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Maslova O, Shusharina N, Videnin A, Pyatin V. Integrative function of proprioceptive system in the acute effects of whole body vibration on the movement performance in young adults. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1357199. [PMID: 38654753 PMCID: PMC11035735 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1357199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The proprioceptive system coordinates locomotion, but its role in short-term integration and recovery of motor activity in imbalance of motor patterns and body remains debated. The aim of this study is investigating the functional role of proprioceptive system in motor patterns and body balance in healthy young adults. Methods 70 participants (aged 20.1 ± 0.3) were divided into experimental groups EG1 (n = 30), EG2 (n = 30), control group (CG, n = 10). EG1 performed single WBV session on Power Plate (7 exercises adapted to Functional Movement Screen (FMS). EG2 performed single session of FMS Exercises (FMSE). CG didn't perform any physical activity. All participants performed pre- and post-session of FMS and stabilometric measurements. Results FMS total score in EG1 increased by 2.0 ± 0.2 (p0 < 0.001), this was significantly differed (p0 < 0.001) from EG2 and CG. Acute effects of WBV and FMSE on rate of change and standard deviation (SD) of pressure center (COP) were shown in all groups during Static Test (p0 < 0.01). SD increased (p0 < 0.01) in Given Setting Test in EG1 and EG2, and in Romberg Test (p0 < 0.001) in EG1. Length, width and area (p0 < 0.01) of confidence ellipse, containing 95% of the statokinesiogram points, decreased in Static Test in EG1; width and area (p0 < 0.01) decreased in EG2 group. Significant (p0 < 0.01) decrease in Given Setting Test was in EG1, and significant (p0 < 0.01) increase was in Romberg Test (open eyes) in CG. Maximum amplitude of COP oscillations: significantly (p0 < 0.01) decreasing along X and Y axes in EG1 and EG2, and along Y axis in CG during Static Test; along Y axis (p0 < 0.01) in all groups during Given Setting Test. Significant differences were identified (p0 < 0.01) in calculated energy consumption for COP moving during all stabilometric tests. However, inter-group differences in COP after acute WBV and FMSE sessions have not been identified. Conclusions Acute WBV session eliminates the deficits in motor patterns which is not the case after acute FMSE session, which, according to our integrative movement tuning hypothesis, is due to high activation of integrative function of proprioceptive system. Efficacy of WBV and FMSE on COP performance indicates a high sensitivity of postural control to different levels of proprioceptive system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maslova
- Neurosociology Laboratory, Neurosciences Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Natalia Shusharina
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Arseniy Videnin
- Physiology Department, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Pyatin
- Neurointerfaces and Neurotechnologies Laboratory, Neurosciences Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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Raiola G, D’Isanto T, Di Domenico F, D’Elia F. Effect of Teaching Methods on Motor Efficiency, Perceptions and Awareness in Children. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10287. [PMID: 36011930 PMCID: PMC9408595 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, physical inactivity and sedentariness in children are becoming increasingly common, resulting in children’s poor ability to perform basic motor patterns. It is important to find strategies that instructors can adopt to improve awareness of the importance of physical activity for health and wellness, as well as motor efficiency. Two teaching methods can be used: prescriptive teaching and heuristic learning. The aim of this study was to compare these two methods to determine which is the most suitable for developing motor efficiency. An additional aim was to verify the children’s level of enjoyment and self-efficacy through questions on perceptions and, subsequently, on awareness of the activity performed distinctly from perception. The sample consisted of 28 children randomly divided into two groups: HEUR-L, performing activities using heuristic learning, a basic method in ecological approach; and PRES-T, using prescriptive teaching, a basic cognitive method. A motor-efficiency test (TEM) and a survey were administered. A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to test differences in motor efficiency. A Chi-square (χ2) test was used to compare differences between groups in terms of perceptions in enjoyment and self-efficacy and, on a second test, awareness of the activity performed. The results were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Both teaching methods improved motor efficiency, although HEUR-L did so to a greater extent. Differences in perception were found in terms of enjoyment and self-efficacy (p < 0.05), whereas there was no difference in terms of awareness (p > 0.05). Although both methodologies led to improvements in motor-pattern development, heuristic learning was found to be the most effective method to improve motor efficiency, relationships and self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Raiola
- Department of Political and Social Studies, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Tiziana D’Isanto
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Felice Di Domenico
- Department of Political and Social Studies, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca D’Elia
