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Saghir SAM, Abdulghani MAM, Alruhaimi RS, Ahmeda AF, Al-Gabri NA, Alomaisi SAMA, Sadikun A, Murugaiyah V, Mahmoud AM. Acute and sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of Averrhoa carambola leaves in Sprague Dawley rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:90058-90069. [PMID: 35864392 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. It possesses antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia effects and has traditionally been used to treat a variety of ailments. However, the presence of oxalic acid in its fruits might restrict its consumption by individuals suffering from kidney disease, and caramboxin can cause neurotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the methanolic extract of A. carambola leaves (MEAC) in male and female rats. In the acute study, female rats were given a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg of MEAC and closely examined for distinct indications of toxic effects during the first 4 h, periodically for 48 h, and daily thereafter for 14 days. Rats of both sexes were employed in the sub-chronic investigation for the 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study. Results of the acute study revealed the safety of MEAC up to a dose of 5000 mg/kg where the rats did not show changes or signs of toxicity. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, MEAC (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) administration did not affect the body weight, food, and water consumption, motor coordination, behavior, or mental alertness in the treated rats. In addition, no variations in hematological or biochemical markers were found in MEAC-treated rats. In conclusion, these findings pinpoint the safety of MEAC at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. The leaves of A. carambola could be safely consumed by people with kidney disease to treat other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A M Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Mahfoudh A M Abdulghani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S Alruhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad F Ahmeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naif A Al-Gabri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Saleh A M A Alomaisi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Veterinary Medicine, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Amirin Sadikun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Vikneswaran Murugaiyah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physilogy Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
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Wu P, Iwahashi H, Xie HH, Wang Y, Zhou YY, Kiso A, Kawashima Y, Wei XY. Star fruit extract and C-glycosylated flavonoid components have potential to prevent air pollutant-induced skin inflammation and premature aging. Nat Prod Bioprospect 2022; 12:13. [PMID: 35359233 PMCID: PMC8971273 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution adversely affects skin, leading to skin inflammation and premature skin aging. Plant derived antioxidant compounds have been considered to be promising in discovery of effective agents for the protection of skin from the damage by air pollutants. Our previous studies demonstrated that Averrhoa carambola fruit (known as star fruit) is rich in flavonoid C-glycosides with unique structures and potent antioxidant activity. Thus, the star fruit extract (SFE) and main flavonoid C-glycoside components, carambolasides I, J, and P (1-3), carambolaflavone B (4), and isovitexin 2″-O-α-L-rhamnoside (5), were investigated for the activity against air pollutant stress in human epidermis. As a result, SFE and compounds 1-5 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against protein carbonylation in oxidative-stressed stratum corneum with the best activity being shown by compound 3. SFE and compounds 2-5 were also active against engine exhaust-induced protein carbonylation in stratum corneum. When further evaluated, SFE and compound 3 significantly inhibited gene expression of the key inflammation mediators IL-1α and COX-2 in PM-stressed keratinocytes. The results indicated that SFE and the flavonoid C-glycosides are potentially effective against air pollutant-induced skin inflammation and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiroyasu Iwahashi
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shin-ichi-Cho, Fukuyama-City, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan.
| | - Hai-Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yang Zhou
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shin-ichi-Cho, Fukuyama-City, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Akinori Kiso
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shin-ichi-Cho, Fukuyama-City, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kawashima
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shin-ichi-Cho, Fukuyama-City, Hiroshima, 729-3102, Japan
| | - Xiao-Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden and Public Science, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
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Lakmal K, Yasawardene P, Jayarajah U, Seneviratne SL. Nutritional and medicinal properties of Star fruit ( Averrhoa carambola): A review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1810-1823. [PMID: 33747490 PMCID: PMC7958541 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola), a popular fruit in many parts of the world, is considered to have many beneficial nutritional and medicinal effects. However, harmful nephrotoxic and neurotoxic effects have also been described. In this review, we have discussed the reported beneficial effects of star fruit, explored the potential mechanisms for such beneficial effects, and outline factors that may affect the safe level of consumption. The beneficial effects include the following: antioxidant (mediated via L-ascorbic acid, epicatechin, and gallic acid), hypoglycemic (mediated via high fiber levels and 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione), hypotensive (mediated via apigenin), hypocholesterolemic (mediated via micronized fiber), anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, antitumor effects, and immune-boosting effects. The presence of chronic kidney disease, gastroenteropathies, chronic pancreatitis, dehydration, consumption on an empty stomach, and higher concentration of oxalate in fruit/juice consumed predisposes to toxicity. The level of ingestion at which the beneficial effects transition to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity is still to be accurately ascertained. Furthermore, the relationship between the amount of star fruit ingested and the severity of toxicity is not certain and warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Lakmal
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
| | - Pamodh Yasawardene
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
| | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ColomboColomboSri Lanka
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Yasawardene P, Jayarajah U, De Zoysa I, Seneviratne SL. Mechanisms of star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) toxicity: A mini-review. Toxicon 2020; 187:198-202. [PMID: 32966829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is consumed in high amounts in Asia and Central/South America. It contains oxalic acid and caramboxin. In some individuals, its ingestion may lead to nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. The nephrotoxic effect is due to oxalate deposition in renal tubules resulting in acute tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Although uraemic encephalopathy secondary to acute kidney injury may play a role, a shift to an excitatory state of the central nervous system (CNS) by caramboxin through activation of excitatory neuroreceptors and inhibition of GABA receptors leads to mental confusion, seizures and status epilepticus seen with star fruit intoxication. In this mini-review, we discuss the mechanisms of star fruit-related toxicity.
