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Khang A, Meyer K, Sacks MS. An Inverse Modeling Approach to Estimate Three-Dimensional Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Stress Fiber Force Levels. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:121005. [PMID: 37715307 PMCID: PMC10680985 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Within the aortic valve (AV) leaflet exists a population of interstitial cells (AVICs) that maintain the constituent tissues by extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, degradation, and remodeling. AVICs can transition from a quiescent, fibroblast-like phenotype to an activated, myofibroblast phenotype in response to growth or disease. AVIC dysfunction has been implicated in AV disease processes, yet our understanding of AVIC function remains quite limited. A major characteristic of the AVIC phenotype is its contractile state, driven by contractile forces generated by the underlying stress fibers (SF). However, direct assessment of the AVIC SF contractile state and structure within physiologically mimicking three-dimensional environments remains technically challenging, as the size of single SFs are below the resolution of light microscopy. Therefore, in the present study, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) computational approach of AVICs embedded in 3D hydrogels to estimate their SF local orientations and contractile forces. One challenge with this approach is that AVICs will remodel the hydrogel, so that the gel moduli will vary spatially. We thus utilized our previous approach (Khang et al. 2023, "Estimation of Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell-Induced 3D Remodeling of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogel Environments Using an Inverse Finite Element Approach," Acta Biomater., 160, pp. 123-133) to define local hydrogel mechanical properties. The AVIC SF model incorporated known cytosol and nucleus mechanical behaviors, with the cell membrane assumed to be perfectly bonded to the surrounding hydrogel. The AVIC SFs were first modeled as locally unidirectional hyperelastic fibers with a contractile force component. An adjoint-based inverse modeling approach was developed to estimate local SF orientation and contractile force. Substantial heterogeneity in SF force and orientations were observed, with the greatest levels of SF alignment and contractile forces occurring in AVIC protrusions. The addition of a dispersed SF orientation to the modeling approach did not substantially alter these findings. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first fully 3D computational contractile cell models which can predict locally varying stress fiber orientation and contractile force levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Khang
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229
| | - Kenneth Meyer
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Austin, TX 78712; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 East 24th St, Stop C0200, Austin, TX 78712-1229
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Wang Y, Gu J, Du A, Zhang S, Deng M, Zhao R, Lu Y, Ji Y, Shao Y, Sun W, Kong X. SPARC-related modular calcium binding 1 regulates aortic valve calcification by disrupting BMPR-II/p-p38 signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:913-928. [PMID: 33757126 PMCID: PMC8859632 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Aortic valve calcification is more prevalent in chronic kidney disease accompanied by hypercalcemia. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC)-related modular calcium binding 1 (SMOC1) is a regulator of BMP2 signalling, but the role of SMOC1 in aortic valve calcification under different conditions has not been studied. This study aimed to investigate the roles of SMOC1 in aortic valve calcification under normal and high calcium conditions, focusing on the effects on aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Methods and results SMOC1 was expressed by aortic valve endothelial cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix in non-calcific valves and downregulated in calcific aortic valves. In vitro studies demonstrated that HUVEC secreted SMOC1 could enter the cytoplasm of AVICs. Overexpression of SMOC1 attenuated warfarin-induced AVIC calcification but promoted high calcium/phosphate or vitamin D-induced AVIC and aortic valve calcification by regulating BMP2 signalling both in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that SMOC1 binds to BMP receptor II (BMPR-II) and inhibits BMP2-induced phosphorylation of p38 (p-p38) via amino acids 372–383 of its EF-hand calcium-binding domain. Inhibition of p-p38 by the p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked the effects of SMOC1 on BMP2 signalling and AVIC calcification induced by high calcium/phosphate medium. In high-calcium-treated AVICs, SMOC1 lost its ability to bind to BMPR-II, but not to caveolin-1, promoting p-p38 and cell apoptosis due to increased expression of BMPR-II and enhanced endocytosis. Conclusions These observations support that SMOC1 works as a dual-directional modulator of AVIC calcification by regulating p38-dependent BMP2 signalling transduction according to different extracellular calcium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, 185 Juqian street, Changzhou, 213004, PR China
| | | | | | - Yongfeng Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | | | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
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Perrot N, Valerio V, Moschetta D, Boekholdt SM, Dina C, Chen HY, Abner E, Martinsson A, Manikpurage HD, Rigade S, Capoulade R, Mass E, Clavel MA, Le Tourneau T, Messika-Zeitoun D, Wareham NJ, Engert JC, Polvani G, Pibarot P, Esko T, Smith JG, Mathieu P, Thanassoulis G, Schott JJ, Bossé Y, Camera M, Thériault S, Poggio P, Arsenault BJ. Genetic and In Vitro Inhibition of PCSK9 and Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:649-661. [PMID: 32760854 PMCID: PMC7393433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated whether PCSK9 inhibition could represent a therapeutic strategy in calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). A meta-analysis of 10 studies was performed to determine the impact of the PCSK9 R46L variant on CAVS, and the authors found that CAVS was less prevalent in carriers of this variant (odds ratio: 0.80 [95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 0.91]; p = 0.0011) compared with noncarriers. PCSK9 expression was higher in the aortic valves of patients CAVS compared with control patients. In human valve interstitials cells submitted to a pro-osteogenic medium, PCSK9 levels increased and a PCSK9 neutralizing antibody significantly reduced calcium accumulation.
