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Arce-Cordero JA, Paula EM, Daniel JLP, Silva LG, Broderick GA, Faciola AP. Effects of neutral detergent fiber digestibility estimation method on calculated energy concentration of canola meals from 12 Canadian processing plants. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab309. [PMID: 34694410 PMCID: PMC8763229 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to determine whether the method used to estimate truly digestible neutral detergent fiber (tdNDF) affects calculated concentrations of total digestible nutrients (TDN1x) and net energy of lactation (NEL3x) of canola meal (CM). Samples were collected from 12 CM processing plants in Canada over 4 yr (2011 to 2014, n = 47) and analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin (ADL), and neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP). Ruminal in situ incubation of CM samples was performed at 0, 24, 48, 96, and 288 h to determine NDF fractions (A, B, and C), effective ruminal NDF digestibility (ERNDFD), and indigestible NDF (iNDF) of CM. Three tdNDF-estimation methods were evaluated: 1) National Research Council (NRC) = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP - ADL) × {1- [ADL/ (NDF - NDICP)]0.667}; 2) iNDF = 0.75 × (NDF - NDICP - NDF remaining after 288 h in situ); and 3) ERNDFD estimated from in situ NDF digestion kinetics. Resulting tdNDF values were used for calculation of TDN1x and NEL3x according to NRC (2001) equations. Data were analyzed with MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 to determine the effect of processing plant on chemical composition, NDF degradation kinetics and NEL3x of CM. Effect of tdNDF estimation method on calculated TDN1x and NEL3x of CM was also evaluated. Model for analysis of processing plant included the fixed effect of plant and the random effect of year (plant) as replication, while analysis of tdNDF methods included the fixed effect of tdNDF estimation method and the random effects of processing plant and of year(plant) as replication. There was an effect of processing plant on DM (P = 0.03), CP (P < 0.01), EE (P < 0.01), and NDF (P < 0.01) of CM. Processing plant also had an effect on NDF fractions A (P < 0.01) and B (P = 0.02) but did not affect fraction C and ERNDFD. The tdNDF estimation method had an effect on tdNDF (P < 0.01), TDN1x (P < 0.01), and NEL3x (P < 0.01) of CM, yielding average NEL3x values of 1.72, 1.87, and 2.07 Mcal/kg for NRC, iNDF, and ERNDFD, respectively. Our results indicate that calculated energy concentration of CM according to NRC (2001) equations varies depending on the method used for estimation of tdNDF. Further research will be needed to determine the most accurate estimation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo M Paula
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Joao L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Lorrayny G Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Glen A Broderick
- USDA-ARS, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Hahn T, Roth A, Febel E, Fijalkowska M, Schmitt E, Arsiwalla T, Zibek S. New methods for high-accuracy insect chitin measurement. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:5069-5073. [PMID: 29604075 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in the use of insects in poultry, swine and aquaculture feed, as well as pet food applications. All insects produce chitin-based exoskeletons. With regard to chitin content, a precise determination in agricultural applications is crucial because it has favorable functional properties, although it is also difficult to digest for some species of livestock. Three measurement methods were compared to determine the most reliable method of chitin content determination in different insects and selected Hermetia illucens products: acid detergent fiber (ADF) provides the fiber content and the acid detergent lignin (ADL) additionally considers the catecholic compounds. Acetyl group measurement relates the acetate content to the chitin content. RESULTS Comparing different insect species, the highest chitin value via ADF measurement was determined for the Tenebrio molitor larvae (155 g kg-1 ). Chitin values higher than 200 g kg-1 revealed that H. illucens residues are a much better valuable source of chitin. For the larval exoskeletons, a chitin content for all measurement methods of more than 350 g kg-1 was determined. In general, the ADF measurement is approximately 5% higher than the ADF-ADL and acetyl measurements. ADF-ADL and acetyl group determinations are approximately equivalent measurement methods. CONCLUSION According to statistical analysis, ADF-ADL represents a compromise between accuracy and equipment demand and is a suitable method for determining the chitin content of both insects and their residues. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hahn
- Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Biotechnology and Interfacial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aileen Roth
- Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Biotechnology and Interfacial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Febel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Biotechnology and Interfacial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Zibek
- Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Biotechnology and Interfacial Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany
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Weinberg ZG, Fethiere R, Adesogan A, Sollenberger L. Tensile strength of warm and cool season forage grasses in Florida. J Texture Stud 2017; 48:382-385. [PMID: 28967220 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tensile strength (TS) of four warm-season and three cool-season forage grasses was measured with an Instron Universal machine, along with cell-wall analysis and determination of in vitro organic matter digestibility. The mean TS of the warm-season grasses was significantly higher than that of the cool season grasses (22 vs. 9 kg, respectively, p < .05). The concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were significantly greater in the warm- than in the cool-season grasses (p < .05), whereas ash concentration was greater in the cool-season grasses. Among the warm-season grasses that were studied, elephant grass had the highest and bermuda grass had the lowest TS (34.4 and 14.9 kg, respectively, p < .05); Among the cool-season grasses triticale had greater TS than wheat and oats (12.6 vs. 6.8 and 7.5 kg, respectively, p < .05). TS was significantly correlated with NDF, ADF, and ADL, and negatively correlated with in vitro organic matter digestibility (correlation coefficients were 0.64, 0.73. 0.41, and -0.64, respectively). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Grass tensile strength may have implications on animal preference and on the energy that animals must spend during grazing, and consequently on animal performance (feed intake, daily weight gain and milk, and meat production). Information on grass TS would help to select and screen improved forage cultivars and enable to improve grassland management with better animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zwi G Weinberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Richard Fethiere
