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Weiss H. Introduction to Jacques Lacan "Some Reflections on the Ego". Int J Psychoanal 2023; 104:1121-1122. [PMID: 38127482 DOI: 10.1080/00207578.2023.2277009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This is a brief introduction to Jacques Lacan's paper "Some Reflections on the Ego" which summarizes his main ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Weiss
- Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt a.M, Germany
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2
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Abstract
Psychoanalysis has long lost its historical influence on U.S. academic psychiatry. Psychoanalytic theory, however, provides us with a rich and remarkably comprehensive knowledge of human development, both normative and pathologic. This article describes a psychoanalytic concept that enriches our understanding of the mind and its disorders: Freud's structural hypothesis. This core concept provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the clinical features of both neurotic and personality disorders. It also informs a psychodynamic psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Corradi
- Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
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3
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Gurleyik D, Sen CKN, Etnier JL, Acar IH. Culture in Physical Activity: The Contribution of Basic Psychological Needs and Goal Orientation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16691. [PMID: 36554569 PMCID: PMC9779501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous variables affect motivation in physical activity (PA) with culture being an understudied variable. Self-determination theory's basic psychological needs (BPN) includes a combination of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in PA; however, cultural definitions pit autonomy and relatedness against each other. Thus, this study aims to investigate the moderating role of culture on relationships between BPN, goal orientations (ego, task) for PA, and PA behavior. A survey was implemented to 168 participants (109 females, 59 males; 92 Turks, 76 Americans) investigating students' self-construal type, their basic psychological needs in exercise (BPNES), PA levels (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire/GLTEQ), and goal orientation types (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire/TEOSQ). Turks (n = 92) and Americans (n = 76) demonstrated distinct cultural differences in terms of the study variables. American students were more autonomous, task-oriented, and physically active than Turkish students. Results from the multi-group path analysis showed that there was a moderating role of culture between predictors (i.e., BPN Autonomy, BPN Relatedness, BPN Competence, Ego Orientation, and Task Orientation) and Physical Activity. Such that, the paths from predictors (i.e., BPNT Autonomy, BPNT Relatedness, BPNT Competence, Ego Orientation, and Task Orientation) to PA was not significant in Turkish cultural context. Results suggest that culturally tailored approaches to PA interventions are critical in supporting motivation for physical activity and further research is needed to explore different culturally relevant motivational drivers for PA among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gurleyik
- Department of Psychology, Özyeğin University, Çekmeköy, Istanbul 34794, Turkey
| | - Celia K. Naivar Sen
- Department of Psychology, Özyeğin University, Çekmeköy, Istanbul 34794, Turkey
| | - Jennifer L. Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Ibrahim H. Acar
- Department of Psychology, Özyeğin University, Çekmeköy, Istanbul 34794, Turkey
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Rusca R, Onwuchekwa IF, Kinane C, MacInnes D. Comparing the social networks of service users with long term mental health needs living in community with those in a general adult in-patient unit. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1071-1077. [PMID: 34015979 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211017590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships are vital to recovery however, there is uncertainty whether users have different types of social networks in different mental health settings and how these networks may impact on users' wellbeing. AIMS To compare the social networks of people with long-term mental illness in the community with those of people in a general adult in-patient unit. METHOD A sample of general adult in-patients with enduring mental health problems, aged between 18 and 65, was compared with a similar sample attending a general adult psychiatric clinic. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic data and information about participants' social networks. Participants also completed the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale to examine well-being and the Significant Others Scale to explore their social network support. RESULTS The study recruited 53 participants (25 living in the community and 28 current in-patients) with 339 named as important members of their social networks. Both groups recorded low numbers in their social networks though the community sample had a significantly greater number of social contacts (7.4 vs. 5.4), more monthly contacts with members of their network and significantly higher levels of social media use. The in-patient group reported greater levels of emotional and practical support from their network. CONCLUSIONS People with serious and enduring mental health problems living in the community had a significantly greater number of people in their social network than those who were in-patients while the in-patient group reported greater levels of emotional and practical support from their network. Recommendations for future work have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rusca
- Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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5
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Dale O. Self, ego and suicide. J Anal Psychol 2022; 67:796-816. [PMID: 35856598 DOI: 10.1111/1468-5922.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Working with patients who end their lives through suicide is one of the greatest challenges and fears a clinician might face. This paper explores the experience of working with such patients in the course of psychiatric care and Jungian analysis. Jungian theory is used to explore a conceptual understanding of the dilemmas faced. Such theory points to an intractable conflict between Self and ego giving rise to unbearable distress, partly through difficulties arising in achieving individuation. The paper proposes that our difficulties in dealing with a patient's suicide might reflect a manifestation of relentless hope and, perhaps contentiously, these patients made a more considered decision in their final acts than prevailing clinical opinion suggests.
