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Osman M, Alam M, Iftikhar M, Khan AG. Conservative Management of Splenic Injury in Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A Single Center Experience. Cureus 2023; 15:e43014. [PMID: 37674958 PMCID: PMC10479248 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic accidents are the greatest cause of death worldwide. Most intra-abdominal injuries caused by blunt abdominal trauma have been treated surgically for a very long period. Over the past few decades, conservative care has gained in popularity and effectiveness as a treatment choice for blunt abdominal trauma. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of conservative management in patients suffering from splenic injury in blunt abdominal trauma. METHODS The study included 62 cases of blunt abdominal trauma treated non-operatively in the general surgery department of the Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar between June 2021 and December 2022. RESULTS Minimal hemoperitoneum was observed in 47 (75.8%) cases, moderate hemoperitoneum was noted in 11 (17.7%) cases, and 4 (6.4%) patients didn't have free fluid in the abdomen. There was no massive hemoperitoneum among the study patients. No major complications were observed during the study period. Only 7 (11.3%) cases develop minimal pleural effusion while 2 (3.2%) patients developed splenic abscess. Mortality was observed in only 1 (1.6%) case. CONCLUSIONS Conservative management is a safe and efficient strategy and should be considered as a first line of treatment for all hemodynamically stable patients who suffered blunt splenic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Osman
- Department of General, Benign Upper GI & Colorectal Surgery, Royal Bolton Hospital, Manchester, GBR
| | - Muhammad Alam
- Department of General Surgery, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar
- Department of General Surgery, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Ali Gohar Khan
- Department of General Surgery, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that exhibits two distinct phases of infection in the host-latent and lytic. The quiescent latent phase is defined by limited expression of a subset of viral proteins and microRNAs, and an absence of virus production. KSHV periodically reactivates from latency to undergo active lytic replication, leading to production of new infectious virions. This switch from the latent to the lytic phase requires the viral protein regulator of transcription activator (RTA). RTA, along with other virally encoded proteins, is aided by host factors to facilitate this transition. Herein, we highlight the key host proteins that are involved in mediating RTA activation and KSHV lytic replication and discuss the cellular processes in which they function. We will also focus on the modulation of viral reactivation by the innate immune system, and how KSHV influences key immune signaling pathways to aid its own lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Kaur Sandhu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a high-stress environment causing a significant impact on frontline workers, including pharmacists and nurses. In addition to the increased workload, scarcity of resources, and emotional challenges, the frontline health care workers are required to wear additional personal protective equipment that can further limit their range of movement and decrease efficiency. The potential for errors can increase in these types of high-stress situations. One way to reduce the risk of errors is to use manufacturer-prepared, ready-to-administer (RTA) prefilled syringes, when appropriate. The use of RTA prefilled syringes is supported by literature evidence, recommendations, and guidelines from various professional organizations and societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashmina Malik
- Corresponding Author: Pashmina Malik, PharmD, MPH, Fresenius Kabi USA, LLC, Three Corporate Dr, Lake Zurich, IL 60047 ()
| | - Melissa Rangel
- Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, Illinois
- Pashmina Malik, PharmD, MPH, is the director of medical affairs at Fresenius Kabi and is responsible for leading the Simplist ready-to-administer products portfolio and generic pharmaceutical infusion products. Dr Malik is an accomplished clinical leader who has worked in large global pharmaceutical companies and has experience working with pharmaceutical products in multiple therapeutic areas, including critical care, anesthesia and analgesia, pain management, oncology, parenteral nutrition, and infectious disease. She has also worked as a home infusion clinical pharmacist before she moved to the pharmaceutical industry. Dr Malik earned her doctor of pharmacy from Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, her master of public health from University of Illinois Chicago, and Executive Leadership Scholar Program from Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University
- Melissa Rangel, PharmD, RPh, is a senior medical affairs associate with Fresenius Kabi serving as an operational lead for creating and managing the dissemination of medical information. Prior to joining Fresenius Kabi, Dr Rangel worked as a clinical pharmacist in hospital and retail settings. Dr Rangel earned her doctor of pharmacy from Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