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Education Sciences, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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Karunanithi S, Lin YQ, Odierna GL, Menon H, Gonzalez JM, Neely GG, Noakes PG, Lavidis NA, Moorhouse AJ, van Swinderen B. Activity-Dependent Global Downscaling of Evoked Neurotransmitter Release across Glutamatergic Inputs in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8025-41. [PMID: 32928887 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0349-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Within mammalian brain circuits, activity-dependent synaptic adaptations, such as synaptic scaling, stabilize neuronal activity in the face of perturbations. Stability afforded through synaptic scaling involves uniform scaling of quantal amplitudes across all synaptic inputs formed on neurons, as well as on the postsynaptic side. It remains unclear whether activity-dependent uniform scaling also operates within peripheral circuits. We tested for such scaling in a Drosophila larval neuromuscular circuit, where the muscle receives synaptic inputs from different motoneurons. We used motoneuron-specific genetic manipulations to increase the activity of only one motoneuron and recordings of postsynaptic currents from inputs formed by the different motoneurons. We discovered an adaptation which caused uniform downscaling of evoked neurotransmitter release across all inputs through decreases in release probabilities. This "presynaptic downscaling" maintained the relative differences in neurotransmitter release across all inputs around a homeostatic set point, caused a compensatory decrease in synaptic drive to the muscle affording robust and stable muscle activity, and was induced within hours. Presynaptic downscaling was associated with an activity-dependent increase in Drosophila vesicular glutamate transporter expression. Activity-dependent uniform scaling can therefore manifest also on the presynaptic side to produce robust and stable circuit outputs. Within brain circuits, uniform downscaling on the postsynaptic side is implicated in sleep- and memory-related processes. Our results suggest that evaluation of such processes might be broadened to include uniform downscaling on the presynaptic side.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To date, compensatory adaptations which stabilise target cell activity through activity-dependent global scaling have been observed only within central circuits, and on the postsynaptic side. Considering that maintenance of stable activity is imperative for the robust function of the nervous system as a whole, we tested whether activity-dependent global scaling could also manifest within peripheral circuits. We uncovered a compensatory adaptation which causes global scaling within a peripheral circuit and on the presynaptic side through uniform downscaling of evoked neurotransmitter release. Unlike in central circuits, uniform scaling maintains functionality over a wide, rather than a narrow, operational range, affording robust and stable activity. Activity-dependent global scaling therefore operates on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sides to maintain target cell activity.
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Aguilar Garcia IG, Dueñas-Jiménez JM, Castillo L, Osuna-Carrasco LP, De La Torre Valdovinos B, Castañeda-Arellano R, López-Ruiz JR, Toro-Castillo C, Treviño M, Mendizabal-Ruiz G, Duenas-Jimenez SH. Fictive Scratching Patterns in Brain Cortex-Ablated, Midcollicular Decerebrate, and Spinal Cats. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32174815 PMCID: PMC7056700 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The spinal cord’s central pattern generators (CPGs) have been explained by the symmetrical half-center hypothesis, the bursts generator, computational models, and more recently by connectome circuits. Asymmetrical models, at odds with the half-center paradigm, are composed of extensor and flexor CPG modules. Other models include not only flexor and extensor motoneurons but also motoneuron pools controlling biarticular muscles. It is unknown whether a preferred model can explain some particularities that fictive scratching (FS) in the cat presents. The first aim of this study was to investigate FS patterns considering the aiming and the rhythmic periods, and second, to examine the effects of serotonin (5HT) on and segmental inputs to FS. Methods: The experiments were carried out first in brain cortex-ablated cats (BCAC), then spinalized (SC), and for the midcollicular (MCC) preparation. Subjects were immobilized and the peripheral nerves were used to elicit the Monosynaptic reflex (MR), to modify the scratching patterns and for electroneurogram recordings. Results: In BCAC, FS was produced by pinna stimulation and, in some cases, by serotonin. The scratching aiming phase (AP) initiates with the activation of either flexor or extensor motoneurons. Serotonin application during the AP produced simultaneous extensor and flexor bursts. Furthermore, WAY 100635 (5HT1A antagonist) produced a brief burst in the tibialis anterior (TA) nerve, followed by a reduction in its electroneurogram (ENG), while the soleus ENG remained silent. In SC, rhythmic phase (RP) activity was recorded in the soleus motoneurons. Serotonin or WAY produced FS bouts. The electrical stimulation of Ia afferent fibers produced heteronymous MRes waxing and waning during the scratch cycle. In MCC, FS began with flexor activity. Electrical stimulation of either deep peroneus (DP) or superficial peroneus (SP) nerves increased the duration of the TA electroneurogram. Medial gastrocnemius (MG) stretching or MG nerve electrical stimulation produced a reduction in the TA electroneurogram and an initial MG extensor burst. MRes waxed and waned during the scratch cycle. Conclusion: Descending pathways and segmental afferent fibers, as well as 5-HT and WAY, can change the FS pattern. To our understanding, the half-center hypothesis is the most suitable for explaining the AP in MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Castillo
