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Santika T, Sherman J, Voigt M, Ancrenaz M, Wich SA, Wilson KA, Possingham H, Massingham E, Seaman DJI, Ashbury AM, Azvi TS, Banes GL, Barrow EJ, Burslem DFRP, Delgado RA, Erman A, Fredriksson G, Goossens B, Houghton M, Indrawan TP, Jaya RL, Kanamori T, Knott CD, Leiman A, Liswanto D, Mach M, Marshall AJ, Martin JGA, Midora L, Miller A, Milne S, Morgans C, Nardiyono N, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Priatna D, Risch R, Riyadi GM, Russon A, Sembiring J, Setiawan E, Sidiq M, Simon D, Spehar S, Struebig MJ, Sumardi I, Tjiu A, Wahyudi R, Yanuar A, Meijaard E. Effectiveness of 20 years of conservation investments in protecting orangutans. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1754-1763.e6. [PMID: 35276097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conservation strategies are rarely systematically evaluated, which reduces transparency, hinders the cost-effective deployment of resources, and hides what works best in different contexts. Using data on the iconic and critically endangered orangutan (Pongo spp.), we developed a novel spatiotemporal framework for evaluating conservation investments. We show that around USD 1 billion was invested between 2000 and 2019 into orangutan conservation by governments, nongovernmental organizations, companies, and communities. Broken down by allocation to different conservation strategies, we find that habitat protection, patrolling, and public outreach had the greatest return on investment for maintaining orangutan populations. Given the variability in threats, land-use opportunity costs, and baseline remunerations in different regions, there were differential benefits per dollar invested across conservation activities and regions. We show that although challenging from a data and analysis perspective, it is possible to fully understand the relationships between conservation investments and outcomes and the external factors that influence these outcomes. Such analyses can provide improved guidance toward a more effective biodiversity conservation. Insights into the spatiotemporal interplays between the costs and benefits driving effectiveness can inform decisions about the most suitable orangutan conservation strategies for halting population declines. Although our study focuses on the three extant orangutan species of Sumatra and Borneo, our findings have broad application for evidence-based conservation science and practice worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truly Santika
- Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Julie Sherman
- Wildlife Impact, P.O. Box 31062, Portland, OR 97231, USA
| | - Maria Voigt
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Marc Ancrenaz
- HUTAN-KOCP, P.O. Box 17793, 88874 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Borneo Futures, 8th Floor, PGGMB Building, Jalan Kianggeh, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8111, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Serge A Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Kerrie A Wilson
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Hugh Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emily Massingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dave J I Seaman
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Alison M Ashbury
- Department of Biology - Fach 618, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraße 4, 78464 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Anthropology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Taufiq S Azvi
- Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sumatera Utara, Jl. Gaperta Ujung No.2, Tj. Gusta, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara 20125, Indonesia; Pesona Tropis Alam Indonesia (PETAI), Komplek Tasbi 2, Jl. Ring Road Blk. V No.21, A M P L A S, Kec. Medan Amplas, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara 20122, Indonesia
| | - Graham L Banes
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Southwest Commuter Path, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Barrow
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, P.O. Box G, 1661 Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington, MA 02420-2020, USA
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert A Delgado
- U.S. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Andi Erman
- GFA/KWF, Kapuas Hulu Program, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Gabriella Fredriksson
- Vocabolo Ca' di Bracco, Via Migianella 381, Loc Molino Vitelli, 06019 Umbertide, PG, Italia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Wisma MUIS, Block B 5th Floor, 88100 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3 AX, UK; Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
| | - Max Houghton
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology, and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Tito P Indrawan
- Forum Konservasi Orangutan Kalimantan Barat, Lab 515 Building, 3rd Floor Jl. Salihara No. 41A, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
| | - Ricko L Jaya
- Orangutan Information Centre, Bunga Sedap Malam XVIII C No. 10, Medan Selayang, Medan, North Sumatra 20131, Indonesia
| | - Tomoko Kanamori
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Cheryl D Knott
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, P.O. Box G, 1661 Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington, MA 02420-2020, USA; Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Room 101, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ashley Leiman
- Orangutan Foundation, 7 Kent Terrace, London NW1 4RP, UK
| | - Darmawan Liswanto
- Yayasan Titian Lestari, Jl. Komp. Alex Griya Permai I, Bangka Belitung Darat, Kec. Pontianak Tenggara, Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78124, Indonesia; Yayasan SINTAS, Jl. Merdeka Barat No.665, Mariana, Kec. Pontianak Kota, Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78243, Indonesia
| | - Martin Mach
- Bumitama, Jl. Melawai Raya No.10, RT.3/RW.1, Melawai, Kec. Kby. Baru, Kota Jakarta Selatan, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- University of Michigan, Department of Anthropology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Program in the Environment, School for Environment and Sustainability, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Julien G A Martin
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, Room 160, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Lelyana Midora
