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Chandran S, Tang Q. Impact of interleukin-6 on T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2022; 22 Suppl 4:18-27. [PMID: 36453710 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in T cell activation, survival, and differentiation. Acting as a switch that induces the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells and inhibits their development into regulatory T cells, IL-6 promotes rejection and abrogates tolerance. Therapies that target IL-6 signaling include antibodies to IL-6 and the IL-6 receptor and inhibitors of janus kinases; several of these therapeutics have demonstrated robust clinical efficacy in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Clinical trials of IL-6 inhibition in kidney transplantation have focused primarily on its effects on B cells, plasma cells, and HLA antibodies. In this review, we summarize the impact of IL-6 on T cells in experimental models of transplant and describe the effects of IL-6 inhibition on the T cell compartment in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Chandran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Center, Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genome Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Xu H, Lee HJ, Schmitz R, Shaw BI, Li S, Kirk AD. Age-related effects on thymic output and homeostatic T cell expansion following depletional induction in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3163-3174. [PMID: 33942491 PMCID: PMC8429231 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymic output and homeostatic mature cell proliferation both influence T cell repopulation following depletional induction, though the relative contribution of each and their association with recipient age have not been well studied. We investigated the repopulating T cell kinetics in kidney transplant recipients who underwent alemtuzumab induction followed by belatacept/rapamycin-based immunosuppression over 36-month posttransplantation. We focused specifically on the correlation between repopulating T cell subsets and the age of patients. Substantial homeostatic Ki67-expressing T cell proliferation was seen posttransplantation. A repertoire enriched for naïve T (TNaïve ) cells emerged posttransplantation. Analysis by generalized estimating equation linear models revealed a strong negative linear association between reconstituting TNaïve cells and advancing age. A relationship between age and persistence of effector memory cells was shown. We assessed thymic output and found an increase in the frequency of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs, CD4+ CD31+ ) at 12-month posttransplantation. Patients under 30 years of age showed significantly higher levels of CD4+ CD31+ cells than patients over 55 years of age pre- and posttransplantation. IL-7 and autologous mature dendritic cells (mDCs) induced CD57- cell proliferation. In contrast, mDCs, but not IL-7, induced CD57+ cell proliferation. This study establishes the relationship between age and thymic output during T cell homeostatic repopulation after alemtuzumab induction. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT00565773.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: He Xu, MD, Allan D. Kirk, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Edwin Jones Building Room 368, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: (919)684-4371, ,
| | - Hui-Jie Lee
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian I Shaw
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shu Li
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: He Xu, MD, Allan D. Kirk, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Edwin Jones Building Room 368, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: (919)684-4371, ,
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3
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Xu H, Mehta AK, Gao Q, Lee HJ, Ghali A, Guasch A, Kirk AD. B cell reconstitution following alemtuzumab induction under a belatacept-based maintenance regimen. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:653-662. [PMID: 31596034 PMCID: PMC7202689 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte depletion has been shown to control costimulation blockade-resistant rejection but, in some settings, to exacerbate antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). We have used alemtuzumab, which depletes T and B cells, combined with belatacept and rapamycin and previously reported control of both costimulation blockade-resistant rejection and AMR. To evaluate this regimen's effect on B cell signatures, we investigated 40 patients undergoing this therapy. B cell counts and phenotypes were interrogated using flow cytometry, and serum was analyzed for total IgG, IgM, and donor-specific alloantibody (DSA). Alemtuzumab induction produced pan-lymphocyte depletion; B cells repopulated faster and more completely than T cells. Reconstituting B cells were predominantly naïve, and memory B cells were significantly reduced (P = .001) post repopulation. Two B cell populations with potential immunomodulatory effects-regulatory (CD38hi CD24hi IgMhi CD20hi ) and transitional B cells (CD19+ CD27- IgD+ CD38hi )-were enriched posttransplant (P = .001). Total serum IgG decreased from baseline (P = .016) while IgM levels remained stable. Five patients developed DSAs within 36 months posttransplant, but none developed AMR. Baseline IgG levels in these patients were significantly higher than those in patients without DSAs. These findings suggest that belatacept and rapamycin together limit homeostatic B cell activation following B cell depletion and may lessen the risk of AMR. This regimen warrants prospective, comparative study. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00565773.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,,Corresponding author: He Xu, M.D., Mailing Address: Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Edwin Jones Building, Room 368, Durham, NC 27710, Telephone: (919) 681-4853, Fax Number: (919) 681-2779,
| | - Aneesh K. Mehta
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Qimeng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Hui-Jie Lee
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Ada Ghali
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Antonio Guasch
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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4