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Chen PY, Ho WC, Lo C, Yeh TP. The Chinese Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Short-Form Questionnaire for the Older Adults: Validity and Reliability Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:799967. [PMID: 35178013 PMCID: PMC8844501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.799967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drawing from Erikson's theory, Domino and Affonso constructed the Inventory of Psychosocial Balance (IPB), a scale with satisfactory reliability and validity. However, the lack of a credible Chinese version of the scale may hinder research on ego development in Taiwan. The aim of the present study was to construct a short form Chinese IPB. In addition, factor analysis was employed to shorten the original 120-item scale to make it suitable for application in the older adults in the future. METHODS The study involved three steps: The first step was to establish the 120-items of the Chinese Inventory of Psychosocial Balance (C-IPB), and we conducted translation, back-translation, expert validity, and reliability of pilot study for this step. Following the first step was to construct the short-form C-IPB (CIPB-SF) in the second step, and the CIPB-SF was developed via item analysis and factor analysis. Finally, we assessed the reliability and validity of the CIPB-SF via structural equation model in the third step. RESULTS Three hundred eight older adults without cognitive disorder completed the IPB. The 40-item CIPB-SF was completed through item analysis and factor analysis. The internal consistency test of CIPB-SF and the eight stages were good (Cronbach's α = 0.81-0.89). The CIPB-SF had acceptable validity, except in the intimacy and identity stages, in which validity was only fair. Compared with the IPB, the CIPB-SF had good reliability and acceptable validity. However, because of its conciseness, the 40-item CIPB-SF was more suited for application among the Chinese elderly population because its application avoids physical overload. CONCLUSION The CIPB-SF served as a concise scale for assessing ego development in our study. This scale can also serve as a useful tool for convenient screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Chen
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University (Taiwan), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University (Taiwan), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chyi Lo
- School of Nursing, China Medical University (Taiwan), Taichung, Taiwan.,China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Pei Yeh
- School of Nursing, China Medical University (Taiwan), Taichung, Taiwan.,China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Williams RE, Habeeb CM, Raedeke TD, Dlugonski D, Dubose KD. Parent Motivational Climate, Sport Enrollment Motives, and Young Athlete Commitment and Enjoyment in Year-Round Swimming. Int J Exerc Sci 2022; 15:358-372. [PMID: 36896449 PMCID: PMC9987520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Parents are known to influence the athlete sport experience through motivational climates. Athletes' perception of motivational climates and their own motives for sport participation influence enjoyment and long-term sport commitment. It is unknown, however, the extent parent motives for initially enrolling their child in a year-round sports program associate with children's sport participation enjoyment and commitment. The purposes of this study were to (a) determine parent motives for enrolling their child (5-8 years) in year-round swimming and (b) explore the relationships of parent motives and motivational climates with child enjoyment and commitment. Parents (n = 40) completed questionnaires on enrollment motives and motivational climate, while children (n = 40) answered questions on enjoyment and commitment. Of the seven motives measured, parents enrolled children in swimming primarily for fitness benefits (M = 4.5, SD = .45) followed by skill mastery (M = 4.31, SD = .48) and fun (M = 4.10, SD = .51) reasons. Findings revealed the fitness motive was moderately, negatively correlated with the success-without-effort facet of a performance climate (r = -.50, p < .01). The fun motive was moderately, positively associated with commitment (r = .43, p < .01). Parent motives for enrolling their child in sport may impact the young child sport experience and long-term sport continuation via motivational climates, enjoyment, and commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation & Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Christine M Habeeb
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Thomas D Raedeke
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Deirdre Dlugonski
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katrina D Dubose
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Abstract
Authority and freedom are connected, and both have external and internal forms. External authority, political or institutional, can impinge on internal freedom in ways that matter to psychoanalysts. Internal freedom requires an internal authority that can be trusted. The superego is an external authority masquerading as an internal one. The ego, with its compliance toward the id, the superego, and external reality, operates like a false self in the psyche. In Lacanian terms, it is of necessity alienated from itself. By contrast, the true self as described by Winnicott, and the "subject" as theorized especially in French psychoanalysis, represent an authentic conscience that allows us to become the authors of our at one's authority. This implies two sorts of freedom: freedom from narcissistic self-investment, and the forward-looking freedom of psychic growth. The latter occurs only in a context of relatedness to others, and it entails caring for the interests of others-if necessary at one's own expense. This vision of human beings as having an innate impetus toward psychic growth makes psychoanalysis a fundamentally optimistic endeavor. Clinical and nonclinical examples show, however, that it demands a perpetual readiness to let go of apparent certainties.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE/AIM We describe best practices for modeling egocentric networks and health outcomes using a five-step guide. BACKGROUND Social network analysis (SNA) is common in social science fields and has more recently been used to study health-related topics including obesity, violence, substance use, health organizational behavior, and healthcare utilization. SNA, alone or in conjunction with spatial analysis, can be used to uniquely evaluate the impact of the physical or built environment on health. The environment can shape the presence, quality, and function of social relationships with spatial and network processes interacting to affect health outcomes. While there are some common measures frequently used in modeling the impact of social networks on health outcomes, there is no standard approach to social network modeling in health research, which impacts rigor and reproducibility. METHODS We provide an overview of social network concepts and terminology focused on egocentric network data. Egocentric, or personal networks, take the perspective of an individual who identifies their own connections (alters) and also the relationships between alters. RESULTS We describe best practices for modeling egocentric networks and health outcomes according to the following five-step guide: (1) model selection, (2) social network exposure variable and selection considerations, (3) covariate selection related to sociodemographic and health characteristics, (4) covariate selection related to social network characteristics, and (5) analytic considerations. We also present an example of SNA. CONCLUSIONS SNA provides a powerful repertoire of techniques to examine how relationships impact attitudes, experiences, and behaviors-and subsequently health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Burgette