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Key Words
- Ad DMEM, advanced Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- CAD, coronary artery disease
- CAVS, calcific aortic valve stenosis
- HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- IQR, interquartile range
- LDL cholesterol
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Lp(a), lipoprotein(a)
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PBST, 1× phosphate-buffered saline with 0.1% Triton
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TC, total cholesterol
- VIC, valve interstitial cell
- VLDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- aortic valve interstitial cell
- apoB, apolipoprotein B
- apolipoprotein B
- calcific aortic valve stenosis
- lipoprotein(a)
- proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- wGRS, weighted genetic risk score
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perrot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincenza Valerio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Moschetta
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Christian Dina
- l'Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hao Yu Chen
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erik Abner
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andreas Martinsson
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hasanga D. Manikpurage
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sidwell Rigade
- l'Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Capoulade
- l'Institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elvira Mass
- University of Bonn, Developmental Biology of the Innate Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - David Messika-Zeitoun
- Department of Cardiology, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Engert
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Polvani
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J. Gustav Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- McGill University Health Center Research Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Gao L, Ji Y, Lu Y, Qiu M, Shen Y, Wang Y, Kong X, Shao Y, Sheng Y, Sun W. Low-level overexpression of p53 promotes warfarin-induced calcification of porcine aortic valve interstitial cells by activating Slug gene transcription. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3780-3792. [PMID: 29358327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.791145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequently used oral anti-coagulant warfarin has been implicated in inducing calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs), whereas the mechanism is not fully understood. The low-level activation of p53 is found to be involved in osteogenic transdifferentiation and calcification of AVICs. Whether p53 participates in warfarin-induced AVIC calcification remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of low-level p53 overexpression in warfarin-induced porcine AVIC (pAVIC) calcification. Immunostaining, quantitative PCR, and Western blotting revealed that p53 was expressed in human and pAVICs and that p53 expression was slightly increased in calcific human aortic valves compared with non-calcific valves. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining indicated that apoptosis slightly increased in calcific aortic valves than in non-calcific valves. Warfarin treatment led to a low-level increase of p53 mRNA and protein in both pAVICs and mouse aortic valves. Low-level overexpression of p53 in pAVICs via an adenovirus vector did not affect pAVIC apoptosis but promoted warfarin-induced calcium deposition and expression of osteogenic markers. shRNA-mediated p53 knockdown attenuated the pAVIC calcium deposition and osteogenic marker expression. Moreover, ChIP and luciferase assays showed that p53 was recruited to the slug promoter and activated slug expression in calcific pAVICs. Of note, overexpression of Slug increased osteogenic marker Runx2 expression, but not pAVIC calcium deposition, and Slug knockdown attenuated pAVIC calcification and p53-mediated pAVIC calcium deposition and expression of osteogenic markers. In conclusion, we found that p53 plays an important role in warfarin induced pAVIC calcification, and increased slug transcription by p53 is required for p53-mediated pAVIC calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- From the Departments of Cardiology and
| | - Yue Ji
- From the Departments of Cardiology and
| | - Yan Lu
- From the Departments of Cardiology and
| | - Ming Qiu
- From the Departments of Cardiology and
| | | | | | | | - Yongfeng Shao
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | - Wei Sun
- From the Departments of Cardiology and
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