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Crepeau R, Elengickal J, La Muraglia G, Ford M. Impact of selective CD28 blockade on virus-specific immunity to a murine Epstein-Barr virus homolog. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2199-2209. [PMID: 30801917 PMCID: PMC6658342 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CTLA-4Ig (belatacept) blocks the CD80/CD86 ligands for both CD28 and CTLA-4; thus, in addition to the intended effect of blocking CD28-mediated costimulation, belatacept also has the unintended effect of blocking CTLA-4-mediated coinhibition. Recently, anti-CD28 domain antibodies (dAb) that selectively target CD28 while leaving CTLA-4 intact were shown to more effectively inhibit alloimmune responses and prolong graft survival. However, the impact of selective CD28 blockade on protective immunity has not been extensively investigated. Here, we sought to compare the impact of CTLA-4Ig vs anti-CD28dAb on CD8+ T cell immunity to a transplant-relevant pathogen, a murine homolog of Epstein-Barr virus. Mice were infected with murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV) and treated with vehicle, CTLA-4Ig, or anti-CD28dAb. Although anti-CD28dAb resulted in a decrease in virus-specific CD8+ T cell numbers as compared to CTLA-4Ig, cytolytic function and the expression of markers of high-quality effectors were not different from CTLA-4Ig treated animals. Importantly, MHV-68 viral load was not different between the treatment groups. These results suggest that preserved CTLA-4 coinhibition limits MHV-specific CD8+ T cell accumulation, but the population that remains retains cytolytic function and migratory capacity and is not inferior in its ability to control viral burden relative to T cell responses in CTLA-4Ig-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.L. Crepeau
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J.A. Elengickal
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - G.M. La Muraglia
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M.L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mulvihill MS, Samy KP, Gao QA, Schmitz R, Davis RP, Ezekian B, Leopardi F, Song M, How T, Williams K, Barbas A, Collins B, Kirk AD. Secondary lymphoid tissue and costimulation-blockade resistant rejection: A nonhuman primate renal transplant study. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2350-2357. [PMID: 30891931 PMCID: PMC6658331 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Naïve T cell activation requires antigen presentation combined with costimulation through CD28, both of which optimally occur in secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes and the spleen. Belatacept impairs CD28 costimulation by binding its ligands, CD80 and CD86, and in doing so, impairs de novo alloimmune responses. However, in most patients belatacept is ineffective in preventing allograft rejection when used as a monotherapy, and adjuvant therapy is required for control of costimulation-blockade resistant rejection (CoBRR). In rodent models, impaired access to secondary lymphoid tissues has been demonstrated to reduce alloimmune responses to vascularized allografts. Here we show that surgical maneuvers, lymphatic ligation, and splenectomy, designed to anatomically limit access to secondary lymphoid tissues, control CoBRR and facilitate belatacept monotherapy in a nonhuman primate model of kidney transplantation without adjuvant immunotherapy. We further demonstrate that animals sustained on belatacept monotherapy progressively develop an increasingly naïve T and B cell repertoire, an effect that is accelerated by splenectomy and lost at the time of belatacept withdrawal and rejection. These pilot data inform the role of secondary lymphoid tissues on the development of CoBRR and the use of costimulation molecule-focused therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Mulvihill
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kannan P Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Qimeng A Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert P Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Ezekian
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis Leopardi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mingqing Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tam How
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyha Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bradley Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Gartlan KH, Bommiasamy H, Paz K, Wilkinson AN, Owen M, Reichenbach DK, Banovic T, Wehner K, Buchanan F, Varelias A, Kuns RD, Chang K, Fedoriw Y, Shea T, Coghill J, Zaiken M, Plank MW, Foster PS, Clouston AD, Blazar BR, Serody JS, Hill GR. A critical role for donor-derived IL-22 in cutaneous chronic GVHD. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:810-820. [PMID: 28941323 PMCID: PMC5866168 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major cause of nonrelapse morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Prevention and treatment of GVHD remain inadequate and commonly lead to end-organ dysfunction and opportunistic infection. The role of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in GVHD remains uncertain, due to an apparent lack of lineage fidelity and variable and contextually determined protective and pathogenic effects. We demonstrate that donor T cell-derived IL-22 significantly exacerbates cutaneous chronic GVHD and that IL-22 is produced by highly inflammatory donor CD4+ T cells posttransplantation. IL-22 and IL-17A derive from both independent and overlapping lineages, defined as T helper (Th)22 and IL-22+ Th17 cells. Donor Th22 and IL-22+ Th17 cells share a similar IL-6-dependent developmental pathway, and while Th22 cells arise independently of the IL-22+ Th17 lineage, IL-17 signaling to donor Th22 directly promotes their development in allo-SCT. Importantly, while both IL-22 and IL-17 mediate skin GVHD, Th17-induced chronic GVHD can be attenuated by IL-22 inhibition in preclinical systems. In the clinic, high levels of both IL-17A and IL-22 expression are present in the skin of patients with GVHD after allo-SCT. Together, these data demonstrate a key role for donor-derived IL-22 in patients with chronic skin GVHD and confirm parallel but symbiotic developmental pathways of Th22 and Th17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Gartlan
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hemamalini Bommiasamy
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katelyn Paz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew N Wilkinson
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mary Owen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dawn K Reichenbach
