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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that exhibits two distinct phases of infection in the host-latent and lytic. The quiescent latent phase is defined by limited expression of a subset of viral proteins and microRNAs, and an absence of virus production. KSHV periodically reactivates from latency to undergo active lytic replication, leading to production of new infectious virions. This switch from the latent to the lytic phase requires the viral protein regulator of transcription activator (RTA). RTA, along with other virally encoded proteins, is aided by host factors to facilitate this transition. Herein, we highlight the key host proteins that are involved in mediating RTA activation and KSHV lytic replication and discuss the cellular processes in which they function. We will also focus on the modulation of viral reactivation by the innate immune system, and how KSHV influences key immune signaling pathways to aid its own lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneet Kaur Sandhu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Spezia-Lindner NJ, Kondapi D, DiNardo AR, Ramaswami R, Chiao E, Clark EH. The Importance of Early Recognition of KSHV-Mediated Syndromes: A Case Report. Am J Med 2021; 134:e503-e506. [PMID: 33989604 PMCID: PMC9273177 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-associated inflammatory diseases are under-recognized. We describe a woman with HIV presenting with disseminated KS and refractory shock, concerning for KSHV-associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) versus multicentric Castelman’s disease (MCD). High-quality research and clinician education are needed to improve prognosis of patients with KSHV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divya Kondapi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Andrew R DiNardo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, HIV/AIDS Malignancy Branch, Bethesda, Md
| | - Elizabeth Chiao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex; Department of General Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Eva H Clark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Medicine, Section of Health Services Research, Center for Innovations in Quality, Safety, and Effectiveness (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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Sugimoto A, Abe Y, Watanabe T, Hosokawa K, Adachi J, Tomonaga T, Iwatani Y, Murata T, Fujimuro M. The FAT10 post-translational modification is involved in the lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI. [PMID: 33627385 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02194-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication, host cell functions including protein expression and post-translational modification pathways are dysregulated by KSHV to promote virus production. Here, we attempted to identify key proteins for KSHV lytic replication by profiling protein expression in the latent and lytic phases using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Proteomic analysis, immunoblotting, and quantitative PCR demonstrated that antigen-F (HLA-F) adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) and UBE1L2 (also known as ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 6, UBA6) were upregulated during lytic replication. FAT10 is a ubiquitin-like protein (UBL). UBE1L2 is the FAT10-activating enzyme (E1), which is essential for FAT10 modification (FAT10ylation). FAT10ylated proteins were immediately expressed after lytic induction and increased over time during lytic replication. Knockout of UBE1L2 suppressed KSHV production but not KSHV DNA synthesis. In order to isolate FAT10ylated proteins during KSHV lytic replication, we conducted immunoprecipitations using anti-FAT10 antibody and Ni-NTA chromatography of exogenously expressed His-tagged FAT10 from cells undergoing latent or lytic replication. LC-MS/MS was performed to identify FAT10ylated proteins. We identified KSHV ORF59 and ORF61 as FAT10ylation substrates. Our study revealed that the UBE1L2-FAT10 system is upregulated during KSHV lytic replication, and it contributes to viral propagation.ImportanceUbiquitin and UBL post-translational modifications, including FAT10, are utilized and dysregulated by viruses for achievement of effective infection and virion production. The UBE1L2-FAT10 system catalyzes FAT10ylation, where one or more FAT10 molecules are covalently linked to a substrate. FAT10ylation is catalyzed by the sequential actions of E1 (activation enzyme), E2 (conjugation enzyme), and E3 (ligase) enzymes. The E1 enzyme for FAT10ylation is UBE1L2, which activates FAT10 and transfers it to E2/USE1. FAT10ylation regulates the cell cycle, IFN signaling, and protein degradation; however, its primary biological function remains unknown. Here, we revealed that KSHV lytic replication induces UBE1L2 expression and production of FAT10ylated proteins including KSHV lytic proteins. Moreover, UBE1L2 knockout suppressed virus production during the lytic cycle. This is the first report demonstrating the contribution of the UBE1L2-FAT10 system to KSHV lytic replication. Our findings provide insight into the physiological function(s) of novel post-translational modifications in KSHV lytic replication.