- Centro Básico, Universidad de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Toro-Castillo
- Departmento de Electrónica y Computación, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Mario Treviño
- Laboratorio de Plasticidad Cortical y Aprendizaje Perceptual, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Mendizabal-Ruiz
- Departmento de Electrónica y Computación, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Gallego D, Ortega O, Arenas C, López I, Mans E, Clavé P. The effect of levosulpiride on in vitro motor patterns in the human gastric fundus, antrum, and jejunum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:879-90. [PMID: 26842870 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levosulpiride is a 5HT4 agonist/D2 antagonist prokinetic agent used to improve gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia or gastroparesis. The aim of this study was to characterize its effect on the main in vitro motility patterns in the human fundus, antrum, and jejunum. METHODS Circular muscle strips from human stomach (antrum and fundus) and jejunum, obtained from 46 patients undergoing bariatric surgery, were studied using organ baths. Enteric motor neurons (EMNs) were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS). KEY RESULTS Levosulpiride, caused an increase in the EFS-induced cholinergic contractions in the gastric antrum (+37 ± 15.18% at 100 μM, pEC50 = 4.46 ± 0.14; p < 0.05, n = 8) and jejunum (+45.4 ± 22.03% at 100 μM, pEC50 = 3.78 ± 6.81; p < 0.05, n = 5), but not in the gastric fundus. It also caused a slight decrease in tone and frequency of spontaneous contractions in the jejunum, but did not have any major effect on tone or spontaneous contractions in the stomach. It did not have any effect on EFS-induced relaxations mediated by nitric oxide (NO) in the stomach (antrum and fundus) and by NO and ATP in the jejunum. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results suggest that the prokinetic effects of levosulpiride in humans are mainly due to the facilitation of the release of acetylcholine by enteric motor neurons in the gastric antrum and the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gallego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Ortega
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Arenas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - I López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Mans
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Clavé
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Wessel S, Koppen IJN, Wiklendt L, Costa M, Benninga MA, Dinning PG. Characterizing colonic motility in children with chronic intractable constipation: a look beyond high-amplitude propagating sequences. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:743-57. [PMID: 26867952 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with chronic intractable constipation experience severe and long-lasting symptoms, which respond poorly to conventional therapeutic strategies. Detailed characterization of colonic motor patterns in such children has not yet been obtained. METHODS In 18 children with chronic intractable constipation, a high-resolution water-perfused manometry catheter (36 sensors at 1.5-cm intervals) was colonoscopically placed with the tip at the distal transverse colon. Colonic motor patterns were recorded for 2 h prior to and after a meal and then after colonic infusion of bisacodyl. These data were compared with previously published colonic manometry data from 12 healthy adult controls and 14 adults with slow-transit constipation. KEY RESULTS The postprandial number of the retrograde cyclic propagating motor pattern was significantly reduced in these children compared with healthy adults (children, 3.1 ± 4.7/h vs healthy adults, 34.7 ± 45.8/h; p < 0.0001) but not constipated adults (4.5 ± 5.6/h; p = 0.9). The number of preprandial long-single motor patterns was significantly higher (p = 0.003) in children (8.0 ± 13.2/h) than in healthy adults (0.4 ± 0.9/h) and in constipated adults (0.4 ± 0.7/h). Postprandial high-amplitude propagating sequences (HAPSs) were rarely observed in children (2/18), but HAPS could be induced by bisacodyl in 16 of 18 children. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Children with chronic intractable constipation show a similar impaired postprandial colonic response to that seen in adults with slow-transit constipation. Children may have attenuated extrinsic parasympathetic inputs to the colon associated with an increased incidence of spontaneous long-single motor patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wessel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I J N Koppen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Wiklendt
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M Costa
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M A Benninga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P G Dinning
