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Noseworthy M, Peddie L, Buckler EJ, Park F, Pham M, Pratt S, Singh A, Puterman E, Liu-Ambrose T. The Effects of Outdoor versus Indoor Exercise on Psychological Health, Physical Health, and Physical Activity Behaviour: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1669. [PMID: 36767034 PMCID: PMC9914639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research is exploring the potential added health benefits of exercise when performed outdoors in nature versus indoors. This systematic review aimed to compare the effects of exercise in outdoor environments versus indoor environments on psychological health, physical health, and physical activity behaviour. We searched nine databases from inception to March 2021 for English language, peer-reviewed articles: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SportsDiscus, GreenFile, and CENTRAL. We included randomized and non-randomized trials that compared multiple bouts of exercise in outdoor versus indoor environments, and that assessed at least one outcome related to physical health, psychological health, or physical activity behaviour. Due to minimal outcome overlap and a paucity of studies, we performed a narrative synthesis. We identified 10 eligible trials, including 7 randomized controlled trials, and a total of 343 participants. Participant demographics, exercise protocols, and outcomes varied widely. In the 10 eligible studies, a total of 99 comparisons were made between outdoor and indoor exercise; all 25 statistically significant comparisons favoured outdoor exercise. Interpretation of findings was hindered by an overall high risk of bias, unclear reporting, and high outcome heterogeneity. There is limited evidence for added health or behaviour benefits of outdoor exercise versus indoor exercise. Rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed with larger samples and clear reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Noseworthy
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Luke Peddie
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E. Jean Buckler
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Faith Park
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Margaret Pham
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Spencer Pratt
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Arpreet Singh
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
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Marini S, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Toselli S, Maietta Latessa P. The Effect of Physical Activity Interventions Carried Out in Outdoor Natural Blue and Green Spaces on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12482. [PMID: 36231779 PMCID: PMC9566520 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, interest about the natural environment and its influences on health conditions has been growing. In particular, physical activity interventions carried out in blue and green environment are being investigated as a potential strategy to increase health outcomes in people with and without chronic conditions. Many recent studies reported positive results, but a high number of these studies were focused on people with mental or physical disorders. In this scenario, the present systematic review, conducted according to the PRISMA statement, was aimed at investigating the existing evidence regarding the effects of physical activity interventions carried out in green-blue space settings involving healthy people. A literature search was performed through PubMed, Cochrane, Cinahl, and Psychinfo, and the quality of each study was assessed. Out of 239 identified articles, 75 full texts were screened. Six eligible studies showed an improvement in health outcomes, such as well-being, mood, and physical performance, in the experimental group compared with the control group. No exhaustive conclusion can be drawn based on available evidence. However, this systematic review highlighted the need to extend this kind of intervention to reveal more robust evidence that green and blue exercises benefit health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marini
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Li Y, Liu L, Diao Y, Dong H. Using a Service Ontology to Understand What Influences Older Adults' Outdoor Physical Activities in Nanjing. J Aging Phys Act 2022;:1-10. [PMID: 36041733 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Older adults are not actively participating in outdoor physical activities. An understanding of what factors influence older adults' outdoor physical activities is important for informing interventions. This study aims to examine the potential effect of service ontology on the intention of outdoor physical activities in older adults. Face-to-face surveys were conducted with 421 older adults from eight districts in Nanjing, China. One-way analysis of variance and ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that seven of the 20 factors have a positive effect on intention of outdoor physical activities, including gender, health self-assessment, family structure, accessibility, exercise instructors, emergency service, and staff in outdoor space. To further improve the intention of outdoor physical activities, governments and service designers should focus on providing age-friendly community infrastructures. Moreover, specific attention should be paid toward older females and people with low-income/poor health conditions, and strategies should also be adopted to significantly improve the quantity and instruction efficiency of exercise instructors.