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Kerkhoff AD, Havlir DV. CROI 2021: Tuberculosis, Opportunistic Infections, and COVID-19 Among People with HIV. Top Antivir Med 2021; 29:344-351. [PMID: 34107204 PMCID: PMC8224244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main driver of morbidity and mortality among people with HIV along with other opportunistic infections. This review summarizes key highlights related to TB, and other opportunistic infections in HIV as well as studies from the virtual 2021 Conference on Retroviruses and Oppoprtunitstic Infections evaluating outcomes among HIV-COVID-19 coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Kerkhoff
- Send correspondence to Andrew D. Kerkhoff, MD, PhD, MSc, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 1001 Potrero Ave, 409, San Francisco, CA 94110 or email
| | - Diane V. Havlir
- Chief of the Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center and the University of California San Francisco
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Lange PT, Damania B. Modeling oncogenic herpesvirus infections in humanized mice. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:90-96. [PMID: 32784124 PMCID: PMC7755680 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The creation of humanized mice generally involves the reconstitution of immunodeficient mice with human immune constituents. Different methodologies have been employed, and significant progress has been made towards the development of robustly humanized mouse models. Some of the techniques used include the injection of mature human immune cells, the injection of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) capable of reconstituting radiation-depleted murine bone marrow, and the implantation of human fetal liver and thymus fragments under the kidney capsule to create a thymic organoid that can support thympoiesis. This review will serve as a brief introduction to the three most commonly utilized humanized mouse models for the study of gammaherpesvirus-driven pathogenesis, and highlight some of the critical discoveries these models have enabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Lange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an endothelial tumor etiologically related to Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. The aim of our study was to screen out candidate genes of KSHV infected endothelial cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by bioinformatics methods. Microarray datasets GSE16354 and GSE22522 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between endothelial cells and KSHV infected endothelial cells were identified. And then, functional enrichment analyses of gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. After that, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to investigate the potential protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between DEGs, Cytoscape software was used to visualize the interaction network of DEGs and to screen out the hub genes. A total of 113 DEGs and 11 hub genes were identified from the 2 datasets. GO enrichment analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were enrichen in regulation of cell proliferation, extracellular region part and sequence-specific DNA binding; KEGG pathway enrichments analysis displayed that DEGs were mostly enrichen in cell cycle, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and Insulin signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study identified a host of DEGs and hub genes in KSHV infected endothelial cells which may serve as potential key biomarkers and therapeutic targets, helping us to have a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Gong
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
| | - Xiu-Juan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Xuhui District, Shanghai
| | - Xiong-Ming Pu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Kang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Sallah N, Palser AL, Watson SJ, Labo N, Asiki G, Marshall V, Newton R, Whitby D, Kellam P, Barroso I. Genome-Wide Sequence Analysis of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Shows Diversification Driven by Recombination. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1700-1710. [PMID: 30010810 PMCID: PMC6195662 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes lifelong infection in the human host and has been associated with a variety of malignancies. KSHV displays striking geographic variation in prevalence, which is highest in sub-Saharan Africa. The current KSHV genome sequences available are all tumor cell line-derived or primary tumor-associated viruses, which have provided valuable insights into KSHV genetic diversity. Methods Here, we sequenced 45 KSHV genomes from a Ugandan population cohort in which KSHV is endemic; these are the only genome sequences obtained from nondiseased individuals and of KSHV DNA isolated from saliva. Results Population structure analysis, along with the 25 published genome sequences from other parts of the world, showed whole-genome variation, separating sequences and variation within the central genome contributing to clustering of genomes by geography. We reveal new evidence for the presence of intragenic recombination and multiple recombination events contributing to the divergence of genomes into at least 5 distinct types. Discussion This study shows that large-scale genome-wide sequencing from clinical and epidemiological samples is necessary to capture the full extent of genetic diversity of KSHV, including recombination, and provides evidence to suggest a revision of KSHV genotype nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neneh Sallah
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge
| | | | | | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Viral Oncology Section, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Gershim Asiki