- Wildlife Impact, P.O. Box 31062, Portland, OR 97231, USA
| | - Adam Miller
- Planet Indonesia, Webster Groves, MO 63119, USA
| | - Sol Milne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Courtney Morgans
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Nardi Nardiyono
- Austindo Nusantara Jaya, Menara BTPN, 40 Floor, Jl. Dr. Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, Kav. 5.5-5.6, Kawasan Mega Kuningan, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah
- Department of Biology, Gedung Biologi, Jalan Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; Primate Research Center, IPB University, Jl. Lodaya II/5, Bogor 16151, Indonesia
| | - Dolly Priatna
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Pakuan University, Jl. Pakuan, RT.02/RW.06, Tegallega, Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat 16129, Indonesia; Belantara Foundation, Dimo Space, Jl. Timor No.6, RT.9/RW.4, Gondangdia, Kec. Menteng, Kota Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 10350, Indonesia
| | - Robert Risch
- Rhino and Forest Fund, Auf dem Stein 2, 77694 Kehl, Germany
| | - Galuh M Riyadi
- Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H Jl. Profesor Dokter H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Pontianak Tenggara, Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78124, Indonesia; Malaysian Environmental Consultants, 82 Jalan Ampang Hilir, 55000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anne Russon
- Glendon College of York University, 2275 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M6, Canada
| | - Juhardi Sembiring
- Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Sumatera Utara, Jl. Gaperta Ujung No.2, Tj. Gusta, Kec. Medan Helvetia, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara 20125, Indonesia
| | - Endro Setiawan
- Gunung Palung National Park Office, Padu Banjar, Kec. Simpang Hilir, Kabupaten Ketapang, Kalimantan Barat 78857, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Sidiq
- Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H Jl. Profesor Dokter H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Pontianak Tenggara, Kota Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78124, Indonesia
| | - Donna Simon
- WWF-Malaysia, Suite 1-6-W11 6th Floor, CPS Tower, Centre Point Complex No. 1, Lorong Centre Point, Pusat Bandar, 88000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Stephanie Spehar
- Sustainability Institute for Regional Transformations, 4483 Sage Hall, 835 High Avenue, Oshkosh, WI 54901, USA
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Ibrahim Sumardi
- Gunung Palung National Park Office, Padu Banjar, Kec. Simpang Hilir, Kabupaten Ketapang, Kalimantan Barat 78857, Indonesia
| | - Albertus Tjiu
- World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (Yayasan WWF Indonesia), WWF Indonesia Gedung Graha Simatupang, Tower 2, Unit C, 7 Floor, Jl. Letjen TB. Simatupang Kav. 38, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia
| | - Rizki Wahyudi
- Gunung Palung National Park Office, Padu Banjar, Kec. Simpang Hilir, Kabupaten Ketapang, Kalimantan Barat 78857, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Yanuar
- Graduate School, Department of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jl. Sawo Manila, Pejaten Ps., South Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, Marlowe Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK; Borneo Futures, 8th Floor, PGGMB Building, Jalan Kianggeh, Bandar Seri Begawan BS8111, Brunei Darussalam; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gallo-Cajiao E, Archibald C, Friedman R, Steven R, Fuller RA, Game ET, Morrison TH, Ritchie EG. Crowdfunding biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:1426-1435. [PMID: 29802734 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Raising funds is critical for conserving biodiversity and hence so is scrutinizing emerging financial mechanisms that may help achieve this goal. Anecdotal evidence indicates crowdfunding is being used to support activities needed for biodiversity conservation, yet its magnitude and allocation remain largely unknown. To help address this knowledge gap, we conducted a global analysis based on conservation-focused projects extracted from crowdfunding platforms. For each project, we determined the funds raised, date, country of implementation, proponent characteristics, activity type, biodiversity realm, and target taxa. We identified 72 relevant platforms and 577 conservation-focused projects that raised $4,790,634 since 2009. Although proponents were based in 38 countries, projects were delivered across 80 countries, indicating a potential mechanism of resource mobilization. Proponents were affiliated with nongovernmental organizations (35%) or universities (30%) or were freelancers (26%). Most projects were for research (40%), persuasion (31%), and on-the-ground actions (21%). Projects were more focused on species (57.7%) and terrestrial ecosystems (20.3%), and less focused on marine (8.8%) and freshwater ecosystems (3.6%). Projects focused on 208 species, including a disproportionate number of threatened birds and mammals. Crowdfunding for biodiversity conservation is a global phenomenon and there is potential for expansion, despite possible pitfalls (e.g., uncertainty about effectiveness). Opportunities to advance conservation through crowdfunding arise from its capacity to mobilize funds spatially and increase steadily over time, inclusion of overlooked species, adoption by multiple actors, and funding of activities beyond research. Our findings pave the way for further research on key questions, such as campaign success rates, effectiveness of conservation actions, and drivers of crowdfunding adoption. Even though crowdfunding capital raised has been modest relative to other conservation-finance mechanisms, its contribution goes beyond funding research and providing capital. Embraced with due care, crowdfunding could become an important financial mechanism for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gallo-Cajiao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Carla Archibald
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel Friedman
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rochelle Steven
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Edward T Game
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Tiffany H Morrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Euan G Ritchie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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