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Chen J, Chen M. Trajectories of Intergenerational Emotional Closeness in Multi-Child Aging Families in China. Res Aging 2024; 46:314-326. [PMID: 38243368 DOI: 10.1177/01640275241229683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Intergenerational emotional closeness (IEC) in multi-child families manifests not only in the overall parent-child relationship but also by the extent of its within-family differentiation. This study aimed to identify distinct trajectories of collective IEC in multi-child families and to examine its potential associated factors. The study used four waves of the China Family Panel Studies (2010-2018). Based on a sample of 3474 older adults (age >60), growth mixture modelling and logistic regression were conducted. Two latent trajectory patterns of IEC were identified: increasingly tight-knit (93%) and persistently collectively ambivalent (7%). Compared to the latter trajectory, older adults who had a married/cohabiting partner, had better health and received support from all children, were more likely to have increasingly tight-knit trajectories of IEC. The study tells a story more about emotional cohesion between Chinese older adults and multiple offspring over time. Aging families experiencing persistently collectively ambivalent IEC deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengni Chen
- Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhou A, Song Y, Li X, Hu B, Chen Y, Cui P, Li J. Functional limitation and happiness among older adults: the multiple mediating role of intergenerational support and intergenerational relationship. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1249216. [PMID: 37905237 PMCID: PMC10613474 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1249216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the functional limitation and happiness among Chinese older people and examined the multiple mediating effects of intergenerational support (instrumental support and financial support) and intergenerational relationship. Method Data was drawn from the Chinese Family Panel Survey (CFPS) 2018 and 2020. Structural equation modeling was adopted to analyze the association among functional limitations, intergenerational support, intergenerational relationship, and the older adults happiness. Results There was a significant association between the functional limitations and the lower happiness levels among the older adults. The instrumental support from adult children positively mediated the relationship between the functional limitation and the happiness. However, intergenerational relationships were reduced due to the dysfunction of the older adults, and played a negatively mediated role between the functional limitation and the happiness. In addition, instrumental and financial support play chain-mediating roles between functional limitation and happiness in older adults through intergenerational relationships. Conclusion Intergenerational relationships and instrumental support enhance the happiness of older adults with functional impairments, but their role is limited by the changing structure of modern families. Long-term care programs combined with the intergenerational support from families for people with functional impairments in old age would be more effective to reduce the burden on adult children and maintain the quality of life of the older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angdi Zhou
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Song
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinru Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bingqin Hu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Peiyao Cui
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Yan S, Deng R, Hou Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Yao J. A Latent Class Analysis of Intergenerational Relationships Among the Elderly Migrants in Nanjing, China. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1221-1232. [PMID: 37089819 PMCID: PMC10120831 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s404869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify (1) different types of intergenerational relationships among the elderly migrants, (2) factors influencing each type of relationship, and (3) the types significantly associated with psychological well-being of the elderly migrants. Methods Data were collected from 654 elderly migrants in Nanjing, China. Incorporating ten solidarity conflict indicators, the latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to classify intergenerational relationships. Logistic regression were used to analyze influencing factors, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to analyze the relationship of each type of intergenerational relationship with depression and life satisfaction. Results Three types of intergenerational relationships were classified: tight-knit (65%), conflicting (25%), distant intimate (10%). Gender, marital status, education level, annual income, subjective health, number of children and parentage were influencing factors for the three types. The tight-knit type predicted a healthy mental status. Discussion Three intergenerational relationships exist between elderly migrants and their children in Nanjing, China. A closer relationship predicts a better mental health in the elderly migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Yan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyue Deng
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Hou
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengjing Zhang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jun Yao, School of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Long Y, Jiang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, You X. You Are Old, but Are You Out? Intergenerational Contact Impacts on Out-Group Perspective-Taking and on the Roles of Stereotyping and Intergroup Anxiety. Front Psychol 2022; 13:781072. [PMID: 35369171 PMCID: PMC8970797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perspective-taking (PT) is an important ability to imagine the world from another's point of view. Prior studies have shown that younger adults are more likely to consider the opinions of age-based in-group members relative to out-group members. However, the cause of this priority is still unknown. We conducted three independent studies to explore the effect of intergenerational contact on younger adults' PT toward older adults and the possible roles of stereotyping and intergroup anxiety. A total of 192 college students completed the Perspective taking Scale in Study 1 after being primed with age-based intergroup relationships. The results indicated that younger adults found it more difficult to take the perspective of older adults than that of their peers. 200 college students completed the Prior Contact Scale, Intergroup Anxiety Scale, Negative Stereotype Scale, and PT Scale in Study 2. The results demonstrated that intergenerational contact improved PT toward older adults by disrupting negative stereotypes, and intergroup anxiety moderated this mediating relationship. A total of 215 college students completed the PT Scale in the context of imagining intergenerational contact in Study 3. Interestingly, imagined contact effectively increased younger adults' ability to take older adults' perspectives. The present research verifies that contact is important for influencing younger adults' emotional (intergroup anxiety) and attitudinal (stereotyping) factors that are critical to improving younger adults' ability to take older people's perspectives. This is of great significance for developing harmonious intergenerational relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxi Long
