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Koski A, Van Roost K, Reiss F. State and sex-specific trends in the annual incidence of child marriage in the United States since the year 2000. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106566. [PMID: 38043459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child marriage, defined as marriage before 18 years of age, is a violation of human rights with harmful consequences for population health, educational attainment, and economic opportunities. Child marriage is legal across most of the United States but how often it happens is challenging to estimate. We measured state and sex-specific trends in the annual incidence of child marriage in 41 states and the District of Columbia. METHODS We collected data from marriage certificates filed between 2000 and 2019. These certificates allowed us to identify marriages that occurred within each state and involved a spouse under the age of 18. We divided the number of 15-17-year-olds married in each year by the number of children in that age range living in the state in that year and graphed these annual rates to present trends over time. RESULTS The rate of child marriage declined substantially across the United States between 2000 and 2019. Over 75 % of all married children in each state were girls. Girls married men who were an average of 4 years older than they were, and the age gap was substantially larger when girls married than when boys married. CONCLUSIONS Child marriage continues across most of the United States and reflects gender inequities in American society. The continued legality of marriage before the age of 18 is at odds with the country's commitment to eliminate child marriage by the year 2030 and violates the human rights of children, primarily girls, across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Koski
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Equity, Ethics, and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Kaya Van Roost
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fraidy Reiss
- Unchained At Last, Westfield, NJ, United States of America
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Okonofua FE, Balogun JA. Nigeria's 2023 presidential election and the future of healthcare in the country. Afr J Reprod Health 2023; 27:9-18. [PMID: 37584966 DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2023/v27i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
On February 25, 2023, Nigerians took a step forward as a democratic state by voting for a new president. The election is history as the ruling party's candidate, Bola Tinubu, was declared the winner. He polled 37% of the vote, his main rival Abubakar Atiku garnered 29%, and Labour's Peter Obi 25%. Only 27% of registered voters came out to vote. International election observers noted that the election lacked transparency and was marred by logistical challenges and multiple incidents of political violence. The currency and fuel shortages in the country burdened many voters and election officials and therefore marginalised many groups, especially women, who continue to face barriers to political office. The outcome of the election is in contention and inconclusive. The aggrieved parties have taken their case to court, so the nation awaits the outcome of the court decision. In this Editorial, AJRH analyses the prospects and implications of Tinubu's presidency for healthcare in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday E Okonofua
- Centre Leader, Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation, University of Benin, Nigeria, and Editor in Chief, African Journal of Reproductive Health
| | - Joseph Abiodun Balogun
- Retired Distinguished University Professor, College of Health Sciences, Chicago State University, USA, and Deputy Editor in Chief, African Journal of Reproductive Health
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Suedel BC, McQueen AD, Wilkens JL, Saltus CL, Bourne SG, Gailani JZ, King JK, Corbino JM. Beneficial use of dredged sediment as a sustainable practice for restoring coastal marsh habitat. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022; 18:1162-1173. [PMID: 34314103 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coastal Louisiana (USA) continues to sustain immense land and habitat losses due to subsidence, sea-level rise, and storm events. Approximately 65 million m3 (85 million cubic yards) of sediment is dredged annually from Gulf Coast federal navigation channels to maintain safe waterway passage. The beneficial use of these sediments continues to increase, and now this sediment is recognized as a critical resource in large-scale (estimated multibillion dollar) ecosystem restoration efforts to mitigate land and habitat losses along the US Gulf Coast. However, the documentation of restoration benefits where dredged sediments are the primary resource is lacking, which limits the potential for future applications. Therefore, this study documents the progress to restore marsh habitat and the resultant benefits in West Bay, Louisiana, and investigates how the restoration practices align with principles of the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineering with Nature® (EWN® ) and UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). West Bay, a 4964-ha subdelta adjacent to the Mississippi River, typifies risks of coastal land loss that also threatens the integrity of the adjacent federal navigation channel. To help restore coastal marsh habitat on a large spatial and temporal scale, the USACE constructed an uncontrolled diversionary channel from the Mississippi River and with subsequent direct and strategic placement of dredged sediment. Restoration performance was assessed through remotely sensed methods using data spanning approximately 70 years. To date, placement of dredged sediment in the bay has facilitated the creation of over 800 ha of new land in the formerly open waters of West Bay. The West Bay restoration project aligns with the principles of the EWN initiative, which supports more sustainable practices to deliver economic, environmental, and social benefits through collaborative processes and meaningfully integrates 10 of the UN SDGs designed to achieve a better and more sustainable future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1162-1173. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burton C Suedel
