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Madeira ES, Souza PAD, Amaral A. Remote activities of cognitive stimulation for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2024; 40:e00081923. [PMID: 38422247 PMCID: PMC10896484 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xen081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive stimulation activities for older adults are generally carried out in face-to-face workshops. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, these activities and consultations became remote due to social isolation, enabling care to continue safely. This study aims to analyze the remote cognitive stimulation and/or telerehabilitation activities for older people that were carried out as an intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a systematic review study with five selected articles, conducted according to the PRISMA statement methodology. Among the main results, the feasibility and acceptance of remote cognitive stimulation activities using technologies during the pandemic stand out, reflecting on future and expanded use for different realities and cultures. the studies reviewed also indicate the stabilization and improvement of the cognitive state and of depressive and anxious feelings, as well as the maintenance of independence of these participants, with an increase in scores on scales applied before and after the interventions. In conclusion, the activities carried out in cognitive stimulation and/or telerehabilitation therapies for older adults as an intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic had an average of 47 participants; the technologies used for the activities were tablet and personal computer; pre-installed programs were the most used strategy; and the interventions lasted from 1 to 3 months, with activities 2 to 3 times per week. The reinvention of techniques aimed at stimulating and rehabilitating the cognitive health of the older adults, via technologies as a strategy to replace or complement face-to-face activities, promotes the cognitive and mental health and independence of the older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etiene Souza Madeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Anderson Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Bosscher II, de la Rie SM, van der Aa N, Boelen PA. Profiles of posttraumatic stress disorder and negative world assumptions in treatment-seeking refugees. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2314915. [PMID: 38353932 PMCID: PMC10868437 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2314915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Refugees often suffer from trauma-related psychopathology, specifically posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Negative world assumptions are strongly correlated with the development, course, and severity of PTSD.Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether there are distinct profiles of PTSD and negative world assumptions (NWA) and examine whether trauma load, torture, and gender differentially predict such symptom profiles.Method: In a sample of 225 treatment-seeking refugees who had resettled in the Netherlands, latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients sharing the same profile of PTSD and NWA symptoms. Predictors of profile membership were analyzed via multinomial logistic regression.Results: A three-profile solution yielded the best model fit: a low PTSD/low NWA profile (23.6%), a high PTSD/high NWA profile (41.8%), and a high PTSD/low NWA profile (34.7%). Participants who reported a higher trauma load, were more likely to be part of the high PTSD/high NWA profile or the high PTSD/low NWA profile in comparison to low PTSD/low NWA profile. Participants who reported having experienced torture were more likely to be part of the high PTSD/high NWA profile in comparison to low PTSD/low NWA profile. Gender did not differentiate between the profiles.Conclusions: This study reveals that among treatment-seeking refugees resettled in the Netherlands, there are distinct profiles of PTSD and NWA. These profiles indicate that PTSD and NWA are not uniformly experienced among refugees, emphasizing the diversity in their psychological responses to trauma. Among individuals experiencing severe PTSD symptoms, a subgroup was identified of individuals who additionally exhibited negative assumptions about themselves, others, and the world. Recognizing this heterogeneity is crucial in both research and clinical practice, particularly in the context of refugee mental health. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris I. Bosscher
- ARQ Centrum’45, Diemen, the Netherlands
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone M. de la Rie
- ARQ Centrum’45, Diemen, the Netherlands
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niels van der Aa
- ARQ Centrum’45, Diemen, the Netherlands
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A. Boelen
- ARQ Centrum’45, Diemen, the Netherlands