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Krczal E, Hyll W. COVID-19 triggered a physically active lifestyle of people with cardiovascular diseases: Results of a small Austrian qualitative study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:947250. [PMID: 36033783 PMCID: PMC9417466 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.947250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper explores physical activity patterns and compensation strategies of people with cardiovascular diseases. The aim is to provide insights into the factors and their relationships that may affect physical activity levels positively or negatively during the pandemic. Methods We adopted a qualitative approach with 35 participants who were purposively sampled from different provinces in Austria, including rural and urban areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted during the second COVID-19 wave in autumn/winter 2020 and the fourth wave in autumn/winter 2021. Content analysis was applied to explore physical activity patterns, the perceived impact of the pandemic on physical activity as well as strategies adopted by participants to maintain physically active during the pandemic waves. Results Results show encouraging signs of a recovery or even increase in physical activity during the pandemic waves. The main drivers for maintaining or even increasing physical activity were intrinsic motivation and self-determined motivation relating to the pursue of individual health goals. Furthermore, analysis suggests a reinforcing effect of exercising in green natural areas by decreasing perception of effort and increasing motivation. There was also one group who experienced difficulties in adapting physical activity behaviors. Study participants who were used to exercise indoors struggled to replace accustomed activity patterns with alternatives that were not impacted by lockdown restrictions. Conclusions This study provides novel qualitative evidence on the effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on physical activity patterns of people with cardiovascular diseases. Public health interventions to enhance a physically active lifestyle during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic are recommended to target moderate outdoor exercising and enhance adaptive capacities of people with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Krczal
- Department for Economy and Health, University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
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Zheng Z, Chen H, Gao J. Age Differences in the Influence of Residential Environment and Behavior on the Life Quality of Older Adults: The Transfer from Physical-Environment to Social-Behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18030895. [PMID: 33494173 PMCID: PMC7908327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18030895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With the development of the concept of “ageing-friendly communities”, increasing attention has been paid to the effect of residential environments on the life quality of older adults. However, the logical relationship between residential environment, individual behavior and life quality of older adults has not been clearly revealed. Based on data in Shanghai, China, this study explored the relationships between residential environments and the life quality of older adults in different age groups, and analyzed the mediating role of individual behaviors (neighborhood interaction and outdoor exercise). The findings confirmed that residential environment, neighborhood interactions and outdoor exercise have significant positive effects on the life quality of older adults. Meanwhile, the impact of residential environment on the life quality of older adults is exclusively realized through the mediating role of individual behavior. However, there were significant differences in the model paths among various age groups. With ageing, the positive effects of residential environment on the quality of life gradually weakened, while that of neighborhood interaction gradually improved. The findings prove that the influencing factors on the quality of life of older adults tend to shift from residential environment to neighborhood interaction as the age of residents advances. This knowledge is crucial with regard to the differentiated and accurate design of older communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zheng
- College of Communication and Art Design, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China;
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, First South Section, First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junling Gao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
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Nikolaidis PT, Cuk I, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Villiger E, Knechtle B. Number of finishers and performance of age group women and men in long-distance running: comparison among 10km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:56-66. [PMID: 32046506 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1726745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the number of finishers and performance trends in 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo. Data (total 115,725 finishers; women, n = 50,595; men, n = 65,130) from 10 km, half-marathon and marathon races in Oslo from 2008 to 2018 were analysed considering number, sex, age and running speed of finishers. The total men-to-women ratio was the smallest in the 10 km race (0.60) and the largest in the marathon (3.86) (p < 0.01, φ = 0.28). In both women and men, the slowest running speed was shown in the older age groups (p < 0.01). Based on the findings of the present study, it was concluded that relatively more women finished a 10 km and less a half-marathon and a marathon. Our results indicated that the sex difference in performance was attenuated in the longer race distances and older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory , Nikaia, Greece.,School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica , Athens, Greece
| | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid, España.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa , Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Elias Villiger
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Abstract
Exaggerated elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise is a risk factor for future cardiovascular disease. Although there are differences between the outdoor exercise and exercise tests in the laboratory setting, there is little information regarding SBP changes during practical outdoor exercise. We investigated SBP changes during self-paced outdoor walking and the relationship to air temperature. Subjects (n = 109, 47-83 years) walked outdoors at their own pace wearing a blood pressure monitor on their wrist. SBP increased during walking compared to rest, but was higher at the 1 km mark than both the 2 and 3 km marks (rest, 124 ± 14 mmHg; 1 km, 140 ± 16 mmHg; 2 km, 136 ± 18 mmHg; 3 km, 135 ± 18 mmHg). SBP at rest, air temperature, body mass index (BMI) and walking intensity during the first 1 km were identified as predictors of SBP at the 1 km mark in the stepwise regression analysis, independent of other confounders (R2 = 0·606). SBP at the 1 km mark was higher in the lower temperature group (11·6-14·3°C, 145 ± 14 mmHg) than in the intermediate (15·1-16·7°C, 140 ± 18 mmHg) and higher (17·0-19·6°C, 136 ± 16 mmHg) temperature groups, independent of SBP at rest, BMI and walking intensity. These results suggest that increases in SBP are higher on lower temperature days and are greater at 1 km than at 2 and 3 km. It is therefore recommended that measures are taken against the cold on lower temperature days to attenuate the SBP response during onset of walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Otsuki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nanako Ishii
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
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Cohen L, Brown J, Haukness H, Walsh L, Robinson JK. Sun protection counseling by pediatricians has little effect on parent and child sun protection behavior. J Pediatr 2013; 162:381-6. [PMID: 22954897 PMCID: PMC3547152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare counseling concerning sun protection and outdoor exercise with the parent's report of the behavior of a child aged 9-16 years old. STUDY DESIGN Structured interviews of medical personnel in 3 Chicago area practices elicited information about counseling methods and recommendations. In each practice, a convenience sample of parents completed a self-reported survey of their and their child's behavior. RESULTS Sun protection counseling occurred more frequently than exercise counseling in all practices (P = .014). Sun protection counseling was associated with parental prompting (P = .004), performing a summer camp physical (P = .002), and the child having a sunburn (P = .003). After controlling for the child's age, sex, and skin tone, sun protection counseling was not associated with the child's use of sun protection. In multivariate analysis of the child's sun protection behavior, parental sunburns, indoor tanning in the last 12 months, perception of skin cancer risk, and sun protection self-efficacy were significant (P = .02). Children who pursued outdoor sports were twice as likely to use inadequate sun protection and sustain sunburns (CI 1.3-1.7). CONCLUSIONS The child's sun protection behavior was influenced by parental sun protection, parental perception of skin cancer risk, and parental sun protection self-efficacy; therefore, sun protection for children needs to be aimed at parents as well as children. Communication with parents in a way that incorporates the principles of motivational interviewing may be more effective in promoting behavioral change than admonitions to use sunscreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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