects the course of the other. Although epidemiological studies have shown the impact of HIV infection on malaria, the mechanism(s) are not yet fully understood. Using a Chinese rhesus macaque coinfection model with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and Plasmodium cynomolgi (Pc) malaria, we investigated the effect of concurrent SIV infection on the course of malaria and the underlying immunological mechanism(s). Methods We randomly assigned ten Chinese rhesus monkeys to two groups based on body weight and age. The SIV-Pc coinfection animals (S + P group) were infected intravenously with SIVmac251 eight weeks prior to malaria infection, and the control animals (P group) were infected intravenously with only Pc-infected red blood cells. After malaria was cured with chloroquine phosphate, we also initiated a secondary malaria infection that lasted 4 weeks. We monitored body weight, body temperature and parasitemia, measured SIV viral loads, hemoglobin and neopterin, and tracked the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+ memory subpopulations, Ki67 and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Then, we compared these parameters between the two groups. Results The animals infected with SIV prior to Pc infection exhibited more severe malaria symptoms characterized by longer episodes, higher parasitemia, more severe anemia, greater body weight loss and higher body temperature than the animals infected with Pc alone. Concurrent SIV infection also impaired immune protection against the secondary Pc challenge infection. The coinfected animals showed a reduced B cell response to Pc malaria and produced lower levels of Pc-specific antibodies. In addition, compared to the animals subjected to Pc infection alone, the animals coinfected with SIV and Pc had suppressed total CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD28highCD95high central memory T cells, and CD4+CD28lowCD95− naïve T cells, which may result from the imbalanced immune activation and faster CD4+ T cell turnover in coinfected animals. Conclusions SIV infection aggravates malaria physiologically and immunologically in Chinese rhesus monkeys. This nonhuman primate SIV and Pc malaria coinfection model might be a useful tool for investigating human HIV and malaria coinfection and developing effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Liu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Youjia Li
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Qin
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yijian Ye
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Cuizhu Huang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Siting Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Su
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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3
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Yang Q, Feng F, Li P, Pan E, Wu C, He Y, Zhang F, Zhao J, Li R, Feng L, Hu F, Li L, Zou H, Cai W, Lehner T, Sun C, Chen L. Arsenic Trioxide Impacts Viral Latency and Delays Viral Rebound after Termination of ART in Chronically SIV-Infected Macaques. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1900319. [PMID: 31380187 PMCID: PMC6662089 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The latent viral reservoir is the source of viral rebound after interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and is the major obstacle in eradicating the latent human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). In this study, arsenic class of mineral, arsenic trioxide, clinically approved for treating acute promyelocytic leukemia, is demonstrated to reactivate latent provirus in CD4+ T cells from HIV-1 patients and Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques, without significant systemic T cell activation and inflammatory responses. In a proof-of-concept study using chronically SIVmac239-infected macaques, arsenic trioxide combined with ART delays viral rebound after ART termination, reduces the integrated SIV DNA copies in CD4+ T cells, and restores CD4+ T cells counts in vivo. Most importantly, half of arsenic trioxide-treated macaques show no detectable viral rebound in the plasma for at least 80 days after ART discontinuation. Mechanistically, the study reveals that CD4 receptors and CCR5 co-receptors of CD4+ T cells are significantly downregulated by arsenic trioxide treatment, which reduces susceptibility to infection after provirus reactivation. Furthermore, an increase in SIV-specific immune responses after arsenic trioxide treatment may contribute to suppression of viral rebound. This work suggests that arsenic trioxide in combination with ART is a novel regimen in down-sizing or even eradicating latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Fengling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Enxiang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Chunxiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Yizi He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong518107China
| | - Ruiting Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong518107China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510182China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510182China
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong518107China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou510182China
| | - Thomas Lehner
