[Level of knowledge, attitudes and the use of preventive measures among household contacts of COVID-19 cases after the acute phase of the pandemic]

BACKGROUND

Assessment of the level of knowledge and attitudes regarding COVID-19 and preventive measures in household contacts of COVID-19 cases after the acute phase of the pandemic.

METHODS

Survey among household contacts of COVID-19 cases conducted in healthcare centers in Navarre (1) and Catalonia (8) between May 2022 and July 2023. The frequency of use of preventive measures and the knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 were assessed through 12 items.

RESULTS

215 contacts participated who correctly used the preventive measures (>85%), except for facemasks (35.8%) and interpersonal distance (47%); >85% showed adequate knowledge (5/6 items) and >80% had a positive attitude (3/6 items). Moreover, 54.7% considered that COVID-19 negatively affected their life and 54.1% that it is better to develop immunity by getting infected than by vaccination.

CONCLUSIONS

Household contacts show a correct level of knowledge and positive attitude towards the disease and its preventive measures.

Attitudes and perceptions about ageism among nursing students: a scoping review

OBJECTIVE

to map scientific knowledge on nursing students' attitudes and perceptions regarding ageism.

METHOD

scoping review according to the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The study question was: What are scientific evidence available on the attitudes and perceptions of nursing students regarding ageism? The search was conducted in 12 databases using the Rayyan application and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The studies were selected by two reviewers using a data extraction tool.

RESULTS

of the 4,595 files, 46 that were published between 1984 and 2022 were selected, and the quantitative method was the most used. The most commonly used instrument was the Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People Scale. Positive, negative, mixed, neutral, and inconclusive attitudes and perceptions were identified.

CONCLUSION

attitudes and perceptions about ageism are diverse and not conclusive. Future intervention studies are recommended to detect changes in the behavior of nursing students in the face of ageism.

BACKGROUND

(1) Attitudes and perceptions about ageism are diverse and not conclusive.

BACKGROUND

(2) Importance of discussing ageism in the training of nursing students.

BACKGROUND

(3) Intervention studies to identify paradigm shifts in nursing students.

[Attitudes of neighbors about the treatment and community life of people with severe mental health disorders in Argentina]

A psychiatric reform is underway in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically in Argentina, a model of community mental health is being built, and prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations are still taking place, especially in neuropsychiatric hospitals. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the psychiatric reform. One of the possible ways to monitor the reform is by analyzing society's attitudes towards prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of mental health treatment. Thus, an analytical observational study was conducted at the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in 2021, to analyze the behavior of neighbors of people who had prolonged psychiatric hospitalizations and who received housing support. Questionnaires were applied to neighbors and non-neighbors, addressing the behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, social distance toward people who were hospitalized, as well as specific interviews with key informants from neighborhoods where people with severe mental health disorders and who receive housing support live. Based on the answers of neighbors and non-neighbors, no statistically significant differences were identified in behaviors toward prolonged psychiatric hospitalization as a mean of treatment, nor for social distance in relation to people who were hospitalized. Key informants conditioned their assessment of prolonged hospitalization and valued the role of support teams in making community life viable.

Factors associated with older adults' knowledge, attitude and practice on skin cancer prevention

OBJECTIVES

to identify factors associated with older adults' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding skin cancer prevention.

METHODS

this is a cross-sectional study, carried out with 120 older adults from a Basic Health Unit in Quixadá, Ceará, from September to November 2018.

RESULTS

individuals aged 60 to 69 years and working were statistically associated with adequate knowledge (p=0.038). Having light skin, eyes and hair was associated with adequate attitude (p=0.030). Having skin problems, such as bleeding wounds, was associated with adequate practice (p=0.016). With regard to inappropriate behavior for skin cancer prevention, there was a statistically significant association between working or having worked under direct exposure to the sun, inadequate knowledge (p=0.036), inadequate attitude (p=0.010) and having incomplete primary education and inadequate practice (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

sociodemographic and clinical factors influence older adults' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding skin cancer prevention.

Nursing students' knowledge and attitude in relation to COVID-19 prevention behavior

OBJECTIVES

to determine the correlation between nursing students' level of knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention behavior.

METHODS

a cross-sectional study was carried out at the Private University in Indonesia. Accidental sampling was used to select 188 third-year bachelor's nursing students as respondents. Data collection was conducted through an online questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha 0.799-0.959) consisting of 27 questions. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially.