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrew D McQueen
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Justin L Wilkens
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Christina L Saltus
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Scott G Bourne
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Joseph Z Gailani
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffrey K King
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Voukkali I, Loizia P, Navarro Pedreño J, Zorpas AA. Urban strategies evaluation for waste management in coastal areas in the framework of area metabolism. Waste Manag Res 2021; 39:448-465. [PMID: 33427116 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20972773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Europe is considered one of the most attractive and safe prevalent tourist destinations in the entire world. Approximately half (47.4%) of European tourist visits occurred in coastal regions, defined "on the basis of and consist of local administrative units or municipalities that border the sea, or have at least half of their total surface area within a distance of 10 km from the sea." Destinations such as Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Spain and Croatia presented with an increased level of tourist accommodation establishments, as well as, the overall flow of tourism in the European Union is mostly concentrated on Mediterranean coastal regions (as nine out 10 tourists, in 2015, spent their holidays at coastal areas). This paper, is dealing with the assessment of a tourist area and how the concept of urban metabolism has been affected by touristic activities. Moreover, this research using several key performance indicators such as waste compositional analysis, the clean coast index, the accumulation rate, and accumulation index, etc., tries to measure the level of environmental performance, and furthermore, to assess the existing infrastructures and the waste management plan, that are being implemented. The results are very useful, for any policy-maker, as well as competent authorities and/or tourist organizations which are dealing with tourist activities and aim to propose or re-schedule any waste strategy targeting the goals of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, European Green Deal, and the new circular economy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Voukkali
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Envitech Ltd, Department of Research and Development, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Environmental Conservation and Management, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pantelisa Loizia
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Envitech Ltd, Department of Research and Development, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Environmental Conservation and Management, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jose Navarro Pedreño
- Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernandez of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonis A Zorpas
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Environmental Conservation and Management, Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Engineering Sustainability, Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Nicholas PK, Breakey S, Tagliareni ME, Simmonds K, Sabo KK. Climate Change and Population Health: Incorporating Stages of Nursing's Political Development. Nurs Outlook 2020; 69:65-73. [PMID: 32981672 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is the greatest public health threat of the 21st century and is associated with environmental degradation and deleterious health consequences. In 2019, the Lancet Commission Report on Health and Climate Change: Ensuring that the Health of a Child Born Today Is Not Defined By a Changing Climate (Watts et al., 2019) examined the critical health issues that children will face in the era of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) are responsible for an alarming increase in the warming of the planet, shifts in weather patterns, loss of arable land, and exacerbations of acute health issues, chronic health problems, and disaster-related health consequences. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of climate change and the associated deleterious health consequences in our climate-changing world. The paper will also examine the stages of political development to advance the 21st century role of the nursing profession in climate and health advocacy and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice K Nicholas
- Distinguished Teaching Professor, Director, Center for Climate Change, Climate Justice, and Health, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing.
| | - Suellen Breakey
- Associate Professor, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1(st) Avenue Boston, MA 02129.
| | - M Elaine Tagliareni
- Dean and Professor, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1(st) Avenue Boston, MA 02129.
| | - Katherine Simmonds
- Associate Professor, MGH Institute of Health Professions School of Nursing, 36 1(st) Avenue Boston, MA 02129.
| | - Kathryn K Sabo
- Instructor, Director of Ruth Sleeper Nursing Center for Clinical Education and Wellness, School of Nursing, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown Navy Yard, 36 1(st) Avenue, Boston, MA 02129.
