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Fernández-Seguín LM, Peinado-Asensio M, Díaz-Mancha JA, Cortés-Vega MD, Heredia-Rizo AM. Short-Term Effect of Spinal Manipulation on the Magnitude of Exophoria in Adults Who Are Asymptomatic: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Phys Ther 2023; 103:pzad069. [PMID: 37347984 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the immediate and short-term effects of cervical spinal manipulation (SM), compared with a placebo, on the magnitude of near and distance exophoria in adults with asymptomatic exophoria. METHODS In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, individuals with a clinical diagnosis of horizontal exophoria confirmed with the prism alternating cover test (PACT) were allocated to a single intervention session using a high-velocity, low-amplitude cervical SM technique or a sham intervention (manual contact under the head). Outcomes were the magnitude of horizontal heterophoria, as a measure of binocular vision efficiency at near (40 cm) or distance (4 m) fixation, using the PACT. Evaluations were made at baseline, immediately after intervention, and at a 1-week follow-up. RESULTS From May to September 2021, 44 volunteers (23 women), with a mean age of 35 (SD = 9.5) years, were recruited and equally distributed into the study groups. All participants completed follow-up assessments, and no adverse events were reported. There was a significant time × group interaction for exophoria at near vision, but not at distance fixation. The SM group showed a significant decrease of near exophoria compared with the control group at the 1-week follow-up (mean difference = -1.09 prism diopters; 95% CI = -0.20 to -1.98 prism diopters). CONCLUSION The use of cervical SM therapy resulted in a significant reduction of the magnitude of horizontal exophoria at near vision (medium effect size), compared with the placebo, in young adults who are asymptomatic. However, these effects were not observed at distance fixation and should be considered cautiously due to the pre-post design with a single intervention session and the short-term follow-up. IMPACT The findings suggest short-term benefits of SM therapy can manage undiagnosed ocular convergence disorders, although changes were not clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mª Fernández-Seguín
- Department of Physiotherapy , Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Mancha
- Department of Physiotherapy , Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Cortés-Vega
- Department of Physiotherapy , Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Alberto M Heredia-Rizo
- Department of Physiotherapy , Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
- Uncertainty, Mindfulness, Self, and Spirituality (UMMS) Research Group, Seville, Spain
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Burton E, Assi L, Vongsachang H, Swenor BK, Srikumaran D, Woreta FA, Johnson TV. Demographics, clinical interests, and ophthalmology skills confidence of medical student volunteers and non-volunteers in an extracurricular community vision screening service-learning program. BMC Med Educ 2022; 22:143. [PMID: 35246114 PMCID: PMC8894556 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical school curricular hours dedicated to ophthalmology are low and declining. Extracurricular ophthalmology activities, such as participation in community vision screenings, may serve an important adjunctive role in medical school curricula. The Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Vision Screening In Our Neighborhoods (ViSION) Program is an example of a voluntary medical student-directed community service-learning program. METHODS We used a mixed-methods cross-sectional approach, including an online survey and semi-structured interviews. JHU School of Medicine students enrolled in MD or MD/PhD programs during the 2019-2020 academic year were surveyed regarding demographics, career and service interests, involvement in ophthalmology-related activities, and confidence in their ophthalmology-related skills. Survey responses were compared between ViSION volunteers and non-volunteers using Fisher's exact chi-square tests. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via webconference with 8 prior or current ViSION volunteers and responses analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Data were collected when ViSION volunteers were in variable stages of their medical education and involvement with the ViSION program. RESULTS A total of 118 medical students were included, representing an overall response rate of 24.6% of JHU medical students. ViSION volunteers reported greater involvement in ophthalmology-related research (42% vs. 4%, p < 0.001), intent to apply to ophthalmology residency programs (35% vs. 1%, p = 0.001), and confidence with multiple ophthalmology knowledge and clinical skill domains. In particular, ViSION volunteers were more likely to feel confident estimating cup-to-disc ratio using direct ophthalmoscopy (20% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). In open-ended survey and interview questions, most volunteers attributed at least some degree of their ophthalmology skill development and desire to pursue ophthalmology and public health careers to their ViSION experience. CONCLUSIONS Medical students who volunteered with a student-led community vision screening program were more likely to have a prior interest in ophthalmology than those who did not volunteer, but only 1/3 of volunteers planned to pursue a career in ophthalmology. Overall, volunteers reported higher confidence performing ophthalmology-related clinical skills, suggesting that student-led community vision screening programs may provide an important avenue for medical students to explore public health aspects of ophthalmology, while practicing ophthalmology exam skills and learning about common ophthalmic pathologies, regardless of their career intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Burton
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lama Assi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Maumenee B-110, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | | | - Bonnielin K Swenor
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Maumenee B-110, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Divya Srikumaran