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Vickie Marshall
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Viral Oncology Section, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Robert Newton
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Viral Oncology Section, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Maryland
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Complex, Cambridge
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge
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Schumann S, Baquero-Perez B, Whitehouse A. Interactions between KSHV ORF57 and the novel human TREX proteins, CHTOP and CIP29. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1904-1910. [PMID: 27189710 PMCID: PMC5156329 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The coupling of mRNA processing steps is essential for precise and efficient gene expression. The human transcription/export (hTREX) complex is a highly conserved multi-protein complex responsible for eukaryotic mRNA stability and nuclear export. We have previously shown that the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated open reading frame 57 (ORF57) protein orchestrates the recruitment of the hTREX complex onto viral intronless mRNA, forming a stable and export-competent viral ribonucleoprotein particle (vRNP). Recently, additional cellular proteins, namely CHTOP, CIP29 and POLDIP3 have been proposed as novel hTREX components. Herein, we extend our previous research and provide evidence that ORF57 interacts with CHTOP and CIP29, in contrast to POLDIP3. Moreover, depletion studies show both CHTOP and CIP29 effect ORF57-mediated viral mRNA processing. As such, these results suggest both CHTOP and CIP29 are hTREX components and are recruited to an ORF57-mediated vRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schumann
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) belongs to the gamma herpesvirus family and is the causative agent of various lymphoproliferative diseases in humans. KSHV, like other herpesviruses, establishes life-long latent infection with the expression of a limited number of viral genes. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated by both the viral and cellular factors. Recent advancements in identifying the expression profiles of viral transcripts, using tilling arrays and next generation sequencing have identified additional coding and non-coding transcripts in the KSHV genome. Determining the functions of these transcripts will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms utilized by KSHV in altering cellular pathways involved in promoting cell growth and tumorigenesis. Replication of the viral genome is critical in maintaining the existing copies of the viral episomes during both latent and lytic phases of the viral life cycle. The replication of the viral episome is facilitated by viral components responsible for recruiting chromatin modifying enzymes and replication factors for altering the chromatin complexity and replication initiation functions, respectively. Importantly, chromatin modification of the viral genome plays a crucial role in determining whether the viral genome will persist as latent episome or undergo lytic reactivation. Additionally, chromatinization of the incoming virion DNA, which lacks chromatin structure, in the target cells during primary infection, helps in establishing latent infection. Here, we discuss the recent advancements on our understating of KSHV genome chromatinization and the consequences of chromatin modifications on viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Hem C Jha
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifier (SUMO) modification was initially identified as a reversible post-translational modification that affects the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including signal transduction, protein trafficking, chromosome segregation, and DNA repair. Increasing evidence suggests that the SUMO system also plays an important role in regulating chromatin organization and transcription. It is thus not surprising that double-stranded DNA viruses, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have exploited SUMO modification as a means of modulating viral chromatin remodeling during the latent-lytic switch. In addition, SUMO regulation allows the disassembly and assembly of promyelocytic leukemia protein-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), an intrinsic antiviral host defense, during the viral replication cycle. Overcoming PML-NB-mediated cellular intrinsic immunity is essential to allow the initial transcription and replication of the herpesvirus genome after de novo infection. As a consequence, KSHV has evolved a way as to produce multiple SUMO regulatory viral proteins to modulate the cellular SUMO environment in a dynamic way during its life cycle. Remarkably, KSHV encodes one gene product (K-bZIP) with SUMO-ligase activities and one gene product (K-Rta) that exhibits SUMO-targeting ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) activity. In addition, at least two viral products are sumoylated that have functional importance. Furthermore, sumoylation can be modulated by other viral gene products, such as the viral protein kinase Orf36. Interference with the sumoylation of specific viral targets represents a potential therapeutic strategy when treating KSHV, as well as other oncogenic herpesviruses. Here, we summarize the different ways KSHV exploits and manipulates the cellular SUMO system and explore the multi-faceted functions of SUMO during KSHV's life cycle and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Chang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
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11