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Abstract
Proper management and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) plays a central role towards the reduction or elimination of uncontrolled disposal and the achievement of United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the reduction of its vast adverse environmental and health impacts. Despite that, till now, there has never been a quantitative analysis of the progress in waste management infrastructure delivery worldwide. In this paper, we provide valuable insights regarding the progress in new MSW infrastructure delivery based on a dataset of 1764 projects from 156 countries, for the period 2014-2019. We also estimate the magnitude of uncontrolled waste disposal practices worldwide by estimating the gap between the current MSW infrastructure delivery and actual changes in MSW generation. Our results show that the new capacity delivered during the six years period amounted to 243 million metric tonnes (Mt) (40 million Mt per year), out of which 45% was delivered in high-income countries, 37.5% in the People's Republic of China and 17.5% in the rest of the world, mainly through thermal treatment (~57%) and landfilling (8%). The average allocated per capita budget of these projects during this period is about US$14, equivalent to US$2.33 (cap*year)-1. Our main conclusion is that the share of uncontrolled disposal will continue to rise at least until 2028, reaching almost 730 million Mt per year. Evidently, the global community continues to face a serious challenge towards the implementation of the UN SDG 12, target 12.4 by 2020. The analysis demonstrates that infrastructure delivery must increase by four folds to eliminate uncontrolled disposal practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Maalouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mutasem El-Fadel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Schwärzel K, Zhang L, Montanarella L, Wang Y, Sun G. How afforestation affects the water cycle in drylands: A process-based comparative analysis. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:944-959. [PMID: 31638295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The world's largest afforestation programs implemented by China made a great contribution to the global "greening up." These programs have received worldwide attention due to its contribution toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, emerging studies have suggested that these campaigns, when not properly implemented, resulted in unintended ecological and water security concerns at the regional scale. While mounting evidence shows that afforestation causes substantial reduction in water yield at the watershed scale, process-based studies on how forest plantations alter the partitioning of rainwater and affect water balance components in natural vegetation are still lacking at the plot scale. This lack of science-based data prevents a comprehensive understanding of forest-related ecosystem services such as soil conservation and water supply under climate change. The present study represents the first "Paired Plot" study of the water balance of afforestation on the Loess Plateau. We investigate the effects of forest structure and environmental factors on the full water cycle in a typical multilayer plantation forest composed of black locust, one of the most popular tree species for plantations worldwide. We measure the ecohydrological components of a black locust versus natural grassland on adjacent sites. The startling finding of this study is that, contrary to the general belief, the understory-instead of the overstory-was the main water consumer in this plantation. Moreover, there is a strict physiological regulation of forest transpiration. In contrast to grassland, annual seepage under the forest was minor in years with an average rainfall. We conclude that global long-term greening efforts in drylands require careful ecohydrologic evaluation so that green and blue water trade-offs are properly addressed. This is especially important for reforestation-based watershed land management, that aims at carbon sequestration in mitigating climate change while maintaining regional water security, to be effective on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schwärzel
- United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Lulu Zhang
- United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Yanhui Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Research Triangle, NC, USA
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Fatti G, Jackson D, Goga AE, Shaikh N, Eley B, Nachega JB, Grimwood A. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of community-based support for adolescents receiving antiretroviral treatment: an operational research study in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 21 Suppl 1. [PMID: 29485714 PMCID: PMC5978711 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adolescents and youth receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in sub‐Saharan Africa have high attrition and inadequate ART outcomes, and evaluations of interventions improving ART outcomes amongst adolescents are very limited. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3c is to substantially increase the health workforce in developing countries. We measured the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based support (CBS) provided by lay health workers for adolescents and youth receiving ART in South Africa. Methods A retrospective cohort study including adolescents and youth who initiated ART at 47 facilities. Previously unemployed CBS‐workers provided home‐based ART‐related education, psychosocial support, symptom screening for opportunistic infections and support to access government grants. Outcomes were compared between participants who received CBS plus standard clinic‐based care versus participants who received standard care only. Cumulative incidences of all‐cause mortality and loss to follow‐up (LTFU), adherence measured using medication possession ratios (MPRs), CD4 count slope, and virological suppression were analysed using multivariable Cox, competing‐risks regression, generalized estimating equations and mixed‐effects models over five years of ART. An expenditure approach was used to determine the incremental cost of CBS to usual care from a provider perspective. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios were calculated as annual cost per patient‐loss (through death or LTFU) averted. Results Amongst 6706 participants included, 2100 (31.3%) received CBS. Participants who received CBS had reduced mortality, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.52 (95% CI: 0.37 to 0.73; p < 0.0001). Cumulative LTFU was 40% lower amongst participants receiving CBS (29.9%) compared to participants without CBS (38.9%), aHR = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.51 to 0.71); p < 0.0001). The effectiveness of CBS in reducing attrition ranged from 42.2% after one year to 35.9% after five years. Virological suppression was similar after three years, but after five years 18.8% CBS participants versus 37.2% non‐CBS participants failed to achieve viral suppression, adjusted odds ratio = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.06 to 1.03). There were no significant differences in MPR or CD4 slope. The cost of CBS was US$49.5/patient/year. The incremental cost per patient‐loss averted was US$600 and US$776 after one and two years, respectively. Conclusions CBS for adolescents and youth receiving ART was associated with substantially reduced patient attrition, and is a low‐cost intervention with reasonable cost‐effectiveness that can aid progress towards several health, economic and equality‐related SDG targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Fatti