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinxin Jiang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- The Mental Health Education Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Research Center of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuqun You
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Behavioral and Cognitive Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the association between grandparenting and cognitive function over time in noncustodial grandparents in China and the United States. Lagged dependent variable (LDV) approach and linear regression models were applied to analyze a sample of 1,411 Chinese and 6,579 American adults aged 65 and above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2013) and the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2012-2014). Grandparenting involvement was associated with less decline in episodic memory for grandparents and greater level of grandparenting had no negative effect on mental status and global cognitive function in noncustodial grandparents in China and the United States. The impact of grandparenting on cognitive function was conditioned on caregiving intensity, gender, urban/rural residence, and nation. Findings of the study suggest that greater attention on grandparenting facilitation might yield improved research, social support, policy, and interventions on cognitive health for the general older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Pan
- Department of Sociology, 7174Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Ye Luo
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminal Justice, 2545Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Zhang Z, Luo Y, Robinson D. Who Are the Beneficiaries of China's New Rural Pension Scheme? Sons, Daughters, or Parents? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16173159. [PMID: 31470658 PMCID: PMC6747179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By applying a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, this study investigates whether sons, daughters, or parents are the beneficiaries of China’s New Rural Pension Scheme. Using data drawn from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, our results indicate that pension income crowds out approximately 27.9% of the monetary support from adult sons and decreases the likelihood that adult sons live with their parents by 6.5%. However, we do not find a significant effect of pension income on the likelihood that adult daughters live with their parents. In regards to the well-being of parents, which is measured by consumption and health outcomes, the results show that pension income increases food and non-food consumption by 16.3 and 15.1%, respectively, and improves the psychological health of the elderly. Accounting for the different effects of pension income for those with different income levels, our results show that the New Rural Pension Scheme only has a significant effect on the poor elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zhang
- College of Economics and Management, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yuxi Luo
- School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Derrick Robinson
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
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Abstract
As an ageing society, China has undergone various political and economic transitions since the 1980s, which has raised a series of social and policy concerns about the practicality of relying on family support in the care of older people. To understand the changing social expectations and the corresponding societal responses, the shifting perception of the rights and responsibilities associated with the family care of older people has to be comprehended first. Based on 39 qualitative interviews in two Chinese cities, Beijing and Guangzhou, this research contributes to an understanding of the pursuit of a "good life" by older people in contemporary urban China. It points to the argument that independence and autonomy in old age, as valued by the interviewees, will not be realised unless there is a shift in policy to recognise and respect the individuality of older people and facilitate their life choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ling Ada Cheung
- a Caritas Institute of Higher Education , University of Kent , Canterbury , Hong Kong
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Nordmarken S, Ace S. Transfiguring desire: Divining the origin of species. J Lesbian Stud 2018; 22:153-164. [PMID: 28816627 DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2017.1339179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this piece, we combine autoethnographic and poetic methods/genres to examine intimate and social experiences we have had as two transmasculine queers with complex sexual and gender histories in an intergenerational relationship. If queerness/transness is a "species," our title, playing on Darwin, promises an answer to oft-asked problematic questions of queer/trans origins. Refusing to address this question, we instead turn Darwin on himself and examine intimate moments in our lives to show how we have experienced the constant formation and personal evolution of desire and identity. Tracing memories reaching back 28 years for one of us and 58 years for the other, we describe our shifting desire and embodiment and locate ourselves in lesbian, gay, trans, and queer histories. We next investigate how illness, disability, and age difference inflect and shape the ways we understand and relate to each other and intersubjectively make meaning in our present relationship. Our inquiry illustrates our complex positionalities, examines how "dyke legacies" are embodied in our affection and interdependence, and challenges biologized, cisnormative assumptions. Thus, a knowledge formation starting from embodied trans-trans intimate lives can challenge the naturalness and intransigence assumptions in dominant notions of gender, heterosexuality, bodies, relationality, identity, and kinship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny Nordmarken
- a University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Samuel Ace
- b Mount Holyoke College , South Hadley , Massachusetts , USA
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Abstract
An increasing number of older Korean women have played an important role in taking care of their grandchildren to help their adult children. This study investigates the effects of grandparenting on older women' health in South Korea. Using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging ( N = 3,092), we estimated ordinal logistic regression models with lagged dependent variable to examine whether and how grandparenting type and transition and grandparenting intensity are associated with older women's self-rated health. Results show that grandmothers who provide long-term nonresidential grandparenting have better self-rated health than grandmothers who are not engaged in grandparenting. Grandmothers caring for grandchildren in skipped-generation households or multigenerational households do not suffer from a deficit in health. Grandparenting intensity is not associated with grandmothers' health. Our findings suggest that the implications of grandparenting for older women's health may differ in different social and cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Won Choi