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Maumenee B-110, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Fasika A Woreta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Maumenee B-110, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Thomas V Johnson
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, Maumenee B-110, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Abstract
Incidence of cataract, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and glaucoma will significantly increase by 2050. Visual impairment can increase morbidity and mortality in nonocular disease. There are different patterns of vision loss in cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Internists and medical subspecialists play an important role in prevention, detection, and early treatment of eye disease. Awareness of screening guidelines for eye disease as well as a basic ocular history and simple penlight examination can decrease incidence of vision loss and its impact. Visual impairment places a significant financial burden on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Schmidt
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue Suite 440, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Volpe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue Suite 440, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul J Bryar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 North Michigan Avenue Suite 440, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Sopeyin A, Young BK, Howard MA. 2020 Evaluation of Portable Vision Screening Instruments. Yale J Biol Med 2021; 94:107-14. [PMID: 33795987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amblyopia is the most common cause of preventable visual impairment in children and occurs as a result of unilateral or bilateral impairment in best-corrected visual acuity. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are crucial to prevent poor visual outcomes in adulthood. Advances in technology have provided more objective diagnostic tools, which can now be used by a wide range of healthcare providers. Here, we highlight tools that have gained popularity in the past two decades and compare clinically relevant parameters to guide primary care providers seeking to incorporate instrumental vision screening in pediatric patient care.
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Katibeh M, Kalantarion M, Sabbaghi H, Mousavi B, Schriver M, Nikkhah H, Ahmadieh H, Kallestrup P. Designing a Screening Program for Prevention of Avoidable Blindness in Iran through a Participatory Action Approach. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:52-61. [PMID: 30820288 PMCID: PMC6388524 DOI: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_43_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To design a screening program for prevention of blindness at the community level in Iran. Methods In this qualitative study, the components and properties of the screening program were identified using a participatory action research method with focus group meetings (FGMs) with relevant health care providers and authorities. A content analysis approach was used for data analysis. Results In total, 18 stakeholders including six ophthalmologists with different sub-specialties participated in the five FGMs. The screening program aims to discover vision-threatening eye conditions in people aged 50 years and over. Primary health care workers deliver the program including vision tests and fundus imaging with the support of an ophthalmic technician. Retina specialists perform decision-making. Referral plans are interacted through an automated digital program. The screening environment, feedback, ethics and medical legal issues are other main components of the program. Conclusion This study presents the initial concepts and components of a screening program for prevention of blindness in the adult population in Iran. The program has the potential to improve eye health at the community level and may potentially be replicated as a model for similar settings elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Katibeh
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Masomeh Kalantarion
- Department of Medical Education, School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Sabbaghi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batool Mousavi
- Department of eHealth, Asre Danesh Afzar, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Prevention, Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Schriver
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Homayoun Nikkhah
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Per Kallestrup
- Centre for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Objectives Early intervention is critical to prevent treatable causes of vision loss in children. The objectives of the current study are: (1) to assess how well primary care physicians in Ontario follow the vision screening guidelines for children as recommended by the Canadian Paediatric Society and the Rourke Baby Record and (2) to identify barriers to vision screening in the primary care setting. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A 19-question survey was mailed out to 1000 randomly selected family physicians (family MDs), 1000 general practitioners (GPs) and 1000 paediatricians in Ontario as listed in the 2013 Canadian Medical Directory. Results A total of 719 completed surveys were included in the analysis (449 from family MDs/GPs and 270 from paediatricians). Vision screening was reported to be performed by 65% of family MDs/GPs and 52% of general paediatricians at every well child visit. While red reflex was reported to be checked by 94% of all physicians in children under 3, it was only performed by 25% of respondents for children over 3. Thirty seven percent of all physicians reported never performing a visual acuity test in any age group. When asked about the obstacles preventing them from performing vision screening, lack of training (family MDs/GPs: 50%, paediatricians: 42%), time constraints (family MDs/GPs: 42%; paediatricians: 40%) and inadequate reimbursement (family MDs/GPs: 17%; paediatricians: 15%) were the most commonly cited reasons. Conclusions Strategies to improve vision screening are necessary given that early intervention is crucial to prevent treatable causes of vision loss in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran D Le
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Rana Arham Raashid
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Linda Colpa
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jason Noble