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Tolani B, Gopalakrishnan R, Punj V, Matta H, Chaudhary PM. Targeting Myc in KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma with BET bromodomain inhibitors. Oncogene 2014; 33:2928-37. [PMID: 23792448 PMCID: PMC4892892 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive form of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma associated with infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV). (+)-JQ1 and I-BET151 are two recently described novel small-molecule inhibitors of BET bromodomain chromatin-associated proteins that have shown impressive preclinical activity in cancers in which MYC is overexpressed at the transcriptional level due to chromosomal translocations that bring the MYC gene under the control of a super-enhancer. PEL cells, in contrast, lack structural alterations in the MYC gene, but have deregulated Myc protein due to the activity of KSHV-encoded latent proteins. We report that PEL cell lines are highly sensitive to bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) bromodomain inhibitors-induced growth inhibition and undergo G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and cellular senescence, but without the induction of lytic reactivation, upon treatment with these drugs. Treatment of PEL cell lines with BET inhibitors suppressed the expression of MYC and resulted in a genome-wide perturbation of MYC-dependent genes. Silencing of BRD4 and MYC expression blocked cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, while ectopic expression of MYC from a retroviral promoter rescued cells from (+)-JQ1-induced growth arrest. In a xenograft model of PEL, (+)-JQ1 significantly reduced tumor growth and improved survival. Taken collectively, our results demonstrate that the utility of BET inhibitors may not be limited to cancers in which genomic alterations result in extremely high expression of MYC and they may have equal or perhaps greater activity against cancers in which the MYC genomic locus is structurally intact and c-Myc protein is deregulated at the post-translational level and is only modestly overexpressed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cellular Senescence/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/genetics
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/pathology
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/virology
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Transport
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhairavi Tolani
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishnan Gopalakrishnan
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vasu Punj
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hittu Matta
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Preet M. Chaudhary
- Jane Anne Nohl Division of Hematology and Center for the Study of Blood Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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12
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Sakakibara S, Espigol-Frigole G, Gasperini P, Uldrick TS, Yarchoan R, Tosato G. A20/TNFAIP3 inhibits NF-κB activation induced by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vFLIP oncoprotein. Oncogene 2013; 32:1223-32. [PMID: 22525270 PMCID: PMC3594048 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K13/vFLIP (viral Flice-inhibitory protein) induces transcription of numerous genes through NF-κB activation, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). In this study, we report that KSHV vFLIP induces the expression of the NF-κB regulatory proteins A20, ABIN-1 and ABIN-3 (A20-binding NF-κB inhibitors) in primary human endothelial cells, and that KS spindle cells express A20 in KS tissue. In reporter assays, A20 strongly impaired vFLIP-induced NF-κB activation in 293T cells, but ABIN-1 and ABIN-3 did not. Mutational analysis established that the C-terminal domain (residues 427-790) is critical for A20 modulation of NF-κB, but the ubiquitin-editing OTU (ovarian tumor) domain is not. In functional assays, A20 inhibited vFLIP-induced expression of the chemokine IP-10, reduced vFLIP-induced cell proliferation and increased IKK1 protein levels. Thus, we demonstrate that A20 negatively regulates NF-κB activation directly induced by KSHV vFLIP. By attenuating excessive and prolonged vFLIP-induced NF-κB activation that could be harmful to KSHV-infected cells, A20 likely has an important role in the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated diseases, in which vFLIP is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Espigol-Frigole
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Gasperini
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - TS Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Tosato
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Guerini FR, Mancuso R, Agostini S, Agliardi C, Zanzottera M, Hernis A, Tourlaki A, Calvo MG, Bellinvia M, Brambilla L, Clerici M. Activating KIR/HLA complexes in classic Kaposi's Sarcoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2012; 7:9. [PMID: 22469025 PMCID: PMC3379936 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor associated with Human Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) infection, nevertheless not all KSHV-infected individuals have cKS. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether particular KIR/HLA receptor/ligand genotypes would be preferentially present in KSHV-infected and uninfected individuals who have or have not developed cKS. METHODS KIR/HLA genotypes were analyzed by molecular genotyping in 50 KSHV-infected individuals who did or did not have cKS and in 33 age-and sex-matched KSHV seronegative individuals. RESULTS There was no association of individual KIR, HLA or receptor ligand combinations with KSHV infection. However, activating KIR and KIR/HLA genotypes were significantly more frequent in cKS cases, specifically KIR3DS1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS1 with its HLA-C2 ligand. CONCLUSION A nonspecific inflammatory response triggered by activation of NK cells upon KIR-HLA interaction could be associated with the pathogenesis of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca R Guerini