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tatjana Banovic
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kimberly Wehner
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Faith Buchanan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel D Kuns
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karshing Chang
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas Shea
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James Coghill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Zaiken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maximilian W Plank
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul S Foster
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan S Serody
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Immunology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Xu H, Bendersky VA, Brennan TV, Espinosa JR, Kirk AD. IL-7 receptor heterogeneity as a mechanism for repertoire change during postdepletional homeostatic proliferation and its relation to costimulation blockade-resistant rejection. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:720-730. [PMID: 29136317 PMCID: PMC6035390 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplant patients treated with belatacept without depletional induction experience higher rates of acute rejection compared to patients treated with conventional immunosuppression. Costimulation blockade-resistant rejection (CoBRR) is associated with terminally differentiated T cells. Alemtuzumab induction and belatacept/sirolimus immunotherapy effectively prevent CoBRR. We hypothesized that cells in late phases of differentiation would be selectively less capable than more naive phenotypes of repopulating postdepletion, providing a potential mechanism by which lymphocyte depletion and repopulation could reduce the risk of CoBRR. Lymphocytes from 20 recipients undergoing alemtuzumab-induced depletion and belatacept/sirolimus immunosuppression were studied longitudinally for markers of maturation (CCR7, CD45RA, CD57, PD1), recent thymic emigration (CD31), and the IL-7 receptor-α (IL-7Rα). Serum was analyzed for IL-7. Alemtuzumab induction produced profound lymphopenia followed by repopulation, during which naive IL-7Rα+ CD57- PD1- cells progressively became the predominant subset. This did not occur in a comparator group of 10 patients treated with conventional immunosuppression. Serum from depleted patients showed markedly elevated IL-7 levels posttransplantation. Sorted CD57- PD1- cells demonstrated robust proliferation in response to IL-7, whereas more differentiated cells proliferated poorly. These data suggest that differences in IL-7-dependent proliferation is one exploitable mechanism that distinguishes CoB-sensitive and CoB-resistant T cell populations to reduce the risk of CoBRR. (ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT00565773.).
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Todd V Brennan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jaclyn R Espinosa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Degauque N. Fate of transplanted lungs is controlled by immune cells encounter within pulmonary allografts. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:9-10. [PMID: 28887863 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Degauque
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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Beura LK, Rosato PC, Masopust D. Implications of Resident Memory T Cells for Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1167-1175. [PMID: 27804207 PMCID: PMC5409891 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have established resident memory T cells (TRM ) as the dominant memory lymphocyte population surveying most nonlymphoid tissues. Unlike other memory T cell lineages, TRM do not recirculate through blood and are permanently confined to their tissue of residence. TRM orchestrate local immune responses and have been shown to accelerate local pathogen control in many experimental infection models. Here we briefly summarize recent advances in TRM differentiation, maintenance, and their protective function. While little is known, we have speculated on the potential implications of TRM for transplantation biology. Areas of emphasis include the role of passenger TRM in controlling latent viral recrudescence in donor organs, donor TRM as a source of graft-versus-host disease, the ability of TRM to potently induce inflammation through sensing and alarm functions, and differentiation of host T cells into TRM in response to local cues inside the allograft. Further investigation of TRM in the context of transplantation might identify therapeutic targets to prolong graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K. Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Pamela C. Rosato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Fantus D, Thomson AW. Evolving perspectives of mTOR complexes in immunity and transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:891-902. [PMID: 25737114 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of Rapamycin (RAPA) and its immunosuppressive properties, enormous progress has been made in characterizing the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Use of RAPA and its analogues (rapalogs) as anti-rejection agents has been accompanied by extensive investigation of how targeting of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), the principal target of RAPA, and more recently mTORC2, affects the function of immune cells, as well as vascular endothelial cells, that play crucial roles in regulation of allograft rejection. While considerable knowledge has accumulated on the function of mTORC1 and 2 in T cells, understanding of the differential roles of these complexes in antigen-presenting cells, NK cells and B cells/plasma cells is only beginning to emerge. Immune cell-specific targeting of mTORC1 or mTORC2, together with use of novel, second generation, dual mTORC kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs) have started to play an important role in elucidating the roles of these complexes and their potential for targeting in transplantation. Much remains unknown about the role of mTOR complexes and the consequences of mTOR targeting on immune reactivity in clinical transplantation. Here we address recent advances in understanding and evolving perspectives of the role of mTOR complexes and mTOR targeting in immunity, with extrapolation to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fantus
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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