- Mucosal Immunology UnitKing's College London at Guy's HospitalLondonWC2R 2LSUK
| | - Caijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdong518107China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH)Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510530China
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Knight AC, Brill SA, Queen SE, Tarwater PM, Mankowski JL. Increased Microglial CSF1R Expression in the SIV/Macaque Model of HIV CNS Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:199-206. [PMID: 29319809 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation and associated neuroinflammation are key factors in neurodegenerative diseases including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-mediated signaling is constitutive in cells of the myeloid lineage, including microglia, promoting cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimers disease, CSF1R is upregulated. Inhibiting CSF1R signaling in animal models of these diseases improved disease outcomes. In our studies, CNS expression of the CSF1R ligand, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) was significantly increased in a SIV/macaque model of HIV CNS disease. Using a Nanostring nCounter immune panel, we found CSF1 overexpression was strongly correlated with upregulation of microglial genes involved in antiviral and oxidative stress responses. Using in situ hybridization, we found that CSF1R mRNA was only present in Iba-1 positive microglia. By ELISA and immunostaining with digital image analysis, SIV-infected macaques had significantly higher CSF1R levels in frontal cortex than uninfected macaques (p = 0.018 and p = 0.02, respectively). SIV-infected macaques treated with suppressive ART also had persistently elevated CSF1R similar to untreated SIV-infected macaques. Coordinate upregulation of CSF1 and CSF1R expression implicates this signaling pathway in progressive HIV CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Knight
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel A Brill
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- Department of Biostatistics, UTHealth School of Public Health, El Paso, Texas
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek DC. Manipulating the Interferon Signaling Pathway: Implications for HIV Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:192-6. [PMID: 30762199 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling induces an antiviral state that includes the production of restriction factors that inhibit virus replication, thereby limiting the infection. As seen in other viral infections, type I IFN can also increase systemic immune activation which, in HIV disease, is one of the strongest predictors of disease progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. Moreover, IFN-I is associated with CD4 T cell depletion and attenuation of antigen-specific T cell responses. Therefore, therapeutic manipulation of IFN-I signaling to improve HIV disease outcome is a source of much interest and debate in the field. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of timing (acute vs. chronic infection) and have suggested that specific targeting of type I IFNs and their subtypes may help harness the beneficial roles of the IFN-I system while avoiding its deleterious activities.
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6
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Bowder D, Hollingsead H, Durst K, Hu D, Wei W, Wiggins J, Medjahed H, Finzi A, Sodroski J, Xiang SH. Contribution of the gp120 V3 loop to envelope glycoprotein trimer stability in primate immunodeficiency viruses. Virology 2018; 521:158-168. [PMID: 29936340 PMCID: PMC6053598 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The V3 loop of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein (Env) becomes exposed after CD4 binding and contacts the coreceptor to mediate viral entry. Prior to CD4 engagement, a hydrophobic patch located at the tip of the V3 loop stabilizes the non-covalent association of gp120 with the Env trimer of HIV-1 subtype B strains. Here, we show that this conserved hydrophobic patch (amino acid residues 307, 309 and 317) contributes to gp120-trimer association in HIV-1 subtype C, HIV-2 and SIV. Changes that reduced the hydrophobicity of these V3 residues resulted in increased gp120 shedding and decreased Env-mediated cell-cell fusion and virus entry in the different primate immunodeficiency viruses tested. Thus, the hydrophobic patch is an evolutionarily conserved element in the tip of the gp120 V3 loop that plays an essential role in maintaining the stability of the pre-triggered Env trimer in diverse primate immunodeficiency viruses. The V3-loop of HIV-1 gp120 contributes to Env trimer stability and viral entry. The hydrophobic patch in the tip of the V3 loop is critical for pre-triggered Env trimer stability. The hydrophobic patch is a conserved motif in primate immunodeficiency viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Bowder
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Haley Hollingsead
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Kate Durst
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Duoyi Hu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Wenzhong Wei
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Joshua Wiggins
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States; School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States.