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Agostini
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93; 20090 Segrate (Milano), Italy
| | - Cristina Agliardi
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Zanzottera
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Ambra Hernis
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasia Tourlaki
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria G Calvo
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Bellinvia
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Brambilla
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, P. le Morandi 6, 20121 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93; 20090 Segrate (Milano), Italy
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14
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Abstract
The NLR (nucleotide binding and oligomerization, leucine-rich repeat) family of proteins senses microbial infections and activates the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that promotes microbial clearance. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to several human malignancies. We found that KSHV Orf63 is a viral homolog of human NLRP1. Orf63 blocked NLRP1-dependent innate immune responses, including caspase-1 activation and processing of interleukins IL-1β and IL-18. KSHV Orf63 interacted with NLRP1, NLRP3, and NOD2. Inhibition of Orf63 expression resulted in increased expression of IL-1β during the KSHV life cycle. Furthermore, inhibition of NLRP1 was necessary for efficient reactivation and generation of progeny virus. The viral homolog subverts the function of cellular NLRs, which suggests that modulation of NLR-mediated innate immunity is important for the lifelong persistence of herpesviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/chemistry
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Caspase 1/metabolism
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunity, Innate
- Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocytes/virology
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
- NLR Proteins
- Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Transfection
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Activation
- Virus Latency
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Gregory
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Beckley K. Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - John A. West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Debra J. Taxman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Shu-ichi Matsuzawa
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jenny P.Y. Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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15
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Abstract
The human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the oncogenic virus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and lymphoproliferative disorders, namely, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. KS is among the most common malignancies seen in HIV-infected patients despite the decreased incidence of KS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Advances in molecular pathology reveal HHV-8 tumorigenesis is mediated through molecular mimicry wherein viral-encoded proteins can activate several cellular signaling cascades while evading immune surveillance. This knowledge has led to the evolution of multiple therapeutic strategies against specific molecular targets. Many such therapeutic modalities have shown activity, but none have proven to be curative. Identifying possible prognostic factors is another active area of research. This review summarizes the recent developments in the fields of virus transmission, molecular biology, and treatment of HHV-8-related neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sunil
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Room 2054, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Erin Reid
- Hematology/Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences, MC #0987 La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mary Jo Lechowicz
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Room 2054, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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16
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Abstract
It has been estimated that viruses are etiological agents in approximately 12% of human cancers. Most of these cancers can be attributed to infections by human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Prophylactic vaccines against other pathogenic viruses have an excellent record as public health interventions in terms of safety, effectiveness, and ability to reach economically disadvantaged populations. These considerations should prompt efforts to develop and implement vaccines against oncoviruses. Safe and effective HBV and HPV vaccines, based on virus-like particles, are commercially available, and the major focus is now on vaccine delivery, especially to low-resource settings. HCV and EBV vaccines are under active development, but few clinical trials have been conducted, and none of the candidate vaccines has proven to be sufficiently effective to warrant commercialization. Efforts to develop KSHV vaccines have been more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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17