- ARQ Nationaal Psychotrauma Centrum, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Llorens M, Barba M, Torralbas-Ortega J, Nadal R, Armario A, Gagliano H, Urraca L, Pujol S, Montalvo I, Gracia R, Polo D, González-Riesco L, Matalí JL, Palao D, Pàmias M, Labad J. Relationship between hair cortisol concentrations and cognitive functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2281752. [PMID: 38154075 PMCID: PMC10990442 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2281752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our study aimed to explore whether the hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a measure of long-term cortisol output, is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in adolescents with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We further aimed to test the potential moderating effects of sex and childhood maltreatment.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, fifty-three adolescents with ADHD were studied. The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were administered. Seven cognitive tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were administered, and two cognitive factors (attention and memory and executive functioning) were identified by confirmatory factor analysis. A 3-cm hair sample from the posterior vertex region of the head was obtained. HCCs were determined by a high-sensitivity enzyme immunoassay kit. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between HCCs and either cognitive performance or ADHD severity while adjusting for sex, childhood maltreatment and the ADHD-RS total score.Results: Sex moderated the relationship between HCCs and attention/memory confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) scores, with better performance in boys with higher HCCs. HCCs were not associated with executive functioning or ADHD symptoms. Childhood maltreatment was associated with inattention symptoms in adolescents with ADHD.Conclusions: Our study suggests that HCCs are positively associated with attention and memory performance in adolescents with ADHD, with a moderating effect of sex (the relationship is strongest in boys).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Llorens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Barba
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jordi Torralbas-Ortega
- Nursing Care Research Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB SANTPAU). Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Psicobiology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Psicobiology Unit, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Animal Physiology Unit (Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Animal Physiology Unit (Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lara Urraca
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Susana Pujol
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Itziar Montalvo
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Rebeca Gracia
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Diana Polo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura González-Riesco
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Matalí
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Palao
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pàmias
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Sabadell, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
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Santos RDC, Araújo-Monteiro GKND, Raposo MF, Castaño AMH, dos Santos BMP, Souto RQ. The relationship of general, physical, and psychological violence with depressive symptoms and cognition in elders (cross-sectional study). Rev Bras Enferm 2023; 76:e20220375. [PMID: 37556690 PMCID: PMC10405390 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to analyze the relationship of general, physical, and psychological violence with depressive symptoms and cognition in the elderly. METHODS quantitative, cross-sectional study, carried out with 323 elders from the Brazilian northeast. Data collection used a sociodemographic instrument; the Conflict Tactics Scales Form R; the Geriatric Depression Scale; and the Mini-Mental State Examination. The analysis employed descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS as violence increases, so do the depressive symptoms; the opposite was true when comparing violence with cognitive involvement. There is a correlation between physical and psychological violence and depressive symptoms; more depressive elders are from 1.96 to 3.00 times more likely to be the victims of psychological and physical violence, respectively. CONCLUSIONS general, physical, and psychological violence is associated with depressive symptoms; those with less cognitive alterations are more vulnerable to abuse. Elders with depressive symptoms are more likely to suffer psychological and physically violence.
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Cano-López I, Pérez MI, Puig-Pérez S. Burnout is related to executive dysfunction in primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas. Rev Neurol 2023; 76:91-99. [PMID: 36703502 PMCID: PMC10364042 DOI: 10.33588/rn.7603.2022283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to burnout, which implies a hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation that could impact the integrity of brain structures needed for cognitive processing. However, a scarce number of studies have analyzed the relationship between burnout and executive functions in this population, and possible modulator factors have not been clarified. This study aims to characterize the burnout level of primary healthcare professionals working in rural areas, and to analyze its relationship with executive functioning, considering the possible modulating role of optimism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 32 primary healthcare professionals were recruited from the Carcastillo Health Center (Spain) and underwent an assessment in which burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey. Optimism and executive functions were also evaluated. RESULTS 