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Schulz M, Coleshill MJ, Day RO, Wright DFB, Brett J, Briggs NE, Aung E. Estimation of adherence to urate-lowering therapy in people living with gout using Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and patient-reported dosing. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:1322-1332. [PMID: 38382554 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to estimate adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT), predominately allopurinol, from Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) claims database in association with (1) patient-reported doses and (2) World Health Organization's (WHO) defined daily doses (DDD), namely, allopurinol (400 mg/day) or febuxostat (80 mg/day). METHODS Proportion of days covered (PDC) was calculated in 108 Gout App (Gout APP) trial participants with at least two recorded ULT dispensings in an approximately 12-month period before provision of intervention or control apps. Adherence was defined as PDC ≥80%. We measured the correlation between the two methods of calculating PDC using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Agreement between ULT-taking status (self-reports) and ULT-dispensed status (PBS records) was tested with Cohen's kappa (κ), and positive and negative percent agreement. RESULTS Allopurinol was prescribed in 93.5% of participants taking ULT. Their self-reported mean daily dose (SD) was 291 (167) mg/day. Mean PDC (SD) for allopurinol was 83% (21%) calculated using self-reported dose, and 63% (24%) using WHO's DDD. Sixty-three percent of allopurinol users were identified as adherent (PDC ≥80%) using self-reported dose. There was good agreement between self-reported ULT use and PBS dispensing claims (κ = 0.708, P < .001; positive percent agreement = 90%, negative percent agreement = 82%). CONCLUSIONS Participant-reported allopurinol daily doses, in addition to PBS dispensing claims, may enhance confidence in estimating PDC and adherence compared to using DDD. This approach improves adherence estimations from pharmaceutical claims datasets for medications where daily doses vary between individuals or where there is a wide therapeutic dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Schulz
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew J Coleshill
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard O Day
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan Brett
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nancy E Briggs
- Stats Central, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eindra Aung
- St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Northern Sydney Local Health District, NSW Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Kolling Institute, Pain Management Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Moon KW, Kim MJ, Choi IA, Shin K. Cardiovascular Risks in Korean Patients with Gout: Analysis Using a National Health Insurance Service Database. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082124. [PMID: 35456221 PMCID: PMC9030984 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several epidemiologic studies have shown the association between gout and cardiovascular outcomes, specific risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases in Asian patients with gout are undisclosed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate risks of cardiovascular outcomes and its related factors in Korean patients with gout. This retrospective clinical study used sampled cohort data from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea. Patients with gout were defined as subjects enlisted with an ICD-10 code (M10). Control patients were selected by frequency matching for age, sex, and index year. Primary outcomes included ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), or transient ischemic attack. We calculated the hazard ratio (HR) using Cox regression, adjusting potential confounders including age, sex, lifestyle habits, laboratory results, and medication. We identified 3306 patients with gout and an equal number of matched controls. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that gout patients had increased risks of IHD (HR: 1.860, 95% CI: 1.446–2.392), acute myocardial infarction (HR: 3.246, 95% CI: 1.460–7.217), and CVD (HR: 1.552, 95% CI: 1.177–2.036). Old age, current smoking, frequent alcohol intake, high low-density lipoprotein, and diabetes mellitus increased the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, yet hypouricemic agents decreased the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Our data corroborate that it is crucial to identify and manage traditional cardiovascular risk factors alongside lowering urate levels in patients with gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Moon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24289, Korea;
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea;
| | - In Ah Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Kichul Shin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-870-3204
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Low QJ, Lim TH, Hon SA, Low QJ, Wei MW, Cheo SW, Ramlan AH. Management of gout in the primary care setting. Malays Fam Physician 2022; 17:2-9. [PMID: 35440955 PMCID: PMC9004428 DOI: 10.51866/rv1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a commonly treated inflammatory arthritis that is often managed in the primary care setting. This disease is prevalent among the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. Unfortunately, gout is still frequently managed sub-optimally, even in the hospital and primary care settings. Gout should be considered a major disease since it can potentially lead to multiple disabilities from joint destruction, nephropathy and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this review are to summarise the latest updated information and management of gout in the primary care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Jian Low
- MD (UMS), MRCP (UK), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Tzyy Huei Lim
- MD (FMSMU), MRCP (UK), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Shu Ann Hon
- MD (UNIMAS), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Nora Ismail, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Qin Jia Low
- MBBS (Manipal), Klinik Kesihatan Parit Jawa, Parit Jawa, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mak Woh Wei
- MBBS (IMU), MRCP (UK), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Bentong, Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Seng Wee Cheo
- MD (UMS), MRCP (UK), Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Lahad Datu, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Azwarina Hanim Ramlan
- MD (UKM), Doctor in Internal Medicine (UKM), Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah Darul Aman
