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Huang KZ, Ye H, Fang YY, Li T, Pei SJ, Wu LP, Su FF, Zheng XQ. Plasma Phage Load is Positively Related to the Immune Checkpoints in Patients Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:301-308. [PMID: 35786189 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220630141926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial Translocation (MT) and altered gut microbiota are involved in immune activation and inflammation, whereas immune checkpoint proteins play an important role in maintaining immune self-tolerance and preventing excessive immune activation. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the relationship between plasma phage load and immune homeostasis in people living with HIV(PLWH). METHODS We recruited 15 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive patients, 23 ART-treated (AT) patients, and 34 Healthy Participants (HP) to explore the relationship between the plasma phage load and immune checkpoint proteins. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) load of the lambda (λ) phage was detected using fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The Immune Checkpoints (ICPs) were detected using multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS Our study demonstrated that the plasma phage load was increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) (P<0.05), but not in the ART-naive and AT groups (P>0.05). Plasma ICPs, including cluster of differentiation 27 (CD27), soluble glucocorticoid-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptor (sGITR), soluble cluster of differentiation 80 (sCD80), sCD86, soluble glucocorticoidinduced TNF receptor-related ligand (sGITRL), soluble induced T-cell Costimulatory (sICOS), sCD40, soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2), and sCD28, were markedly decreased among the ARTnaive group (P<0.05) but not in the AT and HP groups (P>0.05). The plasma phage load was positively correlated with ICP and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in PLWH (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the plasma phage load in PLWH was positively related to the expression of ICPs and inflammation, which may be used as a promising marker for the immune level of PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Zhao Huang
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yang-Yang Fang
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tao Li
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shun-Jie Pei
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lian-Peng Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Fei-Fei Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Zheng
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.,School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Waters F, Chiu V, Atkinson A, Blom JD. Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:303. [PMID: 30042701 PMCID: PMC6048360 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Going without sleep for long periods of time can produce a range of experiences, including perceptual distortions and hallucinations. Many questions, however, remain unanswered regarding the types of symptoms which are most reliably elicited, the time of symptom onset, and whether symptoms worsen over time toward psychotic decompensation. Since sleep deprivation exceeding 48 h is considered unethical today, an examination of historical studies with extreme sleep-loss duration is needed to obtain information about what happens during prolonged sleep loss. Methods: A systematic-review approach was used to identify experimental and observational studies of sleep deprivation in healthy people which describe the effects of prolonged sleep loss on psychopathological symptoms, without any date restriction. Results: A total of 476 articles were identified. Of these, 21 were eligible for inclusion. Duration of sleep loss ranged between 24 h and 11 nights (total 760 participants; average 72-92 h without sleep). All studies except one reported perceptual changes, including visual distortions (i.e., metamorphopsias), illusions, somatosensory changes and, in some cases, frank hallucinations. The visual modality was the most consistently affected (in 90% of the studies), followed by the somatosensory (52%) and auditory (33%) modalities. Symptoms rapidly developed after one night without sleep, progressing in an almost fixed time-dependent way. Perceptual distortions, anxiety, irritability, depersonalization, and temporal disorientation started within 24-48 h of sleep loss, followed by complex hallucinations and disordered thinking after 48-90 h, and delusions after 72 h, after which time the clinical picture resembled that of acute psychosis or toxic delirium. By the third day without sleep, hallucinations in all three sensory modalities were reported. A period of normal sleep served to resolve psychotic symptoms in many-although not all-cases. Conclusions: Psychotic symptoms develop with increasing time awake, from simple visual/somatosensory misperceptions to hallucinations and delusions, ending in a condition resembling acute psychosis. These experiences are likely to resolve after a period of sleep, although more information is required to identify factors which can contribute to the prevention of persistent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Waters
- Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Hospital, North Metropolitan Health Service–Mental Health, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vivian Chiu
