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Andrikopoulou E, Chatzistergos P, Chockalingam N. Exploring the Pathways of Diabetes Foot Complications Treatment and Investigating Experiences From Frontline Health Care Professionals: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e54852. [PMID: 38656782 PMCID: PMC11079765 DOI: 10.2196/54852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes affects more than 4.3 million individuals in the United Kingdom, with 19% to 34% developing diabetes-related foot ulceration (DFU) during their lifespan, which can lead to an amputation. In the United Kingdom, every week, approximately 169 people have an amputation due to diabetes. Preventing first-ever ulcers is the most effective strategy to reduce the occurrence of diabetes-related amputations, but research in this space is lacking. OBJECTIVE This protocol seeks to document the experiences and perspectives of frontline health care professionals who work with people who have diabetes and diabetes-related foot problems. Special attention is given to their perceptions of barriers to effective care, their views about barriers to effective and inclusive engagement with people with diabetes, and their experience with the first-ever DFU. Another aspect of the study is the focus on whether clinical management is affected by data sharing, data availability, and interoperability issues. METHODS This is a mixed methods explanatory protocol, which is sequential, and its purpose is to use the qualitative data to explain the initial quantitative data collected through a survey of frontline health care professionals. Data analysis of quantitative data will be completed first and then synthesized with the qualitative data analysis. Qualitative data will be analyzed using the framework method. This study will use joint displays to integrate the data. Ethical approval has been granted by the ethics committee of Staffordshire University. RESULTS The quantitative data collection started in March 2023 and will close in May 2024. The qualitative interviews commenced in November 2023 with volunteer participants who initially completed the survey. CONCLUSIONS This study's survey focuses on data interoperability and the interviews focus more on the perspectives and experiences of clinicians and their perceived barriers for the effective management of diabetes foot ulcers. Including a geographically relevant and diverse cohort of health care professionals that spans a wide range of roles and care settings involved in diabetes-related foot care is very important for the successful application of this protocol. Special care is given to advertise and promote participation as widely as possible. The qualitative part of this protocol is also limited to 30-40 interview participants, as it is not realistic to interview higher numbers, due to time and resource constraints. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/54852.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Chatzistergos
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
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Gridley K. Standardised data collection from people with dementia over the telephone: A qualitative study of the experience of DETERMIND programme researchers in a pandemic. Dementia (London) 2023; 22:1718-1737. [PMID: 37495232 PMCID: PMC10372513 DOI: 10.1177/14713012231190585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a notable lack of evidence on what constitutes good practice in remote quantitative data collection from research participants with dementia. During the COVID-19 pandemic face-to-face research became problematic, especially where participants were older and more at risk of infection. The DETERMIND-C19 study, a large cohort study of people with dementia, switched to telephone data collection over this period. This paper explores the experiences of researchers who collected quantitative data over the telephone from people with dementia during the first COVID-19 lockdowns in England. The aim was to learn from these experiences, share insights and inform future research practice across disciplines. Seven DETERMIND researchers were interviewed about the processes and challenges of collecting quantitative data from people with dementia over the telephone compared to face-to-face. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Two themes were developed: first the telephone adds an extra layer of confusion to an already cognitively complex interaction. Second, researchers found it difficult to recognise subtle cues that signalled participants' rising emotion over the telephone in time to prevent distress. The researchers employed strategies to support participants which may not have conformed to the strict conventions of structured interviewing, but which were informed by person-oriented principles. Whilst in practice this may be a common approach to balancing the needs of participants and the requirements of quantitative research, it is rare for studies to openly discuss such trade-offs in the literature. Honest, reflective reporting is required if the practice of remote data collection from people with dementia is to progress ethically and with integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Gridley
- Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, UK
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Padilla M, Gutierrez M, Fagan J. Using Semistructured Telephone Interviews to Collect Qualitative Data From People With HIV Who Are Not in Medical Care: Implementation Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e40041. [PMID: 36441569 DOI: 10.2196/40041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Medical Monitoring Qualitative (MMP-Qual) Project was designed to collect qualitative data from people with HIV not engaged in medical care that would complement quantitative data collected by the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP)-a national surveillance system-and inform the MMP's recruitment and data collection methods. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to describe the methodology of this project, reflect on the challenges and lessons learned from conducting qualitative telephone interviews at a national level, and describe how we used and plan to use the qualitative data to evaluate our recruitment procedures and quantitative data collection instrument as well as knowledge of HIV care engagement. METHODS We used stratified purposive sampling to identify and recruit participants who had participated in the structured MMP interview into the MMP-Qual Project. To be eligible, participants must have had an HIV diagnosis, be aged ≥18 years, have lived in an MMP jurisdiction, and have not been engaged in HIV medical care. From August 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019, we conducted semistructured telephone interviews with 36 people with HIV across the United States about several topics (eg, facilitators and barriers to care and experience with surveys). Four trained interviewers conducted semistructured 60-minute telephone interviews with 36 participants. Data collection lasted from August 1, 2018, to May 31, 2019. RESULTS From 2018 to 2019, 113 people were eligible to participate in the MMP-Qual Project. Of the people recruited, 28% (22/79) refused to participate. Of those who agreed to participate, 63% (36/57) were interviewed, and 37% (21/57) were no-shows. Of the 34 participants for whom we had complete data, 15 (44%) were aged ≥50 years, 26 (76%) identified as male, 22 (65%) were Black or African American, and 12 (35%) lived in the Southern United States. CONCLUSIONS We learned that it is possible to obtain rich qualitative data from people with HIV who are not in care via telephone interviews and that this mode might be conducive to talking about sensitive topics. We also learned the importance of flexibility, communication, and coordination because we relied on health department staff to perform recruitment and had difficulty implementing our original sampling strategy. We hope that other projects will learn from our experience conducting qualitative telephone interviews with people with HIV on a national level. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/40041.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Padilla
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mariana Gutierrez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer Fagan
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Webber CM, Egginton JS, Shin AY, Kaufman KR. Application of a myoelectric elbow flexion assist orthosis in adult traumatic brachial plexus injury: patient perspectives. Prosthet Orthot Int 2021; 45:526-531. [PMID: 34789712 PMCID: PMC8642265 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) can be prescribed assistive devices, including myoelectric elbow orthoses (MEOs), for rehabilitation or functional use after failed treatment for elbow flexion restoration. Although recent case studies indicate potential for clinical improvements after using an MEO after BPI, the patients' perspectives on such use are still unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore patient perspectives on the use of an MEO after surgical treatment for a traumatic BPI. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative using both a focus group and semistructured interviews. METHODS Patients with BPI that used an MEO were recruited. Five patients participated in an in-person focus group, whereas three patients participated in individual phone interviews. Themes that emerged from the focus group were compared against those that emerged from the personal interviews. RESULTS Feedback was grouped into three themes: device usage, hardware performance, and device design. Within each theme, positive elements, areas for improvement, and additional considerations emerged. Patients indicated a positive attitude toward using an MEO as a rehabilitation tool. They desired a streamlined, stronger device to support them and assist during activities of daily living. CONCLUSIONS For patients with BPI, a well-designed MEO that meets their needs could assist with rehabilitation and increase independence in daily activities. Continued patient engagement in the evaluation and development of both medical devices and treatment plans offers the best opportunity for improved outcomes that are important to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Webber
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason S. Egginton
- Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kenton R. Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kang E, Gillespie BM, Tobiano G, Chaboyer W. General surgical patients' experience of hospital discharge education: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2019; 29:e1-e10. [PMID: 31509311 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore adult general surgical patients' perceptions of, and satisfaction with, discharge education provided by healthcare providers. BACKGROUND Discharge education is essential for general surgical patients as it equips them with the required knowledge and skills to engage in their care after discharge. Insufficient knowledge to self-manage or assess their symptoms can result in postdischarge complications, unplanned hospital readmission and overall dissatisfaction with the hospital experience. DESIGN A constructivist-interpretivist paradigm using qualitative interviews. METHODS Telephone interviews were conducted with 13 patients between August 2018 and November 2018 and analysed using inductive content analysis. COREQ guidelines were adopted for the conduct and reporting of the study. RESULTS Four themes were uncovered: (a) The quality of discharge information influences patients' postdischarge experience; (b) The negative impact of contextual influences on delivery of discharge education; (c) Patients actively participating in their surgical journey; (d) Patients' preferences with the delivery of discharge education. CONCLUSION Inadequate discharge education leads to patients' inability to self-manage their recovery process. Information sharing with patients fosters shared understanding towards goals and expectations. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Understanding patients' view may inform the design of patient-centred discharge education interventions for patients to self-manage their recovery postdischarge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Kang
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Brigid M Gillespie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Nursing and Midwifery Education and Research Unit, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Georgia Tobiano