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Rychter J, Ortega O, Berdun S, Arenas C, Lopez I, Espin F, Vergara P, Clavé P. Mast cell degranulation inhibits motor patterns of human ileum and sigmoid colon in vitro: relevance for postoperative ileus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1098-109. [PMID: 25974622 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local release of mast cell proteases during gastrointestinal surgery is associated with the inhibition of motility and postoperative ileus (POI). We determined whether activation of intramuscular mast cell affects the motor patterns of the human ileum and colon and whether proteases are involved. METHODS Motor response of ileal and colonic circular muscle strips was measured in organ bath. Mast cell degranulation was induced by compound 48/80 (c48/80; 25-675 μg/mL). Motor response was quantified as tone, rhythmic phasic contractions (RPCs) and contractions to electric field stimulation (EFS; 40 Hz), and bethanechol-evoked contractions. Ketotifen (10(-6) mol/L) and a protease inhibitor cocktail (P8340) were used to evaluate the role of mast cell mediators. KEY RESULTS (a) c48/80 impaired the spontaneous and the electrically evoked motor response in small bowel and colonic strips (sigmoid colon EC50 : 460.0 μg/mL for RPCs and 8.9 μg/mL for electrically evoked contraction amplitudes) and bethanechol-evoked contractions. (b) Preincubation with ketotifen (10(-6) mol/L, 1 h) prevented the impairment of RPCs and EFS-evoked contractions in the sigmoid colon and ileum but not in the right colon. (c) Preincubation with P8340 also prevented the impairment of contractions in the sigmoid colon but not in the ileum or the right colon. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Mast cell degranulation by c48/80 inhibits the spontaneous and the nerve-mediated motor response in the human ileum and colon. The effect is partially mediated by mast cell proteases and could be relevant in the pathophysiology of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rychter
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - O Ortega
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Mataró, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Berdun
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Arenas
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - I Lopez
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Mataró, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Espin
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Mataró, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Vergara
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Veterinary School, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Clavé
- CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Surgery, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Mataró, Catalonia, Spain
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Kuizenga MH, Sia TC, Dodds KN, Wiklendt L, Arkwright JW, Thomas A, Brookes SJ, Spencer NJ, Wattchow DA, Dinning PG, Costa M. Neurally mediated propagating discrete clustered contractions superimposed on myogenic ripples in ex vivo segments of human ileum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G1-G11. [PMID: 25394659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00230.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Narrow muscle strips have been extensively used to study intestinal contractility. Larger specimens from laboratory animals have provided detailed understanding of mechanisms that underlie patterned intestinal motility. Despite progress in animal tissue, investigations of motor patterns in large, intact specimens of human gut ex vivo have been sparse. In this study, we tested whether neurally dependent motor patterns could be detected in isolated specimens of intact human ileum. Specimens (n = 14; 7-30 cm long) of terminal ileum were obtained with prior informed consent from patients undergoing colonic surgery for removal of carcinomas. Preparations were set up in an organ bath with an array of force transducers, a fiberoptic manometry catheter, and a video camera. Spontaneous and distension-evoked motor activity was recorded, and the effects of lidocaine, which inhibits neural activity, were studied. Myogenic contractions (ripples) occurred in all preparations (6.17 ± 0.36/min). They were of low amplitude and formed complex patterns by colliding and propagating in both directions along the specimen at anterograde velocities of 4.1 ± 0.3 mm/s and retrogradely at 4.9 ± 0.6 mm/s. In five specimens, larger amplitude clusters of contractions were seen (discrete clustered contractions), which propagated aborally at 1.05 ± 0.13 mm/s and orally at 1.07 ± 0.09 mm/s. These consisted of two to eight phasic contractions that aligned with ripples. These motor patterns were abolished by addition of lidocaine (0.3 mM). The ripples continued unchanged in the presence of this neural blocking agent. These results demonstrate that both myogenic and neurogenic motor patterns can be studied in isolated specimens of human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel H Kuizenga
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tiong C Sia
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lukasz Wiklendt
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John W Arkwright
- Discipline of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Thomas
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Phil G Dinning
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;
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Hofmann V, Geurten BRH, Sanguinetti-Scheck JI, Gómez-Sena L, Engelmann J. Motor patterns during active electrosensory acquisition. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:186. [PMID: 24904337 PMCID: PMC4036139 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor patterns displayed during active electrosensory acquisition of information seem to be an essential part of a sensory strategy by which weakly electric fish actively generate and shape sensory flow. These active sensing strategies are expected to adaptively optimize ongoing behavior with respect to either motor efficiency or sensory information gained. The tight link between the motor domain and sensory perception in active electrolocation make weakly electric fish like Gnathonemus petersii an ideal system for studying sensory-motor interactions in the form of active sensing strategies. Analyzing the movements and electric signals of solitary fish during unrestrained exploration of objects in the dark, we here present the first formal quantification of motor patterns used by fish during electrolocation. Based on a