RESULTS

as many as 49.5 % of respondents had high knowledge, 98.4 % had a positive attitude, and 89.9 % had positive behavior in preventing COVID-19 transmission. The Chi-square test revealed that knowledge has no correlation with COVID-19 prevention behavior (p-value 0.864), but attitude did (p-value 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

nursing students' attitudes are related to behavior in preventing COVID-19. Nursing students are expected to maintain positive attitudes and behaviors toward COVID-19 prevention as future health workers at the forefront of health services.

Psychosocial factors related to the behavioral intention of people with type 2 diabetes using insulin

OBJECTIVES

to analyze the psychosocial factors correlated with the behavioral intention of people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) towards insulin use.

METHODS

a cross-sectional study; a validated instrument based on the Theory of Planned Behavior was used to identify the direct measures (attitude, subjective norm and perceived control), indirect measures (behavioral, normative and control beliefs) and behavioral intention for the use of insulin. Descriptive analysis and Spearman's correlation were performed for data analysis.

RESULTS

a total of 211 individuals participated in the study, with a positive median of behavioral intention. Attitude, normative and behavioral beliefs were the psychosocial factors that presented a significant correlation (r=0.16, r=-0,15 and r=0.25, respectively; p<0.05) with the intention.

CONCLUSIONS

there is a positive behavioral intention in the use of insulin by people with T2DM. Attitude, normative beliefs and behavioral beliefs have a low magnitude correlation with the intention of people with T2DM to use insulin.

Knowledge And Attitudes Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine Among India's General Rural Population

Introduction

Even after the enforcement of the lockdown, the government was unable to control the spread of the COVID-19 infection. Vaccination is the only remaining hope for preventing and controlling COVID-19 infections. The knowledge and attitude of the recipients can influence vaccine acceptance. In this study, we aim to assess the knowledge and attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine among the general rural population of India.

Methodology

A community-based, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to October 2021 in the rural part of the Mandya district of Karnataka, India. Individuals over the age of 18 who met the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's vaccination eligibility criteria were included in the study. Demographic details of participants and assessment of knowledge and attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine were done in a designed and validated data collection form.

Results

The study included 596 participants, with females dominating males by 54.9 % (327). The average age of the participants was 31 years. Among them, 81.71% (487) had adequate knowledge, and 81.5% (486) had a positive attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine. Females (85.3%, 279) tend to have a more positive attitude than males (77%, 207). Positive attitude participants (86.86 %, 423) have a higher level of knowledge about the COVID-19 vaccine than negative attitude participants (57.79 %, 63).

Conclusion

In the study, we found that 81.71% had adequate knowledge and 81.5% had a positive attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine.

The transcendent function in politics: YES!

This paper is a response to Andrew Samuels's 'The transcendent function in politics: NO!' (2010). In that paper he makes a number of criticisms to support his argument that the transcendent function is not appropriate for political and social development. Whilst a number of his criticisms are valid, they are misdirected because they are against one-sidedness or identification with a single position, which are not features of the transcendent function but problems that it overcomes. To make the counter argument, this paper draws on oft-overlooked aspects of Jung's book Psychological Types, empirical research, contemporary leadership theory, and practical examples to show that the transcendent function's omission from political debate can maintain and exacerbate social inequity and the political divisions that might otherwise be bridged. The transcendent function is highly relevant to politics and can help achieve deeper and longer-lasting change than a one-sided approach. It is one of the core aspects of analytical psychology that has the potential to make innovative and transformational contributions to political discourse.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería

OBJECTIVE

Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention.

METHOD

A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff.

RESULTS

A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice.

CONCLUSION

There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería

OBJECTIVE

Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention.

METHOD

A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff.

RESULTS

A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice.

CONCLUSION

There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

Who is Saying What on Twitter: An Analysis of Messages with References to HIV and HIV Risk Behavior

This research aimed to determine the nature of social media discussions about HIV. With the goal of conducting a descriptive analysis, we collected almost 1,000 tweets posted February to September 2015. The sample of tweets included keywords related to HIV or behavioral risk factors (e.g., sex, drug use) and was coded for content (e.g., HIV), behavior change strategies, and message source. Seven percent of tweets concerned HIV/AIDS, which were often referred to as jokes or insults. The majority of tweets coded as behavior change attempts involved attitude change strategies. The majority of the tweets (80%) came from private users (vs. organizations). Different types of sources employed different types of behavior change strategies: For instance, private users, compared to experts or organizations, included more strategies to decrease detrimental attitudes (29% versus 6%, p < .001), and also more strategies to counter myths and misinformation (6% versus 1%, p = .008). In summary, tweets related to HIV/AIDS and associated risk factors frequently use the terms in jokes and insults, come largely from private users, and entail attitudinal and informational strategies. Online health campaigns with clear calls to action and corrections of misinformation may make important contributions to social media conversations about HIV/AIDS.