- Nursing and Midwifery Education and Research Unit, Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Wendy Chaboyer
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Healthcare Practice and Survivorship Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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Marsh SM, Reichard AA, Bhandari R, Tonozzi TR. Using emergency department surveillance data to assess occupational injury and illness reporting by workers. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:600-9. [PMID: 27400439 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) share detailed methodologies from conducting two follow-back studies initiated in 2010 that were designed to assess whether workers reported their injuries and illnesses to their employers and to identify worker incentives and disincentives for reporting work-related injuries to employers. METHODOLOGY Study respondents were sampled from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work), an emergency department-based surveillance system. Telephone interviews were used to collect information directly from workers. OUTCOMES Among persons treated in emergency departments who could be identified as working at the time of injury or illness, most reported their injury or illness to their employer. Our studies did not assess if these reported injuries and illnesses were recorded on the Occupational Safety and Health logs. DISCUSSION Our approach suggests that emergency department-based surveillance data are limited in their utility to investigate underreporting among workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:600-609, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Marsh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Audrey A. Reichard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Ruchi Bhandari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Theresa R. Tonozzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
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Bhandari R, Marsh SM, Reichard AA, Tonozzi TR. Characterizing emergency department patients who reported work-related injuries and illnesses. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:610-20. [PMID: 27400440 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per a Congressional directive and funding, this study describes worker and workplace characteristics of emergency department (ED) patients who reported their injury/illness to their employer. The study also responds to Congress's request to enumerate injured/ill self-employed workers and workers with chronic conditions. METHODS We conducted a follow-back study on injured/ill workers, including self-employed, identified from a national ED surveillance system from June 2012 through December 2013. RESULTS An estimated 3,357,000 (95%CI: 2,516,000-4,199,000) workers treated in EDs reported their injury/illness to their employer or were self-employed. Of those, 202,000 (95%CI: 133,000-272,000) had a chronic condition. Of all reporters, excluding self-employed, 77% indicated they received instructions as to whom to report. CONCLUSION The study did not identify underreporting issues and revealed that medical records data may not be appropriate for assessing underreporting. Additional research is needed to examine workplace characteristics that encourage injury and illness reporting. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:610-620, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bhandari
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Suzanne M. Marsh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Audrey A. Reichard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Theresa R. Tonozzi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, Surveillance and Field Investigations Branch; Morgantown West Virginia
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Drabble L, Trocki KF, Salcedo B, Walker PC, Korcha RA. Conducting qualitative interviews by telephone: Lessons learned from a study of alcohol use among sexual minority and heterosexual women. Qual Soc Work 2016; 15:118-133. [PMID: 26811696 PMCID: PMC4722874 DOI: 10.1177/1473325015585613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored effective interviewer strategies and lessons-learned based on collection of narrative data by telephone with a sub-sample of women from a population-based survey, which included sexual minority women. Qualitative follow-up, in-depth life history interviews were conducted over the telephone with 48 women who had participated in the 2009-2010 National Alcohol Survey. Questions explored the lives and experiences of women, including use of alcohol and drugs, social relationships, identity, and past traumatic experiences. Strategies for success in interviews emerged in three overarching areas: 1) cultivating rapport and maintaining connection, 2) demonstrating responsiveness to interviewee content, concerns, and 3) communicating regard for the interviewee and her contribution. Findings underscore both the viability and value of telephone interviews as a method for collecting rich narrative data on sensitive subjects among women, including women who may be marginalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Drabble
- San José State University School of Social Work, One Washington Square, San José, CA 95192-0124, (408) 924-5836, FAX: (408) 924-5912
| | - Karen F. Trocki
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Ave. Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, phone: 510-597-3440, fax: 510-985-6459
| | - Brenda Salcedo
- Social Worker, Special Services, East Side Union High School District, 830 N Capitol Ave, San Jose, CA 95133, Phone: 408.332.2836
| | - Patricia C. Walker
- Catholic Charities of Santa Clara County, 1670 Cherry Grove Drive, San Jose, CA 95125, phone: (408) 723-5201, fax: (408) 723-5201
| | - Rachael A. Korcha
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6475 Christie Ave. Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, phone: 510-597-3440, fax: 510-985-6459