cluster analysis of the kinematic values we categorized the basic units of motion. These were then analyzed for their associative grouping to identify and extract short coherent chains of behavior. This enabled the description of sensory behavior on different levels of complexity: from single movements, over short behaviors to more complex behavioral sequences during which the kinematics alter between different behaviors. We present detailed data for three classified patterns and provide evidence that these can be considered as motor components of active sensing strategies. In accordance with the idea of active sensing strategies, we found categorical motor patterns to be modified by the sensory context. In addition these motor patterns were linked with changes in the temporal sampling in form of differing electric organ discharge frequencies and differing spatial distributions. The ability to detect such strategies quantitatively will allow future research to investigate the impact of such behaviors on sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hofmann
- Active Sensing, Faculty of Biology, Cognitive Interaction Technology - Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Cellular Neurobiology, Schwann-Schleiden Research Centre, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan I Sanguinetti-Scheck
- Sección Biomatemática, Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica Montevideo, Uruguay ; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Humboldt Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonel Gómez-Sena
- Sección Biomatemática, Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacob Engelmann
- Active Sensing, Faculty of Biology, Cognitive Interaction Technology - Center of Excellence, Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
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Beutler A, de la Motte S, Marshall S, Padua DA, Boden B. MUSCLE STRENGTH AND QUALITATIVE JUMP-LANDING DIFFERENCES IN MALE AND FEMALE MILITARY CADETS: THE JUMP-ACL STUDY. J Sports Sci Med 2009; 8:663-671. [PMID: 21132103 PMCID: PMC2995501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on gender differences in movement patterns as risk factors for ACL injury. Understanding intrinsic and extrinsic factors which contribute to movement patterns is critical to ACL injury prevention efforts. Isometric lower-extremity muscular strength, anthropometrics, and jump-landing technique were analyzed for 2,753 cadets (1,046 female, 1,707 male) from the U.S. Air Force, Military and Naval Academies. Jump-landings were evaluated using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), a valid qualitative movement screening tool. We hypothesized that distinct anthropometric factors (Q-angle, navicular drop, bodyweight) and muscle strength would predict poor jump-landing technique in males versus females, and that female cadets would have higher scores (more errors) on a qualitative movement screen (LESS) than males. Mean LESS scores were significantly higher in female (5.34 ± 1.51) versus male (4.65 ± 1.69) cadets (P<.001). Qualitative movement scores were analyzed using factor analyses, yielding five factors, or "patterns", contributing to poor landing technique. Females were significantly more likely to have poor technique due to landing with less hip and knee flexion at initial contact (P<.001), more knee valgus with wider landing stance (P<.001), and less flexion displacement over the entire landing (P<.001). Males were more likely to have poor technique due to landing toe-out (P<.001), with heels first, and with an asymmetric foot landing (P<.001). Many of the identified factor patterns have been previously proposed to contribute to ACL injury risk. However, univariate and multivariate analyses of muscular strength and anthropometric factors did not strongly predict LESS scores for either gender, suggesting that changing an athlete's alignment, BMI, or muscle strength may not directly improve his or her movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Beutler
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
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Esch T, Mesce KA, Kristan WB. Evidence for sequential decision making in the medicinal leech. J Neurosci 2002; 22:11045-54. [PMID: 12486200 PMCID: PMC6758421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision making can be a complex task involving a sequence of subdecisions. For example, we decide to pursue a goal (e.g., get something to eat), then decide how to accomplish that goal (e.g., go to a restaurant), and then make a sequence of more specific plans (e.g., which restaurant to go to, how to get there, what to order, etc.). In characterizing the effects of stimulating individual brain neurons in the isolated nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, we have found evidence that leeches also make decisions sequentially. In this study, we describe a pair of interneurons that elicited locomotory motor programs, either swimming or crawling, in isolated nerve cords. In semi-intact animals, stimulating the same neurons also produced either swimming or crawling, and which behavior was produced could be controlled experimentally by manipulating the depth of saline around the intact part of the leech. These same neurons were excited and fired strongly when swimming or crawling occurred spontaneously or in response to mechanosensory stimulation. We conclude that these brain interneurons help to decide on locomotion (i.e., they are "locomotory command-like neurons") and that the ultimate behavior is determined downstream, in a part of the decision-making hierarchy that monitors stimuli related to the depth of fluid surrounding the leech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Esch
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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