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Stedman W, Kang H, Lin S, Kissil JL, Bartolomei MS, Lieberman PM. Cohesins localize with CTCF at the KSHV latency control region and at cellular c-myc and H19/Igf2 insulators. EMBO J 2008; 27:654-66. [PMID: 18219272 PMCID: PMC2262040 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesins, which mediate sister chromatin cohesion, and CTCF, which functions at chromatin boundaries, play key roles in the structural and functional organization of chromosomes. We examined the binding of these two factors on the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) episome during latent infection and found a striking colocalization within the control region of the major latency transcript responsible for expressing LANA (ORF73), vCyclin (ORF72), vFLIP (ORF71), and vmiRNAs. Deletion of the CTCF-binding site from the viral genome disrupted cohesin binding, and crippled colony formation in 293 cells. Clonal instability correlated with elevated expression of lytic cycle gene products, notably the neighbouring promoter for K14 and vGPCR (ORF74). siRNA depletion of RAD21 from latently infected cells caused an increase in K14 and ORF74, and lytic inducers caused a rapid dissociation of RAD21 from the viral genome. RAD21 and SMC1 also associate with the cellular CTCF sites at mammalian c-myc promoter and H19/Igf2 imprinting control region. We conclude that cohesin subunits associate with viral and cellular CTCF sites involved in complex gene regulation and chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stedman
- Gene Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyojeung Kang
- Gene Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph L Kissil
- Gene Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marisa S Bartolomei
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- Gene Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Kepler GM, Nguyen HK, Webster-Cyriaque J, Banks HT. A dynamic model for induced reactivation of latent virus. J Theor Biol 2007; 244:451-62. [PMID: 17045614 PMCID: PMC2075089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We develop a deterministic mathematical model to describe reactivation of latent virus by chemical inducers. This model is applied to the reactivation of latent KSHV in BCBL-1 cell cultures with butyrate as the inducing agent. Parameters for the model are first estimated from known properties of the exponentially growing, uninduced cell cultures. Additional parameters that are necessary to describe induction are determined from fits to experimental data from the literature. Our initial model provides good agreement with two independent sets of experimental data, but also points to the need for a new class of experiments which are required for further understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Kepler
- Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8205, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Epigenetic alterations represent an important step in the initiation and progression of most human cancers, but it is difficult to differentiate the early cancer causing alterations from later consequences. Oncogenic viruses can induce transformation via expression of only a small number of viral genes. Therefore, the mechanisms by which oncogenic viruses cause cancer may provide clues as to which epigenetic alterations are critical in early carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Flanagan
- CR-UK Viral Oncology Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, Gower Street, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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20
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Grundhoff A, Sullivan CS, Ganem D. A combined computational and microarray-based approach identifies novel microRNAs encoded by human gamma-herpesviruses. RNA 2006; 12:733-50. [PMID: 16540699 PMCID: PMC1440911 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2326106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an approach to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that is based on bioinformatics and array-based technologies, without the use of cDNA cloning. The approach, designed for use on genomes of small size (<2 Mb), was tested on cells infected by either of two lymphotropic herpesviruses, KSHV and EBV. The viral genomes were scanned computationally for pre-miRNAs using an algorithm (VMir) we have developed. Candidate hairpins suggested by this analysis were then synthesized as oligonucleotides on microarrays, and the arrays were hybridized with small RNAs from infected cells. Candidate miRNAs that scored positive on the arrays were then subjected to confirmatory Northern blot analysis. Using this approach, 10 of the known KSHV pre-miRNAs were identified, as well as a novel pre-miRNA that had earlier escaped detection. This method also led to the identification of seven new EBV-encoded pre-miRNAs; by using additional computational approaches, we identified a total of 18 new EBV pre-miRNAs that produce 22 mature miRNA molecules, thereby more than quadrupling the total number of hitherto known EBV miRNAs. The advantages and limitations of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette Institut für experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Liang Y, Chang J, Lynch SJ, Lukac DM, Ganem D. The lytic switch protein of KSHV activates gene expression via functional interaction with RBP-Jkappa (CSL), the target of the Notch signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2002; 16:1977-89. [PMID: 12154127 PMCID: PMC186409 DOI: 10.1101/gad.996502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The RTA protein of the Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is responsible for the switch from latency to lytic replication, a reaction essential for viral spread and KS pathogenesis. RTA is a sequence-specific transcriptional activator, but the diversity of its target sites suggests it may act via interaction with host DNA-binding proteins as well. Here we show that KSHV RTA interacts with the RBP-Jkappa protein, the primary target of the Notch signaling pathway. This interaction targets RTA to RBP-Jkappa recognition sites on DNA and results in the replacement of RBP-Jkappa's intrinsic repressive action with activation mediated by the C-terminal domain of RTA. Mutation of such sites in target promoters strongly impairs RTA responsiveness. Similarly, such target genes are induced poorly or not at all by RTA in fibroblasts derived from RBP-Jkappa(-/-) mice, a defect that can be reversed by expression of RBP-Jkappa. In vitro, RTA binds to two adjacent regions of RBP-Jkappa, one of which is identical to the central repression domain that binds the Notch effector fragment. These results indicate that KSHV has evolved a ligand-independent mechanism for constitutive activation of the Notch pathway as a part of its strategy for reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA
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22
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Newton R, Ziegler J, Ateenyi-Agaba C, Bousarghin L, Casabonne D, Beral V, Mbidde E, Carpenter L, Reeves G, Parkin DM, Wabinga H, Mbulaiteye S, Jaffe H, Bourboulia D, Boshoff C, Touzé A, Coursaget P. The epidemiology of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in Uganda. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:301-8. [PMID: 12177799 PMCID: PMC2364227 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2002] [Revised: 04/19/2002] [Accepted: 04/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a larger investigation of cancer in Uganda, we conducted a case-control study of conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in adults presenting at hospitals in Kampala. Participants were interviewed about social and lifestyle factors and had blood tested for antibodies to HIV, KSHV and HPV-16, -18 and -45. The odds of each factor among 60 people with conjunctival cancer was compared to that among 1214 controls with other cancer sites or types, using odds ratios, estimated with unconditional logistic regression. Conjunctival cancer was associated with HIV infection (OR 10.1, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 5.2-19.4; P<0.001), and was less common in those with a higher personal income (OR=0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.7; P<0.001)[corrected]. The risk of conjunctival cancer increased with increasing time spent in cultivation and therefore in direct sunlight (chi2 trend=3.9, P=0.05), but decreased with decreasing age at leaving home (chi2 trend=3.9, P=0.05), perhaps reflecting less exposure to sunlight consequent to working in towns, although both results were of borderline statistical significance. To reduce confounding, sexual and reproductive variables were examined among HIV seropositive individuals only. Cases were more likely than controls to report that they had given or received gifts for sex (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2-10.4; P=0.03), but this may have been a chance finding as no other sexual or reproductive variable was associated with conjunctival cancer, including the number of self-reported lifetime sexual partners (P=0.4). The seroprevalence of antibodies against HPV-18 and -45 was too low to make reliable conclusions. The presence of anti-HPV-16 antibodies was not significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (OR 1.5, 95% CI 0.5-4.3; P=0.5) and nor were anti-KSHV antibodies (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.4-2.1; P=0.8). The 10-fold increased risk of conjunctival cancer in HIV infected individuals is similar to results from other studies. The role of other oncogenic viral infections is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Newton
- Cancer Research UK, Epidemiology Unit, Gibson Building, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK
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23
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Dittmer D, Stoddart C, Renne R, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno M, Bare C, McCune J, Ganem D. Experimental transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ( KSHV/HHV-8) to SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1857-68. [PMID: 10601360 PMCID: PMC2195708 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/1999] [Accepted: 09/28/1999] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) is a novel human lymphotropic herpesvirus linked to several human neoplasms. To date, no animal model for infection by this virus has been described. We have examined the susceptibility of C.B-17 scid/scid mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver grafts (SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice) to KSHV infection. KSHV virions were inoculated directly into the implants, and viral DNA and mRNA production was assayed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This revealed a biphasic infection, with an early phase of lytic replication accompanied and followed by sustained latency. Ultraviolet irradiation of the inoculum abolished all DNA- and mRNA-derived signals, and infection was inhibited by ganciclovir. Viral gene expression was most abundant in CD19(+) B lymphocytes, suggesting that this model faithfully mimics the natural tropism of this virus. Short-term coinfection with HIV-1 did not alter the course of KSHV replication, nor did KSHV alter levels of HIV-1 p24 during the acute phase of the infection. Although no disease was evident in infected animals, SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice should allow the detailed study of KSHV tropism, latency, and drug susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - C. Stoddart
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - R. Renne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - V. Linquist-Stepps
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - M.E. Moreno
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - C. Bare
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - J.M. McCune
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94110
| | - D. Ganem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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