- Kheth'ImpiloCape TownSouth Africa
- The South African Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST‐NRF)Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA)Stellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Debra Jackson
- UNICEFNew YorkNYUSA
- School of Public HealthUniversity of the Western CapeCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Ameena E Goga
- Health Systems Research UnitSouth African Medical Research CouncilPretoriaSouth Africa
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | | | - Brian Eley
- Department of Paediatrics and Child HealthRed Cross War Memorial Children's HospitalUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Jean B Nachega
- Departments of Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public HealthPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Infectious DiseasesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesStellenbosch UniversityCape TownSouth Africa
- Departments of Epidemiology and International HealthJohns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
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Logrieco AF, Miller JD, Eskola M, Krska R, Ayalew A, Bandyopadhyay R, Battilani P, Bhatnagar D, Chulze S, De Saeger S, Li P, Perrone G, Poapolathep A, Rahayu ES, Shephard GS, Stepman F, Zhang H, Leslie JF. The Mycotox Charter: Increasing Awareness of, and Concerted Action for, Minimizing Mycotoxin Exposure Worldwide. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E149. [PMID: 29617309 PMCID: PMC5923315 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are major food contaminants affecting global food security, especially in low and middle-income countries. The European Union (EU) funded project, MycoKey, focuses on “Integrated and innovative key actions for mycotoxin management in the food and feed chains” and the right to safe food through mycotoxin management strategies and regulation, which are fundamental to minimizing the unequal access to safe and sufficient food worldwide. As part of the MycoKey project, a Mycotoxin Charter (charter.mycokey.eu) was launched to share the need for global harmonization of mycotoxin legislation and policies and to minimize human and animal exposure worldwide, with particular attention to less developed countries that lack effective legislation. This document is in response to a demand that has built through previous European Framework Projects—MycoGlobe and MycoRed—in the previous decade to control and reduce mycotoxin contamination worldwide. All suppliers, participants and beneficiaries of the food supply chain, for example, farmers, consumers, stakeholders, researchers, members of civil society and government and so forth, are invited to sign this charter and to support this initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Logrieco
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - J David Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON KS5B6, Canada.
| | - Mari Eskola
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Amare Ayalew
- Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa, Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture, African Union Commission, P.O. Box 3243, Roosevelt Street, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan 200001, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of the Science of Sustainable Vegetable Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Deepak Bhatnagar
- Food and Feed Safety Research, Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Immunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Rutas 8 y 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent University, Gent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xudong Second Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Endang S Rahayu
- Department of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Universiti Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Gordon S Shephard
- Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Symphony Way, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - François Stepman
- Platform for African-European Partnership in ARD, CTA Brussels Office, 39 rue Montoyer, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - John F Leslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The food system is a major source of environmental impact, and dietary change has been recommended as an important and necessary strategy to reduce this impact. However, assessing the environmental performance of diets is complex due to the many types of foods eaten and the diversity of agricultural production systems and local environmental settings. To assess the state of science and identify knowledge gaps, an integrative review of the broad topic of environment and diet was undertaken, with particular focus on the completeness of coverage of environmental concerns and the metrics used. Compared with the 14 discrete environmental areas of concern identified in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the located journal literature mainly addressed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, to a lesser extent, land and water use. Some relevant concerns were rarely addressed or not addressed at all. In the case of GHG emissions, changes in land use and soil carbon stocks were seldom considered. This represents a disconnect between the science informing strategic climate action in the agricultural sector and the science informing public health nutrition. In the case of land and water use, few studies used metrics that are appropriate in a life-cycle context. Some metrics produce inherently biased results, which misinform about environmental impact. The limited evidence generally points to recommended diets having lower environmental impacts than typical diets, although not in every case. This is largely explained by the overconsumption of food energy associated with average diets, which is also a major driver of obesity. A shared-knowledge framework is identified as being needed to guide future research on this topic. Until the evidence base becomes more complete, commentators on sustainable diets should not be quick to assume that a dietary strategy to reduce overall environmental impact can be readily defined or recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley G Ridoutt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Victoria, Australia;,University of the Free State, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bloemfontein, South Africa; and