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Calabuig I, Gómez-Garberí M, Andrés M. Gout Is Prevalent but Under-Registered Among Patients With Cardiovascular Events: A Field Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:560. [PMID: 33117824 PMCID: PMC7552997 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Gout is an independent cardiovascular (CV) risk factor with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of gout, characteristics and management in a hospitalized population for CV disease, a topic that remains to be defined. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients admitted for CV events in the Cardiology, Neurology, and Vascular Surgery units of a tertiary center. Patients were selected following a non-consecutive, systematic sampling. Data about CV disease and gout were obtained from face-to-face interviews and patients' records. Gout diagnosis was established using the 2015 ACR/EULAR clinical classification criteria. The registration rate of gout was assessed by auditing patients' records and hospital discharge reports of CV events from the units of interest in the previous 2 years. To predict the presence of gout, multivariate logistic regression models were built to study the possible explanatory variables. Results: Two hundred and sixty six participants were recruited, predominantly males (69.9%) and Caucasians (96.6%) with a mean age of 68 years. Gout was identified in 40 individuals; thus, the prevalence was 15.0% (95% CI 10.9-19.2%). In 35% of cases, the diagnosis was absent from patients' records. Gout was found in 1.4-2.6% of hospital discharge reports of CV events, also indicating under-registration. The disease was long-standing, but with low reported rates of flares, involved joints, and tophi. At admission, only half of the gout patients were on urate-lowering therapy, being 38.5% of them on serum urate <6 mg/dl. The only independent predictor of gout was the existence of previous hyperuricemia (median serum urate in previous 5 years ≥7 mg/dl), with an odds ratio of 2.9 (95% CI 1.2-7.1); if hyperuricemia is not included in the model, the only independent predictor was chronic kidney disease (odds ratio 3.0; 95% CI 1.4-6.6). Conclusion: Gout is highly prevalent among patients admitted for CV events, with significant lack of awareness and suboptimal management, despite being a well-established independent CV risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Calabuig
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Mariano Andrés
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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Zhu J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li X, Yang Z, Li H. Association between hyperuricemia, gout, urate lowering therapy, and osteoarthritis: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21610. [PMID: 32872016 PMCID: PMC7437763 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic and degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, sclerosis of subchondral bone, and osteophyte formation, is deemed a leading cause of activity limitation and disability among the elderly people. Serum uric acid (UA) is a terminal metabolite of purine compound, while hyperuricemia (HU) and UA crystals are recognized causes of gout. Several studies have investigated the correlations between HU, gout and OA, but the findings are inconclusive. We are also concerned whether the urate lowering therapy (ULT) can become a potential treatment for OA and intend to undertake this meta-analysis to clarify the related hypotheses. METHODS Systematic literature search will be conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies up to February 2020 using appropriate search strategies. All citations and abstracts retrieved from literature search will be assessed by two reviewers independently. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale or the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool will be used as appropriate to assess the quality and the risk of bias of the included studies. The heterogeneity and the publication bias of the studies will be investigated accordingly. RESULTS We propose to undertake this meta-analysis as a feasible approach to clarify the associations between HU, gout or ULT, and OA. DISCUSSIONS This meta-analysis will help to strengthen our knowledge of the pathogenesis of OA and promote the development of preventive or treatment strategies. REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42020168769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yilun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Joint Degeneration and Injury
| | - Zidan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
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Ebstein E, Forien M, Norkuviene E, Richette P, Mouterde G, Daien C, Ea HK, Brière C, Lioté F, Petraitis M, Bardin T, Ora J, Dieudé P, Ottaviani S. Ultrasound evaluation in follow-up of urate-lowering therapy in gout: the USEFUL study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:410-417. [PMID: 30285127 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the ability of ultrasonography (US) to show disappearance of urate deposits in gouty patients requiring urate-lowering therapy (ULT). METHODS We performed a 6-month multicentre prospective study including patients with: proven gout; presence of US features of gout (tophus and/or double contour sign) at the knee and/or first metatarsophalangeal joints; and no current ULT. US evaluations were performed at baseline and at months 3 and 6 (M3, M6) after starting ULT. Outcomes were: the change in US features of gout at M6 according to final (M6) serum urate (SU) level (high, > 360 μmol/l, i.e. > 6 mg/dl; low, 300-360 μmol/l, i.e. 5-6 mg/dl; very low, < 300 μmol/l, i.e. < 5 mg/dl); and correlation between changed US features and final SU level. RESULTS We included 79 gouty patients (mean ± s.d., age 61.8 (14) years, 91% males, disease duration 6.3 (6.1) years). Baseline SU level was 530 ± 97 µmol/l (i.e. 8.9 mg/dl ± 1.6mg/dl). At least one US tophus and double contour sign was observed in 74 (94%) and 68 (86%) patients, respectively. Among the 67 completers at M6, 18 and 39 achieved a very low and low SU level, respectively. We found a significant decrease in US features of gout among patients with the lowest SU level (P < 0.001). Final M6 SU level was positively correlated with decreased size of tophus (r = 0.54 [95% CI: 0.34, 0.70], P < 0.0001), and inversely correlated with proportion of double contour sign disappearance (r=-0.59 [-0.74, -0.40]). CONCLUSION US can show decreased urate deposition after ULT, which is correlated with decreased SU level. The responsiveness of US in gout is demonstrated and can be useful for gout follow-up and adherence to ULT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Ebstein