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Dave RS, Sharma RK, Muir RR, Haddad E, Gumber S, Villinger F, Nehra AP, Khan ZK, Wigdahl B, Ansari AA, Byrareddy SN, Jain P. FDC:TFH Interactions within Cervical Lymph Nodes of SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:204-218. [PMID: 29288344 PMCID: PMC5757373 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains via the lymphatic drainage pathway. This lymphatic pathway connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the cervical lymph node (CLN). As the CSF drains to CLN via the dural and nasal lymphatics, T cells and antigen presenting cells pass along the channels from the subarachnoid space through the cribriform plate. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may also egress from the CNS along this pathway. As a result, HIV egressing from the CNS may accumulate within the CLN. Towards this objective, we analyzed CLNs isolated from rhesus macaques that were chronically-infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We detected significant accumulation of SIV within the CLNs. SIV virion trapping was observed on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) localized within the follicular regions of CLNs. In addition, SIV antigens formed immune complexes when FDCs interacted with B cells within the germinal centers. Subsequent interaction of these B cells with CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFHs) resulted in infection of the latter. Of note, 73% to 90% of the TFHs cells within CLNs were positive for SIV p27 antigen. As such, it appears that not only do the FDCs retain SIV they also transmit them (via B cells) to TFHs within these CLNs. This interaction results in infection of TFHs in the CLNs. Based on these observations, we infer that FDCs within the CLNs have a novel role in SIV entrapment with implications for viral trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish S Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ravi K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Suite G47A, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
- Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Roshell R Muir
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elias Haddad
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Artinder P Nehra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Suite G47A, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Suite G47A, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Suite G47A, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Suite G47A, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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8
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Dave RS, Jain P, Byrareddy SN. Functional Meningeal Lymphatics and Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:123-5. [PMID: 29464588 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional meningeal lymphatic system plays a crucial role in outflow of cerebrospinal fluid. Metabolites and neurotoxins in the cerebrospinal fluid may be excreted via this system and accumulate in the cervical lymph nodes. In this letter, we highlighted the role of functional meningeal lymphatics and cerebrospinal fluid outflow.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains among the most significant public health threats worldwide. Despite three decades of research following the discovery of HIV, a preventive vaccine remains elusive. The study of HIV elite controllers has been crucial to elaborate the genetic and immunologic determinants that underlie control of HIV replication. Coordinated studies of elite control in humans have, however, been limited by variability among infecting viral strains, host genotype, and the uncertainty of the timing and route of infection. In this review, we discuss the role of nonhuman primate (NHP) models for the elucidation of the immunologic correlates that underlie control of AIDS virus replication. We discuss the importance of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) alleles in activating CD8+ T-cell populations that promote control of both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication. Provocatively, we make the argument that T-cell subsets recognizing the HIV/SIV viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein may be crucial for control of viral replication. We hope that this review demonstrates how an in-depth understanding of the MHC-I gene products associated with elite control of HIV/SIV, and the epitopes that they present, can provide researchers with a glimpse into the protective immune responses that underlie AIDS nonprogression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Silver
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Mallard J, Papazian E, Soulas C, Nolan DJ, Salemi M, Williams KC. A method for obtaining simian immunodeficiency virus RNA sequences from laser capture microdissected and immune captured CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages from frozen tissue sections of bone marrow and brain. J Immunol Methods 2017; 442:59-63. [PMID: 28093272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to extract cells or tissue regions for analysis of RNA, DNA or protein. Several methods of LCM are established for different applications, but a protocol for consistently obtaining lentiviral RNA from LCM captured immune cell populations is not described. Obtaining optimal viral RNA for analysis of viral genes from immune-captured cells using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and LCM is challenging. IHC protocols have long antibody incubation times that increase risk of RNA degradation. But, immune capture of specific cell populations like macrophages without staining for virus cannot result in obtaining only a fraction of cells which are productively lentivirally infected. In this study we sought to obtain simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) RNA from SIV gp120+ and CD68+ monocyte/macrophages in bone marrow (BM) and CD163+ perivascular macrophages in brain of SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Here, we report an IHC protocol with RNase inhibitors that consistently results in optimal quantity and yield of lentiviral RNA from LCM-captured immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Mallard