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Asim Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Agnes Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
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Khan RA, Souru C, Vaghese S, Yasir Z, Khandekar R. Vision Screening of Ophthalmic Nursing Staff in a Tertiary Eye Care Hospital: Outcomes and ocular healthcare-seeking behaviours. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17:e74-e79. [PMID: 28417032 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate ocular healthcare-seeking behaviours and vision screening outcomes of nursing staff at a tertiary eye care hospital. METHODS This study was conducted between April and September 2016 among all 500 nurses employed at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected on age, gender, use of visual aids, the presence of diabetes, a history of refractive surgery and date of last ocular health check-up. Participants were tested using a handheld Spot™ Vision Screener (Welch Allyn Inc., Skaneateles Falls, New York, USA). RESULTS A total of 150 nurses participated in the study (response rate: 30.0%). The mean age was 41.2 ± 8.9 years old. Distance spectacles, reading spectacles and both types of spectacles were used by 37 (24.7%), 32 (21.3%) and 10 (6.7%) nurses, respectively. A total of 58 nurses (38.7%) failed the vision screening test. Visual defects were detected for the first time in 13 nurses (8.7%). With regards to regular eye checkups, 77 participants (51.3%) reported acceptable ocular healthcare-seeking behaviours; this factor was significantly associated with age and the use of visual aids (P <0.01 each). CONCLUSION A high proportion of participants failed the vision screening tests and only half displayed good ocular healthcare-seeking behaviours. This is concerning as ophthalmic nurses are likely to face fewer barriers to eye care services than the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhi A Khan
- Department of Employee Health, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ches Souru
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sejo Vaghese
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziaul Yasir
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajiv Khandekar
- Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rewri P, Nagar CK, Gupta V. Vision Screening of Younger School Children by School Teachers: A Pilot Study in Udaipur City, Western India. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2016; 11:198-203. [PMID: 27413502 PMCID: PMC4926569 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.183920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the reliability of school teachers for vision screening of younger school children and to study the pattern of vision problems. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, trained school teachers screened 5,938 school children aged 3 to 8 years for vision and ocular disorders. Children were cross screened by professionals to assess the reliability of the teachers in vision screening and detecting ocular disorders in these children. The pattern of visual acuity, ametropia and ocular disorders was studied. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity of the vision screening by school teachers was 69.2% (95% CI: 66.8-71.5%) and 95.3% (95% CI: 94.5-95.8%), respectively. The positive predictive value was 83.5% (95% CI: 81.4-85.6%) and negative predictive value was 89.8% (95% CI: 88.8-90.6%). The kappa statistic was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.66-0.7). CONCLUSION School teachers could effectively screen younger school children for vision assessment and ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Rewri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Hisar, Haryana, India
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ravinder Nath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chandra Kant Nagar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ravinder Nath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geetanjali Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ravinder Nath Tagore Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of poor vision in children aged 4-5 years and determine the impact of visual acuity on literacy. DESIGN Cross-sectional study linking clinical, epidemiological and education data. SETTING Schools located in the city of Bradford, UK. PARTICIPANTS Prevalence was determined for 11,186 children participating in the Bradford school vision screening programme. Data linkage was undertaken for 5836 Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort study children participating both in the Bradford vision screening programme and the BiB Starting Schools Programme. 2025 children had complete data and were included in the multivariable analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual acuity was measured using a logMAR Crowded Test (higher scores=poorer visual acuity). Literacy measured by Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised (WRMT-R) subtest: letter identification (standardised). RESULTS The mean (SD) presenting visual acuity was 0.14 (0.09) logMAR (range 0.0-1.0). 9% of children had a presenting visual acuity worse than 0.2logMAR (failed vision screening), 4% worse than 0.3logMAR (poor visual acuity) and 2% worse than 0.4logMAR (visually impaired). Unadjusted analysis showed that the literacy score was associated with presenting visual acuity, reducing by 2.4 points for every 1 line (0.10logMAR) reduction in vision (95% CI -3.0 to -1.9). The association of presenting visual acuity with the literacy score remained significant after adjustment for demographic and socioeconomic factors reducing by 1.7 points (95% CI -2.2 to -1.1) for every 1 line reduction in vision. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of decreased visual acuity was high compared with other population-based studies. Decreased visual acuity at school entry is associated with reduced literacy. This may have important implications for the children's future educational, health and social outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bruce
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Lesley Fairley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bette Chambers
- Institute for Effective Education, University of York, York, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
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