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Yang Y, Jia X, Xie H, Wei X. Dihydrochalcone C-glycosides from Averrhoa carambola leaves. Phytochemistry 2020; 174:112364. [PMID: 32247075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ten undescribed dihydrochalcone C-glycosides, carambolasides R1‒R3, S1, S2, T1‒T3, 3-hydroxycarambolaside T1, and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P were isolated along with carambolasides I and P from the leaves of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Among them, carambolasides P, T1, T2, and I with contents of 22.78, 14.39, 4.93, and 1.87 mg g-1 dry wt., respectively, were shown to be abundant in the leaves by HPLC analysis. All the compounds showed more potent ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than l-ascorbic acid. 3-Hydroxycarambolaside T1 and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P also demonstrated moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity. Further, carambolaside R3, 3-hydroxycarambolaside T1, and 3-hydroxycarambolaside P exhibited weak in vitro porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuchao Jia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, 510610, China
| | - Haihui Xie
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; South China Branch of Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; South China Branch of Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Wijayaratne DR, Bavanthan V, de Silva MVC, Nazar ALM, Wijewickrama ES. Star fruit nephrotoxicity: a case series and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19:288. [PMID: 30348106 PMCID: PMC6198447 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-018-1084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Star fruit is a popular medicinal fruit in the tropics. Its hypoglycaemic properties are considered useful in achieving glycaemic control in diabetes. Star fruit induced nephrotoxicity is a rare cause of acute kidney injury in individuals with both normal and reduced baseline renal function. We present three cases of acute kidney injury due to star fruit nephrotoxicity from Sri Lanka, and discuss the published literature on this topic. Case presentation Three Sri Lankan patients, all with a background of diabetes, presented to us with acute nausea and anorexia following recent consumption of star fruit. Two patients complained of diarrhoea and one patient complained of intractable hiccoughs. They all had elevated serum creatinine on admission. Two were known to have normal baseline serum creatinine levels. On renal biopsy two had evidence of oxalate crystal deposition. One did not show crystal deposition but had acute interstitial nephritis for which no alternate cause could be identified. Two were treated with short courses of prednisolone and two required acute haemodialysis. All recovered renal function, with both patients with known baselines approaching their premorbid serum creatinine levels. Conclusion Consumption of star fruit, especially on an empty stomach or in a state of dehydration may precipitate acute kidney injury. A history of star fruit ingestion must be actively looked for in patients presenting with unexplained acute kidney injury. The use of star fruit as a therapy for diabetes should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Bavanthan
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - M V C de Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - A L M Nazar
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Eranga S Wijewickrama
- Univeristy Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Jia X, Xie H, Jiang Y, Wei X. Flavonoids isolated from the fresh sweet fruit of Averrhoa carambola, commonly known as star fruit. Phytochemistry 2018; 153:156-162. [PMID: 29980108 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen flavonoids were isolated from the fresh sweet fruit of Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae), commonly known as star fruit, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. 8-Carboxymethyl-(+)-epicatechin methyl ester, pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, and carambolasides M-Q were undescribed structures. (+)-Epicatechin, aromadendrin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, helicioside A, taxifolin 3'-O-β-d-glucoside, galangin 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were reported from this species for the first time. Pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside and carambolasides M-Q showed more potent 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity (IC50 = 5.3-2.3 μM) than l-ascorbic acid (10.5 μM). Further, (+)-epicatechin, pinobanksin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, and carambolasides O-Q exhibited weak porcine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510610, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haihui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Chua CB, Sun CK, Tsui HW, Yang PJ, Lee KH, Hsu CW, Tsai IT. Association of renal function and symptoms with mortality in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:624-628. [PMID: 28443386 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1314490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Star fruit (SF) is a commonly available fruit produced and eaten in tropical and subtropical countries. Since 1993, various reports have described neurotoxicity after eating SF, but this clinical condition remains unfamiliar. We aimed to describe this clinical entity, the role of renal dysfunction in this disorder, treatment strategies, and prognosis of patients with SF intoxication. METHODS We conducted a search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 1993 to 2016. We included reports describing patients with a clear history of SF ingestion with acute symptoms. We described the demographic characteristics, reported SF intake, treatments