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Emily Papazian
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Soulas
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA; Department of Research and Development, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - David J Nolan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pathology Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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11
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Sang M, Liu JB, Dai M, Wu JG, Ho WZ. Toll-like receptor 3 signaling inhibits simian immunodeficiency virus replication in macrophages from rhesus macaques. Antiviral Res 2014; 112:103-12. [PMID: 25453343 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA and induces multiple intracellular events responsible for innate antiviral immunity against viral infections. Here we demonstrate that TLR3 signaling of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from rhesus monkeys by poly I:C inhibited simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and replication. Investigation of the mechanisms showed that TLR3 activation resulted in the induction of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-inducible antiviral factors, including APOBEC3G (A3G), tetherin and SAMHD1. In addition, poly I:C-treated macaque macrophages expressed increased levels of CC chemokines including CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, the ligands for HIV or SIV coreceptor CCR5. Furthermore, TLR3 signaling of macaque macrophages induced the expression of cellular microRNAs (miR-29a, -29b, -146a and -9), the newly identified intracellular SIV restriction factors. TLR3 activation-mediated anti-SIV effect could be compromised by the knockdown of IRF3 and IRF7. These findings indicate that TLR3-mediated induction of multiple viral restriction factors contribute to the inhibition of SIV infection in macaque macrophages, which support future preclinical studies using rhesus macaques to determine whether in vivo TLR3 activation is safe and beneficial for treating people infected with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sang
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Biao Liu
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- ABSL-III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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12
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Lu W, Ma F, Churbanov A, Wan Y, Li Y, Kang G, Yuan Z, Wang D, Zhang C, Xu J, Lewis M, Li Q. Virus-host mucosal interactions during early SIV rectal transmission. Virology 2014; 464-465:406-414. [PMID: 25128762 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To deepen our understanding of early rectal transmission of HIV-1, we studied virus-host interactions in the rectal mucosa using simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-Indian rhesus macaque model and mRNA deep sequencing. We found that rectal mucosa actively responded to SIV as early as 3 days post-rectal inoculation (dpi) and mobilized more robust responses at 6 and 10 dpi. Our results suggest that the failure of the host to contain virus replication at the portal of entry is attributable to both a high-level expression of lymphocyte chemoattractant, proinflammatory and immune activation genes, which can recruit and activate viral susceptible target cells into mucosa; and a high-level expression of SIV accessory genes, which are known to be able to counter and evade host restriction factors and innate immune responses. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of rectal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxun Lu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Alexander Churbanov
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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13
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Yen PJ, Mefford ME, Hoxie JA, Williams KC, Desrosiers RC, Gabuzda D. Identification and characterization of a macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein variant in blood from early infection in SIVmac251-infected macaques. Virology 2014; 458-459:53-68. [PMID: 24928039 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in HIV/SIV pathogenesis by serving as a reservoir for viral persistence in brain and other tissues. Infected macrophages have been detected in brain early after infection, but macrophage-tropic viruses are rarely isolated until late-stage infection. Little is known about early variants that establish persistent infection in brain. Here, we characterize a unique macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) variant from two weeks post-infection in blood of an SIVmac251-infected macaque that is closely related to sequences in brain from animals with neurological disease. SIVmac251 clones expressing this Env are highly fusogenic, and replicate efficiently in T cells and macrophages. N173 and N481 were identified as novel determinants of macrophage tropism and neutralization sensitivity. These results imply that macrophage-tropic SIV capable of establishing viral reservoirs in brain can be present in blood during early infection. Furthermore, these SIVmac251 clones will be useful for studies on pathogenesis, eradication, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Yen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan E Mefford
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- New England Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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