43.8%, 59.4%, and 56.3% of participants experienced high levels of burnout via emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. The path analysis showed that emotional exhaustion was associated with poorer Trail Making Test scores (ß = -0.37, SE = 0.17, p = 0.024, Cohen's f2 = 0.15), but optimism was not a significant moderator of this relationship (p = 0.24). The proposed model yielded excellent fit (CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.0001, SRMR = 0.0001, and ?2(3) = 6.07, p = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that burnout in healthcare professionals could have a detrimental effect on the efficiency of health systems. This has relevant implications, especially for professionals characterized by both work pressure and high cognitive demands, and highlights a need to implement occupation-specific approaches for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cano-López
- VIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeVIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeVIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeValenciaSpain
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad Internacional de Valencia. Valencia, SpainFaculty of Health SciencesUniversidad Internacional de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Mariola I. Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad Internacional de Valencia. Valencia, SpainFaculty of Health SciencesUniversidad Internacional de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Sara Puig-Pérez
- VIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeVIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeVIU-NED Chair of Global Neuroscience and Social ChangeValenciaSpain
- Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad Internacional de Valencia. Valencia, SpainFaculty of Health SciencesUniversidad Internacional de ValenciaValenciaSpain
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Alves ÉDS, Pavarini SCI, Luchesi BM, Ottaviani AC, Cardoso JDFZ, Inouye K. Duration of night sleep and cognitive performance of community older adults. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29:e3439. [PMID: 34190939 PMCID: PMC8253345 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4269.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to analyze the relationship between the duration of self-reported night sleep and the cognitive performance of older adults. METHOD the sample consisted of 156 older adults registered in Family Health Units (FHUs) in a city of São Paulo, divided into quartiles according to the duration of night sleep. Data collection was performed using a characterization questionnaire, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Exam - Revised (ACE-R) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Descriptive, comparative and correlational statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS the older adults obtained a mean of 61.94 points in ACE-R and 55.1% presented good sleep quality. Comparative analyses showed differences between the groups only in the cognitive domain of verbal fluency (p=0.018). The post-hoc analyses showed that older adults who slept more hours, a mean of 8.85 hours (Q1), had lower scores when compared to those who slept a mean of 6.11 hours (Q3) (p=0.004) and of 4.52 hours (Q4) (p=0.045). The adjusted model with application of the stepwise method showed a relationship between the independent variables of schooling and sleep duration and the domain verbal fluency. CONCLUSION it is concluded that sleep duration is related to the verbal fluency cognitive domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élen dos Santos Alves
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Enfermagem, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sofia Cristina Iost Pavarini
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Gerontologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Moretti Luchesi
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de
Medicina, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ottaviani
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Enfermagem, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Keika Inouye
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Gerontologia,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gerontologia, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The impact of food insecurity on child development in the general U.S. population is well-established, yet little is known about the harm of food neglect relative to other types of maltreatment. Due to the harmful physiological impact of inadequate nutrients and the social impact of food-related stress, it was hypothesized that food neglect would be more likely to impair infant cognitive and language development than physical abuse, sexual abuse, and other forms of neglect. Families of infants (N = 1,951) investigated by Child Protective Services were studied using the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II; NSCAW Research Group, 2002). Results from multivariable logistic regression models that controlled for likely confounding variables showed that the odds of impairment in cognition and language were significantly greater when food neglect was the most serious form of maltreatment. Considering that both food insecurity and child neglect are associated with poverty and parental mental health problems, it will be important for child welfare and mental health professionals to work collaboratively to better the health of these vulnerable children.