- Tracy VonBriesen, MS, RN, is the director of human factors at Fresenius Kabi, focusing on new product development of combination drug-device products. Ms VonBriesen has led teams that provide clinical and human factors support during development activities required for product life cycle management of serialized and nonserialized infusion devices and combination products. Ms VonBriesen is a registered nurse with 20 years of experience and holds a master's degree in patient safety leadership from the University of Illinois School of Medicine. Prior to her corporate nursing career, Ms VonBriesen's clinical background encompassed a variety of hospital-based assignments including neonatal intensive care and liver transplants
| | - Tracy VonBriesen
- Fresenius Kabi, Lake Zurich, Illinois
- Pashmina Malik, PharmD, MPH, is the director of medical affairs at Fresenius Kabi and is responsible for leading the Simplist ready-to-administer products portfolio and generic pharmaceutical infusion products. Dr Malik is an accomplished clinical leader who has worked in large global pharmaceutical companies and has experience working with pharmaceutical products in multiple therapeutic areas, including critical care, anesthesia and analgesia, pain management, oncology, parenteral nutrition, and infectious disease. She has also worked as a home infusion clinical pharmacist before she moved to the pharmaceutical industry. Dr Malik earned her doctor of pharmacy from Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, her master of public health from University of Illinois Chicago, and Executive Leadership Scholar Program from Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University
- Melissa Rangel, PharmD, RPh, is a senior medical affairs associate with Fresenius Kabi serving as an operational lead for creating and managing the dissemination of medical information. Prior to joining Fresenius Kabi, Dr Rangel worked as a clinical pharmacist in hospital and retail settings. Dr Rangel earned her doctor of pharmacy from Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
- Tracy VonBriesen, MS, RN, is the director of human factors at Fresenius Kabi, focusing on new product development of combination drug-device products. Ms VonBriesen has led teams that provide clinical and human factors support during development activities required for product life cycle management of serialized and nonserialized infusion devices and combination products. Ms VonBriesen is a registered nurse with 20 years of experience and holds a master's degree in patient safety leadership from the University of Illinois School of Medicine. Prior to her corporate nursing career, Ms VonBriesen's clinical background encompassed a variety of hospital-based assignments including neonatal intensive care and liver transplants
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Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to assess patterns of mandibular fractures and associated comorbidities in Peshawar, Pakistan. Methodology This multicenter, descriptive, cross-sectional study analyzed patients aged >15 years who had been clinically or radiographically diagnosed with mandibular fractures from January to December, 2015. Patients with pathological fractures or bomb-blast injuries were excluded. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The 138 patients diagnosed with mandibular fractures in 2015 included 108 men (78.3%) and 30 women (21.7%), with a male preponderance of 3.6:1. Most patients (56%) were aged 15-25 years, followed by those aged 26-35 years (26%). The most frequent cause of fractures was road traffic accidents (RTAs; 59.42%), followed by falls (18.8%). RTAs were predominant in men (89%); whereas, falls were predominant in women (80%). Fractures due to firearm injuries and interpersonal violence were more frequent in men (p <0.001). In patients with unilateral fractures, the most common fracture site was the parasymphysis (24.6%) followed by the symphysis (10.1%). In patients with bilateral fractures, the most common fracture sites were the parasymphysis and condyle (11.6%), followed by the parasymphysis and angle (8.0%). Conclusions RTA was the most frequent cause of mandibular fracture and trauma. Mandibular fractures were more common in men than women, with most patients aged 15-25 years. The most common fracture site was the parasymphysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahd Rashid
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Jawad A Kundi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sardar Begum Dental College, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Amna Sarfaraz
- Dentistry, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Asif U Qureshi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar, PAK
| | - Adnan Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, PAK
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Abstract
Several commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, antibiotics, antivirals, and antiepileptic medications can cause partial or full Fanconi syndrome, disorders which can generally be described as transport defects in the proximal renal tubule, associated with non-anion gap metabolic acidosis. Fanconi syndrome is underreported and therefore often missed in the clinical setting. Herein, we present a case report that details the course of a 64-year-old female with a history of stage IV undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma who after her sixth chemotherapeutic cycle (adriamycin, ifosfamide, and mesna) developed severe hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and proteinuria without glycosuria, eventually diagnosed with partial Fanconi syndrome. The aim of this report is to highlight the importance of routine serum and urine monitoring in patients undergoing therapy with potentially nephrotoxic agents to avoid potentially fatal renal nephrotoxicity, including partial and full Fanconi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Das