[Reliability and Validity of the Scale for Homophobia in Medicine Students]

INTRODUCTION

There are several scales to quantify homophobia in different populations. However, the reliability and validity of these instruments among Colombian students are unknown. Consequently, this work is intended to assess reliability (inner consistency) as well as the validity of the Scale for Homophobia in Medicine students from a private university in Bogotá (Colombia).

METHODOLOGY

Methodological study with 199 Medicine students from 1st to 5th semester that filled out the Homophobia Scale form, the general welfare questionnaire, the Attitude Towards Gays and Lesbians Scale (ATGL), WHO-5 (divergent validity) and the Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity (nomologic validity). Pearson's correlations were computed, the Cronbach's alfa coefficient, the omega coefficient (construct's reliability) and confirmatory factorial analysis.

RESULTS

The Scale for Homophobia showed an alpha Cronbach coefficient of 0,785, an omega coefficient of 0,790 and a Pearson correlation with the ATGL of 0,844; with WHO-5, -0,059; and a Francis Scale of Attitude Toward Christianity, 0,187. The Scale toward Homophobia exhibited a relevant factor of 44,7% of the total variance.

CONCLUSIONS

The Scale for Homophobia showed acceptable reliability and validity. New studies should investigate the stability of the scale and the nomologic validity regarding other constructs.

[Attitudes of spanish primary care doctors to migraine]

OBJECTIVES

To find the attitude of Spanish primary care (PC) doctors to migraine, their ability to solve the problem and the therapy guidelines used.

DESIGN

Transversal, descriptive study by means of a questionnaire sent out by mail.

SETTING

PC doctors in Spain.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 721 PC doctors from all the health services.

MAIN MEASUREMENTS

Approach, specialist referral, therapy preferences, and interest in training were measured through the questionnaire.

RESULTS

Of the 1185 doctors to whom the questionnaire was sent out, 721 replied (60.8%); 69.8% showed very great or great interest in migraines; 12.2% referred to a specialist the first episode of migraine without aura; and 42.3%, of migraine with aura. The 32.3% referred the first episode of daily chronic migraine; and 56%, when linked to analgesic abuse. Paracetamol is the preferred medication for 61.2% of doctors in treating light migraine; NSAIDs are for 63.9% in moderate migraine; and tryptans are for 88.1% in severe cases. In pressure migraine, NSAIDs are preferred by 38%. Over 75% stated great or very great interest in training.

CONCLUSIONS

Interest in migraines is high. There is considerable room for improvement in the capacity to solve certain kinds of migraines, especially chronic daily migraines. Some therapeutic guidelines are questionable. This, alongside the interest of doctors in training, points to the appropriateness of conducting training on this question.

[Level of medical information on diabetes, attitude of patients towards their illness and its association with the level of blood sugar control]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the level of information and attitude that it has more than enough their illness has patient with diabetes type 2 (DM2), and their association with level of glycemic control.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SETTING

Two units of family medicine.

PATIENT

200 subject with DM2.

INTERVENTIONS

Two instruments were applied validated to measure, level of knowledge and attitude was measured the average of the last 6 glycemia.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

The qualification average of the instrument of knowledge was 58.6 +/- 17.9 (it scale 0-100). For the instrument of attitude it was of 18.9 +/- 2.1 (it scale 0 at 35). The qualification of knowledge of the controlled group was of 55.48 +/- 16.8, and of the uncontrolled group it was of 59.2 +/- 18.1. The qualification has more than enough attitude of the controlled group it was of 17.8 +/- 2.3, and of the uncontrolled group of 19.1 +/- 2, p = 0.001. The proportionate level of information the family doctor was of 42.9%, of the team of health of 10.2% and of other sources of 6.3%. At the analysis of the degree of attitude and the level of information, there was a better attitude when the information was provided by other sources p < 0.05. In the percentage of information and the level of glycemic control, the control level was better when the information was for the team of health p < 0.01.

CONCLUSIONS

The level of medical information on diabetes provided by the family doctor and the team of health is low and it doesn't and only this last are associate to better glycemic control. The attitude is better when one receives information of other sources.