- Rheumatology Department, DHU FIRE, Pôle Infection Immunité, Bichat Hospital (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Marine Forien
- Rheumatology Department, DHU FIRE, Pôle Infection Immunité, Bichat Hospital (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Eleonora Norkuviene
- Rheumatology Department, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pascal Richette
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Mouterde
- Rheumatology Department, Lapeyronie Hospital, EA 2415, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Daien
- Rheumatology Department, Lapeyronie Hospital, EA 2415, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hang-Korng Ea
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Claire Brière
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Mykolas Petraitis
- Rheumatology Department, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Bardin
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Ora
- Rheumatology Department, Centre Viggo Petersen, Pole Appareil Locomoteur, Lariboisière Hospital (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1132, USPC, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- Rheumatology Department, DHU FIRE, Pôle Infection Immunité, Bichat Hospital (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Ottaviani
- Rheumatology Department, DHU FIRE, Pôle Infection Immunité, Bichat Hospital (APHP), Paris, France
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a resurgence in gout therapeutics in the last decade, not only for the management of gout flares, but also for the treatment of hyperuricemia. This editorial summarizes new, emerging therapies for people with gout. Areas covered: We review several new therapies for gout, including those that are focused on lowering serum urate (levotofisopam, ulodesine, verinurad, merbarone, KUX-1151, UR-1102, FYU-981, SEL-212), or treating gout flares (canakinumab, bucillamine) or both (arhalofenate, diacerein). Expert opinion: Among therapies with both urate lowering and anti-inflammatory action, arhalofenate seems promising, but more data are needed. Examining therapies aimed at treating gout flares [anti-inflammatory action], bucillamine has some potential, but more data and Phase III studies are needed, to better understand its efficacy and safety. Among the urate-lowering therapies (ULTs), verinurad seems to be the most promising, while levotofisopam and ulodesine require more data. A uricase-replacement therapy with improved immune reaction (SLE-212) is in a Phase II trial. A number of ULTs including KUX-1151, UR-1102 and FYU-981 are in early development and more will be known once initial data and studies are published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Stamp
- a Department of Medicine , University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- b Department of Biochemistry , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- c Medicine Service , VA Medical Center , Birmingham , AL , USA.,d Department of Medicine at the School of Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL.,e Division of Epidemiology at the School of Public Health , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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Abstract
If hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor in blood-pressure control, urate-lowering therapy should be used to reduce cardiovascular risk. It may also act as a prognostic marker of other abnormalities. This review presents current evidence on the relationship between hyperuricemia and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Grassi
- a Clinica Medica , University of Milano-Bicocca and IRCCS Multimedica , Sesto San Giovanni , Milan , Italy
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McMullan CJ, Borgi L, Fisher N, Curhan G, Forman J. Effect of Uric Acid Lowering on Renin-Angiotensin-System Activation and Ambulatory BP: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 12:807-816. [PMID: 28320765 PMCID: PMC5477221 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.10771016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Higher serum uric acid levels, even within the reference range, are strongly associated with increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and risk of incident hypertension. However, the effect of lowering serum uric acid on RAS activity in humans is unknown, although the data that lowering serum uric acid can reduce BP are conflicting. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted from 2011 to 2015, we randomly assigned 149 overweight or obese adults with serum uric acid ≥5.0 mg/dl to uric acid lowering with either probenecid or allopurinol, or to placebo. The primary endpoints were kidney-specific and systemic RAS activity. Secondary endpoints included mean 24-hour systolic BP, mean awake and asleep BP, and nocturnal dipping. RESULTS Allopurinol and probenecid markedly lowered serum uric acid after 4 and 8 weeks compared with placebo (mean serum uric acid in allopurinol, probenecid, and placebo at 8 weeks was 2.9, 3.5, and 5.6 mg/dl, respectively). The change in kidney-specific RAS activity, measured as change in the median (interquartile range) renal plasma flow response to captopril (in ml/min per 1.73 m2) from baseline to 8 weeks, was -4 (-25 to 32) in the probenecid group (P=0.83), -4 (-16 to 9) in the allopurinol group (P=0.32), and 1 (-21 to 17) in the placebo group (P=0.96), with no significant treatment effect (P=0.77). Similarly, plasma renin activity and plasma angiotensin II levels did not significantly change with treatment. The change in mean (±SD) 24-hour systolic BPs from baseline to 8 weeks was -1.6±10.1 with probenecid (P=0.43), -0.4±6.1 with allopurinol (P=0.76), and 0.5±6.0 with placebo (P=0.65); there was no significant treatment effect (P=0.58). Adverse events occurred in 9%, 12%, and 2% of those given probenecid, allopurinol, or placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to animal experiments and observational studies, this randomized, placebo-controlled trial found that uric acid lowering had no effect on kidney-specific or systemic RAS activity after 8 weeks or on mean systolic BP. These data do not support the hypothesis that higher levels of uric acid are a reversible risk factor for increased BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Borgi
- Renal Division
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and
| | - Naomi Fisher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gary Curhan
- Renal Division
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and
| | - John Forman
- Renal Division
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, and
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