- Department of Dental Public Health, 6614University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, 12317University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Jacquelin Rankine
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12317University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Alison J Culyba
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12317University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Kar-Hai Chu
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Carley
- Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems, School of Computer Science, 6612Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Robinson MD, Irvin RL, Persich MR. Ego effectiveness: A novel individual difference approach to health behavior and coping. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:1679-1696. [PMID: 33765849 DOI: 10.1177/13591053211001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taking care of one's health can require trading current feelings for longer-term considerations of health and well-being. The present research (total N = 366) sought to assess ego operations of this type in terms of the extent to which the self would be capable of responding to health-challenging situations in ways deemed to be effective. Ego effective individuals engaged in a greater frequency of health-protective behaviors as well as a lesser frequency of risky behaviors, both with respect to a peer protocol (Study 1) and a daily life protocol (Study 2). Findings are informative concerning multiple self-regulation perspectives on health.
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Lee S, Ahn HY. Model Construction for Undergraduate Student College Adjustment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E7090. [PMID: 32998203 PMCID: PMC7579586 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: College students are known to struggle with a number of difficulties, such as their future careers and interpersonal relationships, as well as job-seeking stress. This study aimed to develop and test a structural model for undergraduate student college adjustment. Methods: The data collection period ranged from November 2019 to January 2020. A questionnaire was distributed to a total of 300 college students; a total of 290 copies were ultimately used for analysis. Result: The model fit indexes of the final model were χ2 = 427.707 (p < 0.001), DF = 173, χ2/DF = 2.47, GFI = 0.88, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.84, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.91, Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 0.92, Standardized Root Mean-square Residual (SRMR) = 0.07, and Root Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.07. All of the model fit indexes were acceptable, and seven of the thirteen paths in the final model were significant. The factors that influenced college adjustment were social support (r = 0.39) and ego-identity (β = 0.73), explaining 57.1% of the variance. Conclusions: To increase college adjustment, it is necessary to consider the relationship of adjustment with college students' surrounding environments, such as their family, friends, and professors, and how students can improve their ego-identity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Young Ahn
- College of Nursing, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea;
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12
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Üzar-Özçetin YS, Ercan-Şahin N. Descriptive phenomenological study on ego-integrity among older people in nursing homes. Nurs Health Sci 2020; 22:472-479. [PMID: 32173993 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe, interpret, and understand the phenomenon of ego integrity among nursing home residents using a descriptive phenomenological approach. Data were collected by conducting in-depth face-to-face interviews with 18 nursing home residents with the aid of a pilot-tested semi-structured interview guide. The authors followed a systematic analytic procedure. Key themes and subthemes emerged when the codes were combined. The responses of the residents were classified under three themes: (i) existential well-being, (ii) future expectations, and (iii) regrets regarding past life stages. The results underscored the important role of ego integrity in structuring one's life in the later years. A lack of ego integrity had resulted in negative perceptions of life, a lack of future plans, and existential suffering. The findings underscore the importance of assessing ongoing temporal changes in the ego integrity of nursing home residents and providing effective programs that enhance their sense of ego integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nilay Ercan-Şahin
- Public Health Nursing Department, Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
The following article elaborates on the need for the Other in order to delineate the self and one's identity, and the eternal psychological process of turning the Other into an enemy. A parallel process, which can be observed nowadays, leads to a disregard for the otherness of the Other that results in the blurring of identity and an internal loss of the differentiation of intrapsychic structures. Both psychological processes share a dehumanizing approach which leads to neurosis and alienation. In order to withstand these tendencies, a revision of analytical psychology's view of the psyche and of the practice of Jungian analysis is warranted: an alternative to the 'Fear of the Feminine' described by Erich Neumann in 1959. It is suggested that consciousness and unconsciousness intertwine but from a position of equality and reciprocity. Such an attitude does not inspire fear. Rather, it recognizes the need of one for the Other and the inevitability of this situation. Moreover, this need and interdependence on equal grounds nourish the wish to know the Other, to be aware of the differences, and yet, at the same time, to acknowledge how close the Other really is. Analytical psychological therapy based on this model stresses the power of the ego while also strengthening its capacity for introspection.