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adegbola Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Li Y, Liu G, Li J, You Y, Zhao H, Liang H, Mao P. Acid detergent lignin, lodging resistance index, and expression of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase gene in brown midrib-12 sudangrass. Breed Sci 2015; 65:291-297. [PMID: 26366111 PMCID: PMC4542929 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between acid detergent lignin (ADL) and lodging resistance index (LRI) is essential for breeding new varieties of brown midrib (bmr) sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.). In this study, bmr-12 near isogenic lines and their wild-types obtained by back cross breeding were used to compare relevant forage yield and quality traits, and to analyze expression of the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene using quantitative real time-PCR. The research showed that the mean ADL content of bmr-12 mutants (20.94 g kg(-1)) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than measured in N-12 lines (43.45 g kg(-1)), whereas the LRI of bmr-12 mutants (0.29) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in N-12 lines (0.22). There was no significant correlation between the two indexes in bmr-12 materials (r = -0.44, P > 0.05). Sequence comparison of the COMT gene revealed two point mutations present in bmr-12 but not in the wild-type, the second mutation changed amino acid 129 of the protein from Gln (CAG) to a stop codon (UAG). The relative expression level of COMT gene was significantly reduced, which likely led to the decreased ADL content observed in the bmr-12 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
Beijing 100193,
China
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,
Hengshui 053000,
China
| | - Guibo Liu
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,
Hengshui 053000,
China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
Beijing 100193,
China
| | - Yongliang You
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,
Hengshui 053000,
China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,
Hengshui 053000,
China
| | - Huan Liang
- Department of Animal Science, Southwest University,
Chongqing 400715,
China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
Beijing 100193,
China
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Hensgen F, Bühle L, Donnison I, Heinsoo K, Wachendorf M. Energetic conversion of European semi-natural grassland silages through the integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from biomass: energy yields and the fate of organic compounds. Bioresour Technol 2014; 154:192-200. [PMID: 24393744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Twelve European habitat types were investigated to determine the influence of the IFBB technique (integrated generation of biogas and solid fuel from biomass) on the fate of organic compounds and energy yields of semi-natural grassland biomass. Concentration of organic compounds in silage and IFBB press cake (PC), mass flows within that system and methane yields of IFBB press fluids (PF) were determined. The gross energy yield of the IFBB technique was calculated in comparison to hay combustion (HC) and whole crop digestion (WCD). The IFBB treatment increased fibre and organic matter (OM) concentrations and lowered non-fibre carbohydrates and crude protein concentrations. The PF was highly digestible irrespective of habitat types, showing mean methane yields between 312.1 and 405.0 LN CH4 kg(-1) VS. Gross energy yields for the IFBB system (9.75-30.19MWh ha(-1)) were in the range of HC, outperformed WCD and were influenced by the habitat type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hensgen
- Department of Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Bühle
- Department of Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Iain Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Katrin Heinsoo
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Riia 181, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Michael Wachendorf
- Department of Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
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Gamage IH, Jonker A, Zhang X, Yu P. Non-destructive analysis of the conformational differences among feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products from bioethanol production with molecular spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 118:407-421. [PMID: 24076457 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the possibility of using molecular spectroscopy with multivariate technique as a fast method to detect the source effects among original feedstock sources of wheat and their corresponding co-products, wheat DDGS, from bioethanol production. Different sources of the bioethanol feedstock and their corresponding bioethanol co-products, three samples per source, were collected from the same newly-built bioethanol plant with current bioethanol processing technology. Multivariate molecular spectral analyses were carried out using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The molecular spectral data of different feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products were compared at four different regions of ca. 1800-1725 cm(-1) (carbonyl CO ester, mainly related to lipid structure conformation), ca. 1725-1482 cm(-1) (amide I and amide II region mainly related to protein structure conformation), ca. 1482-1180 cm(-1) (mainly associated with structural carbohydrate) and ca. 1180-800 cm(-1) (mainly related to carbohydrates) in complex plant-based system. The results showed that the molecular spectroscopy with multivariate technique could reveal the structural differences among the bioethanol feedstock sources and among their corresponding co-products. The AHCA and PCA analyses were able to distinguish the molecular structure differences associated with chemical functional groups among the different sources of the feedstock and their corresponding co-products. The molecular spectral differences indicated the differences in functional, biomolecular and biopolymer groups which were confirmed by wet chemical analysis. These biomolecular and biopolymer structural differences were associated with chemical and nutrient profiles and nutrient utilization and availability. Molecular spectral analyses had the potential to identify molecular structure difference among bioethanol feedstock sources and their corresponding co-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Gamage
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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