- 1 Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- 1 Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kim J, Choi Y, Choi JW, Nam JY, Park EC. Impact of family characteristics by marital status of cohabitating adult children on depression among Korean older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2527-2536. [PMID: 28618150 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the association between different living arrangements of intergenerational household composition and depression in older adults. METHODS Data from the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging, the first to fourth waves, were used. Using the first wave as baseline, our analysis included 5046 participants aged ≥60 years with at least one living child. Depression was measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Factors investigated included living arrangements according to household composition and the marital status of a cohabiting adult child. A generalized estimating equation with the logit link for binary outcomes was used to examine the association between living arrangements and depression. RESULTS Compared with the older adults living with a married child and grandchildren, those living alone, those living with an unmarried child, and those living with an unmarried child and grandchildren were more likely to have depression (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.75; OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.18-1.66; OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.27-2.01). In particular, women were more likely to have depression than men in the association between living arrangements and depression. CONCLUSIONS Efforts should be made to provide social services for older adults living alone and those living with an unmarried child in a two-/three-generation family, in particular, for those who are female. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2527-2536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Kim
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Choi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Choi
- Busan Public Health Policy Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Young Nam
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Cheol Park
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lu N, Lou VWQ, Zuo D, Chi I. Intergenerational Relationships and Self-Rated Health Trajectories Among Older Adults in Rural China: Does Gender Matter? Res Aging 2016; 39:322-344. [PMID: 26472103 DOI: 10.1177/0164027515611183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined trajectory patterns of self-rated health (SRH) among older rural Chinese adults and gender differences in the relationship between intergenerational relationships and SRH trajectories. Using data from four waves of a longitudinal study on the well-being of older adults in Anhui province, a general growth mixture model was estimated to examine the SRH trajectory patterns and antecedents of SRH trajectory class memberships. A two-class model was selected to interpret the SRH trajectory patterns. The two classes were labeled remaining poor and good but declining. Intergenerational relationships were a significant antecedent of SRH trajectory class memberships among men but not women. Gender differences in the cumulative effects of intergenerational relationships on the health of older adults were identified in rural China. Policy implications regarding how to help rural families support their elderly members are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- 1 Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Vivian W Q Lou
- 2 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Sau Po Centre on Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dongmei Zuo
- 3 Center for Aging and Health Research, Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Iris Chi
- 4 School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Using in-depth interview data on nominal marriages - legal marriages between a gay man and a lesbian to give the appearance of heterosexuality - this paper develops the concept of performative family to explain the processes through which parents and their adult children negotiate and resolve disagreements in relation to marriage decisions in post-socialist China. We identify three mechanisms - network pressure, a revised discourse of filial piety and resource leverage - through which parents influence their gay offspring's decision to turn to nominal marriage. We also delineate six strategies, namely minimizing network participation, changing expectations, making partial concessions, drawing the line, delaying decisions and ending the marriage, by which gay people in nominal marriages attempt to meet parental expectations while simultaneously retaining a degree of autonomy. Through these interactions, we argue that Chinese parents and their gay adult children implicitly and explicitly collaborate to perform family, emphasizing the importance of formally meeting society's expectations about marriage rather than substantively yielding to its demands. We also argue that the performative family is a pragmatic response to the tension between the persistent centrality of family and marriage and the rising tide of individualism in post-socialist China. We believe that our findings highlight the specific predicament of homosexual people. They also shed light on the more general dynamics of intergenerational negotiation because there is evidence that the mechanisms used by parents to exert influence may well be similar between gay and non-gay people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Yp Choi
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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Smolkin AA. [Attitudes to elderly people in everyday life: Attitudes to elderly people in everyday life: conceptual outlines of explanation model]. Adv Gerontol 2016; 29:134-140. [PMID: 28423259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The article deals with problems related to the third age in contemporary Russia. It is based on empirical data obtained in unstructured students interviews (N=53) in Saratov and Moscow in 2007-2014. The author shows that the lack of a respectful behavior regardless its reasons is often labeled as «disrespect». As a result a «neutral attitude» is devoid of practical implementation. In reality a «good attitude» to the third age is often unrealized because of the actions of older people themselves, as these actions are incompatible with respect practices. These asymmetrical actions are embodied in intergenerational contacts and may take form of non-status behavior that disqualifies an elder actor as a potential object of respect, etc.
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Luo Y, LaPierre TA, Hughes ME, Waite LJ. Grandparents Providing Care to Grandchildren: A Population-Based Study of Continuity and Change. J Fam Issues 2012; 33:1143-1167. [PMID: 37736111 PMCID: PMC10512842 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x12438685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examines transitions in grandchild care and the characteristics of grandparents making these transitions, using longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of 13,626 grandparents in the 1998-2008 Health and Retirement Study. More than 60% of grandparents provided grandchild care over the 10-year period; more than 70% of those did it for 2 years or more. Grandparents with fewer functional limitations and more economic resources were more likely to start or continue nonresidential care, whereas relatively disadvantaged grandparents were more likely to start and continue coresidential care. Grandparents who were African American, younger, married, living with fewer minor children of their own, or had more grandchildren were more likely to start care, particularly nonresidential care. African Americans and Hispanics were more likely than Whites to start and continue coresidential care. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of caregiving and point to the lack of resources among those who provide coresidential care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Luo
- Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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