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Durmaz YÇ, Ünsal G. Study of validity, reliability in accordance with Turkey conditions in ego functions assessment scale. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2019; 55:509-516. [PMID: 30767235 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to conduct a reliability and validity study of the Ego Function Assessment (EFA) scale. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted with a total of 426 participants, which included 213 patients with schizophrenia and a control group of 213 normal individuals. The Individual Information Form, EFA Scale, Wonderlic Personnel Test, Adjective Check List, and Symptom Check List were used for data collection. FINDING All the statistical procedures performed in the validity and reliability stages of the study show that the scale is a valid, reliable measurement tool for the Turkish culture. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS In psychiatric nursing, the use of the EFA scale can be recommended for planning individual patient care, which involves the assessment of a patient's functional adjustment on the basis of their own ego profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadigar Çevik Durmaz
- Psychiatric Nursing Department, School of Health Sciences, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Gül Ünsal
- Psychiatric Nursing Department, Health Sciences Faculty, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
This psychoanalytic reading of Hamlet places Shakespeare's play in the theoretical contexts of Loewald on time and Winnicott on space. For Loewald the subject moves from past to present, in a therapeutic fashion, through the intervention of the analyst, a contemporary object. A redemption of time occurs in the internalized action of thought and dialogue. In Winnicott the redemptive movement is from an internal-subjective to an external-objective way of perceiving. The passage occurs in a transitional space where the presence of another allows the discovery of a world. Hamlet suffers from a ghosted self emptied in submission to the father-ghost. In the temporality of thought and the spatiality of action Hamlet moves toward an ancestral self, filled and stable, through the mediation of Horatio, his friend-counselor-analyst.
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Hibbert AW, Billaut F, Varley MC, Polman RCJ. Goal Orientation and the Presence of Competitors Influence Cycling Performance. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1212. [PMID: 30087632 PMCID: PMC6066599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate time-trial (TT) performance in the presence of one competitor and in a group with competitors of various abilities. Methods: In a randomized order, 24 participants performed a 5-km cycling TT individually (IND), with one similarly matched participant (1v1), and in a group of four participants (GRP). For the GRP session, two pairs of matched participants from the 1v1 session were used. Pairs were selected so that TT duration was considered either inferior (INF) or superior (SUP) compared to the other pair of participants. Results: Overall, TT duration (P = 0.86, ηp2 < 0.01) was not different between conditions, while heart rate (HR) was significantly greater in GRP compared to IND (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.16). For INF, a large effect size for both mean power (P = 0.07, ηp2 = 0.15) and HR (P = 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16), indicates greatest effort in GRP. Pacing behavior was affected by competition but similar in 1v1 and GRP for SUP, while large effect sizes indicate an increased power output in the initial 750-m for INF in GRP. Additionally, for INF, there was a significant correlation with ego orientation for an increase in TT duration between the GRP session and both the IND (r = 0.43, P = 0.04) and 1v1 (r = 0.54, P = 0.01) sessions. Conclusion: For INF participants, intensity was increased when competing in GRP. Yet, the presence of the SUP competitors resulted in lesser performance improvements for ego oriented INF participants. These findings demonstrate that consideration should be given to the ability of competitors in a group setting to provide adequate motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hibbert
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - François Billaut
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew C Varley
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Remco C J Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Grossman
- Training and Supervising Analyst at San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis
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18
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Abstract
This paper addresses the relationship between the ego, id, and internal objects. While ego psychology views the ego as autonomous of the drives, a less well-known alternative position views the ego as constituted by the drives. Based on Freud's ego-instinct account, this position has developed into a school of thought which postulates that the drives act as knowers. Given that there are multiple drives, this position proposes that personality is constituted by multiple knowers. Following on from Freud, the ego is viewed as a composite sub-set of the instinctual drives (ego-drives), whereas those drives cut off from expression form the id. The nature of the "self" is developed in terms of identification and the possibility of multiple personalities is also established. This account is then extended to object-relations and the explanatory value of the ego-drive account is discussed in terms of the addressing the nature of ego-structures and the dynamic nature of internal objects. Finally, the impact of psychological conflict and the significance of repression for understanding the nature of splits within the psyche are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Boag
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie UniversitySydney, NSW, Australia
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