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Bei J, Xu X, Zhan M, Li X, Jiao W, Khachatryan L, Wu A. Revealing the Mechanism of Dioxin Formation from Municipal Solid Waste Gasification in a Reducing Atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:14539-14549. [PMID: 36164751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gasification is an effective technology for the thermal disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) with lower dioxin emission compared to the prevailing incineration process. Nevertheless, the mechanism of dioxin formation in the reducing atmosphere during the gasification process was seldomly explored. Herein, the effects of the atmosphere, temperature, and chlorine source were systematically investigated in terms of dioxin distribution. With CO2 and H2O as gasification agents, a reducing reaction atmosphere was formed with abundant H2 which effectively suppressed the generation of C-Cl, contributing to a substantial decrease of dioxin concentration by ∼80% compared to the incineration process. The formation of dioxin was favored at temperatures below 700 °C with its peak concentration achieved at 500 °C. It was unveiled that inorganic chlorine played a dominant role in the reducing atmosphere, with a lower proportion of C-O-C/O-C═O on residual slag compared to an oxidizing atmosphere. Additionally, the generated H2 reduced the concentration of dioxins by attacking C-Cl and inhibiting the crucial Deacon reaction for dioxin formation, validated by density functional theory calculation. Eventually, the formation route paradigm and the reaction mechanism of dioxin formation from MSW gasification were revealed, facilitating and rationally guiding the control of dioxin emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Bei
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Xu
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wentao Jiao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Angjian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Kogut I, Wollbrink A, Steiner C, Wulfmeier H, El Azzouzi FE, Moos R, Fritze H. Linking the Electrical Conductivity and Non-Stoichiometry of Thin Film Ce 1-xZr xO 2-δ by a Resonant Nanobalance Approach. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040748. [PMID: 33562638 PMCID: PMC7915746 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bulk ceria-zirconia solid solutions (Ce1−xZrxO2−δ, CZO) are highly suited for application as oxygen storage materials in automotive three-way catalytic converters (TWC) due to the high levels of achievable oxygen non-stoichiometry δ. In thin film CZO, the oxygen storage properties are expected to be further enhanced. The present study addresses this aspect. CZO thin films with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 were investigated. A unique nano-thermogravimetric method for thin films that is based on the resonant nanobalance approach for high-temperature characterization of oxygen non-stoichiometry in CZO was implemented. The high-temperature electrical conductivity and the non-stoichiometry δ of CZO were measured under oxygen partial pressures pO2 in the range of 10−24–0.2 bar. Markedly enhanced reducibility and electronic conductivity of CeO2-ZrO2 as compared to CeO2−δ and ZrO2 were observed. A comparison of temperature- and pO2-dependences of the non-stoichiometry of thin films with literature data for bulk Ce1−xZrxO2−δ shows enhanced reducibility in the former. The maximum conductivity was found for Ce0.8Zr0.2O2−δ, whereas Ce0.5Zr0.5O2-δ showed the highest non-stoichiometry, yielding δ = 0.16 at 900 °C and pO2 of 10−14 bar. The defect interactions in Ce1−xZrxO2−δ are analyzed in the framework of defect models for ceria and zirconia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Kogut
- Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology, 38640 Goslar, Germany; (A.W.); (H.W.); (F.-E.E.A.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5321-3816-8304
| | - Alexander Wollbrink
- Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology, 38640 Goslar, Germany; (A.W.); (H.W.); (F.-E.E.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Carsten Steiner
- Department of Functional Materials, Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (C.S. & R.M.)
| | - Hendrik Wulfmeier
- Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology, 38640 Goslar, Germany; (A.W.); (H.W.); (F.-E.E.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Fatima-Ezzahrae El Azzouzi
- Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology, 38640 Goslar, Germany; (A.W.); (H.W.); (F.-E.E.A.); (H.F.)
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, Bayreuth Engine Research Center (BERC), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; (C.S. & R.M.)
| | - Holger Fritze
- Institute of Energy Research and Physical Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology, 38640 Goslar, Germany; (A.W.); (H.W.); (F.-E.E.A.); (H.F.)
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Wei J, Wang Y, Li X, Jia Z, Qiao S, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Miao Z, Gao D, Zhang H. Dramatically Improved Thermoelectric Properties by Defect Engineering in Cement-Based Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:3919-3929. [PMID: 33435669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the problem of overheating in summer has been of great concern. Pavements are continuously exposed to solar radiation, and because of high temperatures, pavement temperatures reach 60 to 70 °C. This potential low-grade heat has been unused. Cement-based composites with thermoelectric properties can convert this low-grade heat to useful electrical energy. The importance of this green technology for generating renewable energy and sustainable development has been widely accepted and noticed. However, the power factor of current cement-based composites is too low, and harvesting low-grade heat on a large scale and at low cost requires improving the thermoelectric properties of cement-based composites. In this paper, we present a method to increase the electrical conductivity of ZnO and thus improve the thermoelectric properties of cement-based composites by defect engineering, obtaining a high power factor of 224 μWm-1 K-2 at 70 °C, a record value recently reported for thermoelectric cement-based composites. Zinc oxide powder was treated with a reducing atmosphere to increase the content of oxygen defects and thus improve the electrical conductivity. Pretreated ZnO powder of 5.0 and 10.0 wt % expanded graphite were added to the cement matrix. The ZnO/expanded graphite cement-based composites were made and tested for their thermoelectric properties using a dry pressing process, which exhibited excellent thermoelectric properties. The result showed high conductivity (12.78 S·cm-1), a high Seebeck coefficient (-419 μV/°C), a high power factor (224 μWm-1 K-2), and a high figure of merit value (8.7 × 10-3), which facilitate future large-scale applications. Using the cement-based composites to lay a road of 1 km in length and 10 m in width, 35.2 kW·h of electricity can be collected in 8 h. This study will inspire how to improve thermoelectric performance of cement-based composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xueting Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shishuai Qiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yichang Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhuang Miao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Dongming Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Ferus M, Pietrucci F, Saitta AM, Knížek A, Kubelík P, Ivanek O, Shestivska V, Civiš S. Formation of nucleobases in a Miller-Urey reducing atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4306-11. [PMID: 28396441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Miller-Urey experiments pioneered modern research on the molecular origins of life, but their actual relevance in this field was later questioned because the gas mixture used in their research is considered too reducing with respect to the most accepted hypotheses for the conditions on primordial Earth. In particular, the production of only amino acids has been taken as evidence of the limited relevance of the results. Here, we report an experimental work, combined with state-of-the-art computational methods, in which both electric discharge and laser-driven plasma impact simulations were carried out in a reducing atmosphere containing NH3 + CO. We show that RNA nucleobases are synthesized in these experiments, strongly supporting the possibility of the emergence of biologically relevant molecules in a reducing atmosphere. The reconstructed synthetic pathways indicate that small radicals and formamide play a crucial role, in agreement with a number of recent experimental and theoretical results.
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