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe novel and emerging strategies practiced globally in research to improve longitudinal data collection. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT In research studies, numerous strategies such as telephone interviews, postal mailing, online questionnaires, and electronic mail are traditionally utilized in longitudinal data collection. However, due to technological advances, novel and emerging strategies have been applied to longitudinal data collection, such as two-way short message service, smartphone applications (or "apps"), retrieval capabilities applied to the electronic medical record, and an adapted cloud interface. In this review, traditional longitudinal data collection strategies are briefly described, emerging and novel strategies are detailed and explored, and information regarding the impact of novel methods on participant response rates, the timeliness of participant responses, and cost is provided. We further discuss how these novel and emerging strategies affect longitudinal data collection and advance research, specifically nursing research. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that the novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies discussed in this review are valuable approaches to consider. These strategies facilitate collecting longitudinal research data to better understand a variety of health-related conditions. Future studies, including nursing research, should consider using novel and emerging strategies to advance longitudinal data collection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A better understanding of novel and emerging longitudinal data collection strategies will ultimately improve longitudinal data collection as well as foster research efforts. Nurse researchers, along with all researchers, must be aware of and consider implementing novel and emerging strategies to ensure future healthcare research success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Udtha
- Lab and Research Coordinator of Nursing Systems, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Nursing, Houston, TX, USA
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McIlfatrick S, Noble H, McCorry NK, Roulston A, Hasson F, McLaughlin D, Johnston G, Rutherford L, Payne C, Kernohan G, Kelly S, Craig A. Exploring public awareness and perceptions of palliative care: a qualitative study. Palliat Med 2014; 28:273-80. [PMID: 24026003 DOI: 10.1177/0269216313502372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that the public appear to be confused about the meaning of palliative care. Given the ageing population and associated increase in the number of patients requiring palliative care, it is vital to explore the public's understanding of this concept. Health-promoting palliative care seeks to translate hospice and palliative care ideals into broader public health practice. AIM To explore public perceptions of palliative care and identify strategies to raise awareness. DESIGN An exploratory qualitative approach. PARTICIPANTS Semi-structured telephone interviews were undertaken (N = 50) with members of the public who volunteered to participate in the study. The interviews focused on knowledge and perceptions of palliative care, expectations of palliative care services and the identification of strategies to raise public awareness of palliative care. The interviews were audio recorded and content analysed. RESULTS Most participants had a general knowledge of palliative care, largely influenced by their own personal experience. They identified that palliative care was about caring for people who were dying and maintaining comfort in the last days of life. Participant's expectations of services included the following: holistic support, symptom management, good communication and practical support to enable choice and carer support. Key aspects identified for promoting palliative care were the development of understanding and use of the term itself and targeted educational strategies. CONCLUSION Experience of palliative care generates understanding in the general public who also have ideas for increasing knowledge and awareness. The findings can inform policymakers about strategies to raise public awareness of palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja McIlfatrick
- 1Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Nursing, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
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Brekke HK, Sunesson Å, Lenner RA. Unannounced telephone interviews: A useful and positively received tool in the reinforcement of lifestyle intervention. Patient Prefer Adherence 2009; 3:357-62. [PMID: 20054441 PMCID: PMC2802076 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reinforcement is critical in dietary counseling, but is also time demanding. We evaluated the acceptability of frequent telephone interviews, including a 24-hour dietary recall, as a means of reinforcement after lifestyle intervention in healthy subjects at risk of diabetes. The aim of this report is to assess the following questions: Was the chosen frequency and duration of telephone reinforcement appropriate? What were the positive and negative aspects of receiving telephone interviews? METHODS Seventy-seven nondiabetic relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes were included in a randomized controlled intervention study in which they received dietary education. Unannounced telephone calls were placed to follow adherence and for encouragement and support. After two years of intervention, the perceived appropriateness of the different aspects of receiving telephone interviews were evaluated by postal questionnaire. RESULTS Telephone reinforcement was positively received by the participants. Relatively frequent telephone calls, as many as three times per month, were not considered disturbing or time consuming. Participants became aware of their own dietary habits through the interviews, which they appreciated. They found duration of follow-up between one and five years appropriate. CONCLUSIONS Telephone interviews can be applied in lifestyle intervention programs in healthy at-risk individuals in which time constraints may otherwise prevent active persons from participating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Kristin Brekke
- Correspondence: Hilde Kristin Brekke, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Tel +46 31 786 3637, Fax +46 31 786 3101, Email
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