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Lute ML, Navarrete CD, Nelson MP, Gore ML. Moral dimensions of human-wildlife conflict. Conserv Biol 2016; 30:1200-1211. [PMID: 27062105 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing support for conservation globally, controversy over specific conservation policies persists among diverse stakeholders. Investigating the links between morals in relation to conservation can help increase understanding about why humans support or oppose policy, especially related to human-wildlife conflict or human conflict over wildlife. Yet the moral dimension of human-wildlife conflict has mostly gone unconsidered and unmeasured; thus, policy and programmatic efforts to reduce controversy may be missing a key part of the equation. We conducted a web-based survey (n = 1239 respondents) in Michigan (U.S.A.) to investigate cognitive and emotional influences on the value-behavior relationship. Respondents were identified by their interest and involvement in Michigan wolf management. The survey consisted of questions about values, emotions, cognitions, and behaviors relative to wolves in Michigan. We used path analysis to explore whether emotions and cognitions mediated the relationship between value and behavior. Most respondents attributed intrinsic value to wolves (n = 734) and all life (n = 773) and engaged in behaviors that benefited wolf populations and ecosystems regardless of stakeholder group (e.g., environmentalist, farmer). Attributing intrinsic value to wolves was positively related to favorable emotions toward wolves and cognitive assessments that hunting and trapping of wolves is unacceptable. Despite similarities in attribution of intrinsic value, groups differed in emotions and cognitions about wolf hunting. These differences provide a useful way to predict stakeholder behavior. Our findings may inform interventions aimed at increasing support for wolf management policies and positive interactions among stakeholders and wildlife. Leveraging agreement over intrinsic value may foster cooperation among stakeholders and garner support for controversial conservation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Lute
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A..
| | | | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Meredith L Gore
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
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Gómez RÁ, Luque LE, Tomas MTC, Tort BE, Giménez JA. [Preliminary Study on Cognitive Determinants Influencing Argentine Youngsters towards Intensive Alcohol Consumption or Binge Drinking]. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr 2012; 41:309-327. [PMID: 26573496 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current alcohol consumption pattern among youngsters and adolescents, characterized by heavy drinking during a few hours, several days a week, or binge drinking (binge drinking, concentrated drinking or long-gulp drinking) is a reality in many countries, including Spain and Argentina. OBJECTIVE To describe cognitive determinants in the behavior regarding excessive alcohol consumption (binge drinking) in 16-25 year subjects in Argentina. METHODOLOGY An ad hoc survey was conducted to assess cognitive determinants influencing heavy alcohol consumption, according to I. Ajzen's guidelines. RESULTS There are significant statistic differences between the group of heavy drinkers and the group that does not reach such level of consumption in relation to behavioral beliefs, and control beliefs. Both groups recognized consumption is noxious and not safe; no differences were observed concerning normative beliefs. CONCLUSIONS There is a complex interaction mong attitudinal factors, motivational and behavior control factors. Instruments require greater sensitivity and further in-depth analysis is required regardomg short, middle and long consequences generated by binge drinking and its role as a positive or negative reinforment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ángel Gómez
- Licenciado en Psicología, profesor adjunto, docente-investigador, Cátedra de Escuelas, Corrientes y Sistemas de la Psicología Contemporánea, Programa de Formación en Drogodependencia y Adicciones, Unidad de Estudios Epidemiológicos en Salud Mental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Elizabeth Luque
- Doctora en Ciencias de la Salud. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Begoña Espejo Tort
- Doctor(a) en Psicología. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, España
| | - José Antonio Giménez
- Doctor(a) en Psicología. Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, España
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive science has become the most influential paradigm on mental health in the late 20(th) and the early 21(st) centuries. In few years, the concepts, problem approaches and solutions proper to this science have significantly changed. METHOD Introduction and discussion of the fundamental concepts of cognitive science divided in four stages: Start, Classic Cognitivism, Connectionism, and Embodying / Enacting. The 2(nd) Part of the paper discusses the above mentioned fourth stage and explores the clinical setting, especially in terms of cognitive psychotherapy. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS The embodying/enacting stage highlights the role of the body including a set of determined evolutionary movements which provide a way of thinking and exploring the world. The performance of cognitive tasks is considered as a process that uses environmental resources that enhances mental skills and deploys them beyond the domestic sphere of the brain. On the other hand, body and mind are embedded in the world, thus giving rise to cognition when interacting, a process known as enacting. There is a close connection between perception and action, hence the interest in real-time interactions with the world rather than abstract reasoning. Regarding clinics, specifically the cognitive therapy, there is little conceptual discussion maybe due to good results from practice that may led us to consider that theoretical foundations are firm and not problem-raising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fierro
- Médico psiquiatra, M. Phil. Profesor de psiquiatría, de la Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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