- Clinical Research Centre, Graylands Hospital, North Metropolitan Health Service–Mental Health, Perth, WA, Australia
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Amanda Atkinson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jan Dirk Blom
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Noakes TD. Response to: Lessons from Popper for science, paradigm shifts, scientific revolutions and exercise physiology. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000277. [PMID: 29388623 PMCID: PMC5783026 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy David Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Walker T, Michaelides C, Ekonomou A, Geraki K, Parkes HG, Suessmilch M, Herlihy AH, Crum WR, So PW. Dissociation between iron accumulation and ferritin upregulation in the aged substantia nigra: attenuation by dietary restriction. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:2488-2508. [PMID: 27743512 PMCID: PMC5115902 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite regulation, brain iron increases with aging and may enhance aging processes including neuroinflammation. Increases in magnetic resonance imaging transverse relaxation rates, R2 and R2*, in the brain have been observed during aging. We show R2 and R2* correlate well with iron content via direct correlation to semi-quantitative synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence iron mapping, with age-associated R2 and R2* increases reflecting iron accumulation. Iron accumulation was concomitant with increased ferritin immunoreactivity in basal ganglia regions except in the substantia nigra (SN). The unexpected dissociation of iron accumulation from ferritin-upregulation in the SN suggests iron dyshomeostasis in the SN. Occurring alongside microgliosis and astrogliosis, iron dyshomeotasis may contribute to the particular vulnerability of the SN. Dietary restriction (DR) has long been touted to ameliorate brain aging and we show DR attenuated age-related in vivo R2 increases in the SN over ages 7 - 19 months, concomitant with normal iron-induction of ferritin expression and decreased microgliosis. Iron is known to induce microgliosis and conversely, microgliosis can induce iron accumulation, which of these may be the initial pathological aging event warrants further investigation. We suggest iron chelation therapies and anti-inflammatory treatments may be putative 'anti-brain aging' therapies and combining these strategies may be synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Walker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Michaelides
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antigoni Ekonomou
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Harold G Parkes
- CR-UK Clinical MR Research Group, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - William R Crum
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Trivedi MS, Deth RC. Role of a redox-based methylation switch in mRNA life cycle (pre- and post-transcriptional maturation) and protein turnover: implications in neurological disorders. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:92. [PMID: 22740813 PMCID: PMC3382963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic synaptic scaling in response to neuronal stimulus or activation, and due to changes in cellular niche, is an important phenomenon for memory consolidation, retrieval, and other similar cognitive functions (Turrigiano and Nelson, 2004). Neurological disorders and cognitive disabilities in autism, Rett syndrome, schizophrenia, dementia, etc., are strongly correlated to alterations in protein expression (both synaptic and cytoplasmic; Cajigas et al., 2010). This correlation suggests that efficient temporal regulation of synaptic protein expression is important for synaptic plasticity. In addition, equilibrium between mRNA processing, protein translation, and protein turnover is a critical sensor/trigger for recording synaptic information, normal cognition, and behavior (Cajigas et al., 2010). Thus a regulatory switch, which controls the lifespan, maturation, and processing of mRNA, might influence cognition and adaptive behavior. Here, we propose a two part novel hypothesis that methylation might act as this suggested coordinating switch to critically regulate mRNA maturation at (1) the pre-transcription level, by regulating precursor-RNA processing into mRNA, via other non-coding RNAs and their influence on splicing phenomenon, and (2) the post-transcription level by modulating the regulatory functions of ribonucleoproteins and RNA binding proteins in mRNA translation, dendritic translocation as well as protein synthesis and synaptic turnover. DNA methylation changes are well recognized and highly correlated to gene expression levels as well as, learning and memory; however, RNA methylation changes are recently characterized and yet their functional implications are not established. This review article provides some insight on the intriguing consequences of changes in methylation levels on mRNA life-cycle. We also suggest that, since methylation is under the control of glutathione anti-oxidant levels (Lertratanangkoon et al., 1997), the redox status of neurons might be the central regulatory switch for methylation-based changes in mRNA processing, protein expression, and turnover. Lastly, we also describe experimental methods and techniques which might help researchers to evaluate the suggested hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malav S Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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