| | - Gilly A Hendrie
- CSIRO Biosecurity and Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- CSIRO Biosecurity and Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Degenhardt L, Glantz M, Evans‐Lacko S, Sadikova E, Sampson N, Thornicroft G, Aguilar‐Gaxiola S, Al‐Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Helena Andrade L, Bruffaerts R, Bunting B, Bromet EJ, Miguel Caldas de Almeida J, de Girolamo G, Florescu S, Gureje O, Maria Haro J, Huang Y, Karam A, Karam EG, Kiejna A, Lee S, Lepine J, Levinson D, Elena Medina‐Mora M, Nakamura Y, Navarro‐Mateu F, Pennell B, Posada‐Villa J, Scott K, Stein DJ, ten Have M, Torres Y, Zarkov Z, Chatterji S, Kessler RC. Estimating treatment coverage for people with substance use disorders: an analysis of data from the World Mental Health Surveys. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:299-307. [PMID: 28941090 PMCID: PMC5608813 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use is a major cause of disability globally. This has been recognized in the recent United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in which treatment coverage for substance use disorders is identified as one of the indicators. There have been no estimates of this treatment coverage cross-nationally, making it difficult to know what is the baseline for that SDG target. Here we report data from the World Health Organization (WHO)'s World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS), based on representative community household surveys in 26 countries. We assessed the 12-month prevalence of substance use disorders (alcohol or drug abuse/dependence); the proportion of people with these disorders who were aware that they needed treatment and who wished to receive care; the proportion of those seeking care who received it; and the proportion of such treatment that met minimal standards for treatment quality ("minimally adequate treatment"). Among the 70,880 participants, 2.6% met 12-month criteria for substance use disorders; the prevalence was higher in upper-middle income (3.3%) than in high-income (2.6%) and low/lower-middle income (2.0%) countries. Overall, 39.1% of those with 12-month substance use disorders recognized a treatment need; this recognition was more common in high-income (43.1%) than in upper-middle (35.6%) and low/lower-middle income (31.5%) countries. Among those who recognized treatment need, 61.3% made at least one visit to a service provider, and 29.5% of the latter received minimally adequate treatment exposure (35.3% in high, 20.3% in upper-middle, and 8.6% in low/lower-middle income countries). Overall, only 7.1% of those with past-year substance use disorders received minimally adequate treatment: 10.3% in high income, 4.3% in upper-middle income and 1.0% in low/lower-middle income countries. These data suggest that only a small minority of people with substance use disorders receive even minimally adequate treatment. At least three barriers are involved: awareness/perceived treatment need, accessing treatment once a need is recognized, and compliance (on the part of both provider and client) to obtain adequate treatment. Various factors are likely to be involved in each of these three barriers, all of which need to be addressed to improve treatment coverage of substance use disorders. These data provide a baseline for the global monitoring of progress of treatment coverage for these disorders as an indicator within the SDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Meyer Glantz
- Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Sara Evans‐Lacko
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Nancy Sampson
- Department of Health Care PolicyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Ali Al‐Hamzawi
- College of MedicineAl‐Qadisiya UniversityDiwaniya GovernorateIraq
| | - Jordi Alonso
- Health Services Research Unit, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Pompeu Fabra University; and CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud PúblicaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Laura Helena Andrade
- Section of Psychiatric Epidemiology, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical SchoolSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ronny Bruffaerts
- Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum ‐ Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus GasthuisbergLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Evelyn J. Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of MedicineStony BrookNYUSA
| | - José Miguel Caldas de Almeida
- Chronic Diseases Research Center and Department of Mental HealthFaculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | - Silvia Florescu
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional DevelopmentBucharestRomania
| | - Oye Gureje
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Yueqin Huang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Aimee Karam
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied CareBeirutLebanon
| | - Elie G. Karam
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied CareBeirutLebanon,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Faculty of MedicineBalamand University Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, St. George Hospital University Medical CenterBeirutLebanon
| | - Andrzej Kiejna
- Wroclaw Medical University, University of Lower SilesiaWroclawPoland
| | - Sing Lee
- Department of PsychiatryChinese University of Hong KongTai PoHong Kong
| | - Jean‐Pierre Lepine
- Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris INSERM UMR‐S 1144, Paris Diderot and Paris Descartes UniversitiesParisFrance
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Navarro‐Mateu
- Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de SaludMurciaSpain
| | | | | | - Kate Scott
- Department of Psychological MedicineUniversity of OtagoDunedinOtagoNew Zealand
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Margreet ten Have
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and AddictionUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Yolanda Torres
- Center for Excellence on Research in Mental Health, CES UniversityMedellinColombia
| | - Zahari Zarkov
- Directorate for Mental Health, National Center of Public Health and AnalysesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Somnath Chatterji
- Department of InformationEvidence and Research, World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
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