used, and outcomes. RESULTS We reviewed totally 126 patients (male:female = 1.5:1) from 33 articles with mean age 54.4 ± 11 (range: 30-84). The most common symptom was hiccups (65%), whereas confusion and seizure were the most common symptoms associated with mortality (42% and 61%, respectively). Pre-intoxication renal function also affected mortality. While there was no mortality in patients with normal renal function (NRF), the mortality of patients among reported cases with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis were 36% and 27%, respectively. With the inclusion of patients reported to have NRF, the overall mortality was 24%. Consistently, the number of SF consumed was substantially higher in the patients with NRF than those with renal functional impairment. The most common treatment strategy was hemodialysis (59%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with impaired renal function were at higher risks of SF intoxication. Severe neurologic symptoms mandate immediate medical intervention because of the association between their occurrence and high mortalities. Toxin removal through dialysis, rather than symptomatic relief, seems to be beneficial to patient survival. Early and continuous dialysis appears to alleviate severe symptoms and prevent symptom rebounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Bing Chua
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wen Tsui
- b Department of Neurology , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Yang
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsin Lee
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
| | - I-Ting Tsai
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City , Taiwan
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Valim FDP, Aguiar-Oliveira E, Kamimura ES, Alves VD, Maldonado RR. Production of Star Fruit Alcoholic Fermented Beverage. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:476-481. [PMID: 27784945 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) is a nutritious tropical fruit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of a star fruit alcoholic fermented beverage utilizing a lyophilized commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The study was conducted utilizing a 23 central composite design and the best conditions for the production were: initial soluble solids between 23.8 and 25 °Brix (g 100 g-1), initial pH between 4.8 and 5.0 and initial concentration of yeast between 1.6 and 2.5 g L-1. These conditions yielded a fermented drink with an alcohol content of 11.15 °GL (L 100 L-1), pH of 4.13-4.22, final yeast concentration of 89 g L-1 and fermented yield from 82 to 94 %. The fermented drink also presented low levels of total and volatile acidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Paula Valim
- Municipal College Professor Franco Montoro (CMPFM), R. dos Estudantes, s.n., Mogi Guaçu, SP 13.843-971 Brazil
| | - Elizama Aguiar-Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Institute on Health (IMS), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), campus Anísio Teixeira (CAT), R. Rio de Contas, 58, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia 45.029-094 Brazil
| | - Eliana Setsuko Kamimura
- Faculty of Zootecnic and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias, 225, 13.635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dias Alves
- Municipal College Professor Franco Montoro (CMPFM), R. dos Estudantes, s.n., Mogi Guaçu, SP 13.843-971 Brazil
| | - Rafael Resende Maldonado
- Municipal College Professor Franco Montoro (CMPFM), R. dos Estudantes, s.n., Mogi Guaçu, SP 13.843-971 Brazil ; Technical College of Campinas (COTUCA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Jorge Figueiredo Corrêa, 735, Pq. Taquaral, Campinas, São Paulo 13.087-261 Brazil
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Leelarungrayub J, Laskin JJ, Bloomer RJ, Pinkaew D. Consumption of star fruit juice on pro-inflammatory markers and walking distance in the community dwelling elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2015; 64:6-12. [PMID: 26952371 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of star fruit juice supplementation on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-23 (IL-23) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), nitric oxide (NO), and 6 min walking distance (6MWD) in a group of elderly individuals. METHODS Twenty-nine individuals (20 males, 9 females) with a mean age of 72.4±8.3 years completed this study. A two-week control period was followed by four weeks of 100g fresh star fruit juice consumption twice per day after meals. RESULTS Plasma TNF-α, IL-23, IL-2, NO and the 6MWD were evaluated twice during the control period (weeks 0 and 2) and once after the star fruit juice consumption (week 6). RESULTS The results showed that all parameters in the blood did not change significantly during the control period. After 4 weeks of star fruit juice consumption, a significant reduction in NO, TNF-α and IL-23 was found; however, there was no change in IL-2. Moreover, the 6MWD increased significantly at week 6, when compared to that at week 0 and 2. Furthermore, the results also showed a significantly positive and negative correlation of NO and TNF-α to the 6MWD, but no correlation of IL-23 and IL-2. CONCLUSION This preliminary study concluded that consumption of star fruit juice at 100g twice daily for one month can significantly depress the pro-inflammation cytokines: TNF-α, IL-23, and NO, while increasing walking distance. Low TNF-α and high NO also present a significant correlation to walking capacity in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Leelarungrayub
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - James J Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Decha Pinkaew
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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