- Internal Medicine, Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, USA
| | | | - Adam Fershko
- Internal Medicine, Kettering Medical Center, Dayton, USA
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) belongs to the gamma herpesvirus family and is the causative agent of various lymphoproliferative diseases in humans. KSHV, like other herpesviruses, establishes life-long latent infection with the expression of a limited number of viral genes. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated by both the viral and cellular factors. Recent advancements in identifying the expression profiles of viral transcripts, using tilling arrays and next generation sequencing have identified additional coding and non-coding transcripts in the KSHV genome. Determining the functions of these transcripts will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms utilized by KSHV in altering cellular pathways involved in promoting cell growth and tumorigenesis. Replication of the viral genome is critical in maintaining the existing copies of the viral episomes during both latent and lytic phases of the viral life cycle. The replication of the viral episome is facilitated by viral components responsible for recruiting chromatin modifying enzymes and replication factors for altering the chromatin complexity and replication initiation functions, respectively. Importantly, chromatin modification of the viral genome plays a crucial role in determining whether the viral genome will persist as latent episome or undergo lytic reactivation. Additionally, chromatinization of the incoming virion DNA, which lacks chromatin structure, in the target cells during primary infection, helps in establishing latent infection. Here, we discuss the recent advancements on our understating of KSHV genome chromatinization and the consequences of chromatin modifications on viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Hem C Jha
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bentz GL, Liu R, Hahn AM, Shackelford J, Pagano JS. Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 inhibits transcription of IRF3 and IRF7 and suppresses induction of interferon-beta. Virology 2010; 402:121-8. [PMID: 20381110 PMCID: PMC2871977 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) 3 and 7 is essential for the induction of Type I interferons (IFN) and innate antiviral responses, and herpesviruses have evolved mechanisms to evade such responses. We previously reported that Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1, an immediate-early (IE) protein, inhibits the function of IRF7, but the role of BRLF1, the other IE transactivator, in IRF regulation has not been examined. We now show that BRLF1 expression decreased induction of IFN-beta, and reduced expression of IRF3 and IRF7; effects were dependent on N- and C-terminal regions of BRLF1 and its nuclear localization signal. Endogenous IRF3 and IRF7 RNA and protein levels were also decreased during cytolytic EBV infection. Finally, production of IFN-beta was decreased during lytic EBV infection and was associated with increased susceptibility to superinfection with Sendai virus. These data suggest a new role for BRLF1 with the ability to evade host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L. Bentz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Renshui Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | | | - Julia Shackelford
- Department of Cellular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Joseph S. Pagano
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
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Liang Y, Chang J, Lynch SJ, Lukac DM, Ganem D. The lytic switch protein of KSHV activates gene expression via functional interaction with RBP-Jkappa (CSL), the target of the Notch signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1977-89. [PMID: 12154127 PMCID: PMC186409 DOI: 10.1101/gad.996502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The RTA protein of the Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is responsible for the switch from latency to lytic replication, a reaction essential for viral spread and KS pathogenesis. RTA is a sequence-specific transcriptional activator, but the diversity of its target sites suggests it may act via interaction with host DNA-binding proteins as well. Here we show that KSHV RTA interacts with the RBP-Jkappa protein, the primary target of the Notch signaling pathway. This interaction targets RTA to RBP-Jkappa recognition sites on DNA and results in the replacement of RBP-Jkappa's intrinsic repressive action with activation mediated by the C-terminal domain of RTA. Mutation of such sites in target promoters strongly impairs RTA responsiveness. Similarly, such target genes are induced poorly or not at all by RTA in fibroblasts derived from RBP-Jkappa(-/-) mice, a defect that can be reversed by expression of RBP-Jkappa. In vitro, RTA binds to two adjacent regions of RBP-Jkappa, one of which is identical to the central repression domain that binds the Notch effector fragment. These results indicate that KSHV has evolved a ligand-independent mechanism for constitutive activation of the Notch pathway as a part of its strategy for reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
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