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Fan S, Popli S, Chakravarty S, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Non-transcriptional IRF7 interacts with NF-κB to inhibit viral inflammation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107200. [PMID: 38508315 PMCID: PMC11040127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) are key transcription factors in cellular antiviral responses. IRF7, a virus-inducible IRF, expressed primarily in myeloid cells, is required for transcriptional induction of interferon α and antiviral genes. IRF7 is activated by virus-induced phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, leading to its translocation to the nucleus for transcriptional activity. Here, we revealed a nontranscriptional activity of IRF7 contributing to its antiviral functions. IRF7 interacted with the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB-p65 and inhibited the induction of inflammatory target genes. Using knockdown, knockout, and overexpression strategies, we demonstrated that IRF7 inhibited NF-κB-dependent inflammatory target genes, induced by virus infection or toll-like receptor stimulation. A mutant IRF7, defective in transcriptional activity, interacted with NF-κB-p65 and suppressed NF-κB-induced gene expression. A single-action IRF7 mutant, active in anti-inflammatory function, but defective in transcriptional activity, efficiently suppressed Sendai virus and murine hepatitis virus replication. We, therefore, uncovered an anti-inflammatory function for IRF7, independent of transcriptional activity, contributing to the antiviral response of IRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Popli S, Chakravarty S, Fan S, Glanz A, Aras S, Nagy LE, Sen GC, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. IRF3 inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB to prevent viral inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121385119. [PMID: 36067309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor activated by phosphorylation in the cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell; by translocating to the nucleus, it induces transcription of IFN-β and other antiviral genes. We have previously reported IRF3 can also be activated, as a proapoptotic factor, by its linear polyubiquitination mediated by the RIG-I pathway. Both transcriptional and apoptotic functions of IRF3 contribute to its antiviral effect. Here, we report a nontranscriptional function of IRF3, namely, the repression of IRF3-mediated NF-κB activity (RIKA), which attenuated viral activation of NF-κB and the resultant inflammatory gene induction. In Irf3-/- mice, consequently, Sendai virus infection caused enhanced inflammation in the lungs. Mechanistically, RIKA was mediated by the direct binding of IRF3 to the p65 subunit of NF-κB in the cytoplasm, which prevented its nuclear import. A mutant IRF3 defective in both the transcriptional and the apoptotic activities was active in RIKA and inhibited virus replication. Our results demonstrated IRF3 deployed a three-pronged attack on virus replication and the accompanying inflammation.
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Gebremeskel S, Schanin J, Coyle KM, Butuci M, Luu T, Brock EC, Xu A, Wong A, Leung J, Korver W, Morin RD, Schleimer RP, Bochner BS, Youngblood BA. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650331. [PMID: 33777047 PMCID: PMC7988091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a global health crisis. Immune cell activation via pattern recognition receptors has been implicated as a driver of the hyperinflammatory response seen in COVID-19. However, our understanding of the specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils are innate immune cells that play pathogenic roles in many inflammatory responses. Here we report MC-derived proteases and eosinophil-associated mediators are elevated in COVID-19 patient sera and lung tissues. Stimulation of viral-sensing toll-like receptors in vitro and administration of synthetic viral RNA in vivo induced features of hyperinflammation, including cytokine elevation, immune cell airway infiltration, and MC-protease production—effects suppressed by an anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibody which selectively inhibits MCs and depletes eosinophils. Similarly, anti-Siglec-8 treatment reduced disease severity and airway inflammation in a respiratory viral infection model. These results suggest that MC and eosinophil activation are associated with COVID-19 inflammation and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies are a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating excessive inflammation during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Krysta M Coyle
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Thuy Luu
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Alan Xu
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Alan Wong
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - John Leung
- Allakos Inc., Redwood City, CA, United States
| | | | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Hocker AD, Huxtable AG. Viral Mimetic-Induced Inflammation Abolishes Q-Pathway, but Not S-Pathway, Respiratory Motor Plasticity in Adult Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1039. [PMID: 31456699 PMCID: PMC6700374 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation arises from diverse stimuli eliciting distinct inflammatory profiles, yet little is known about the effects of different inflammatory stimuli on respiratory motor plasticity. Respiratory motor plasticity is a key feature of the neural control of breathing and commonly studied in the form of phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF). At least two distinct pathways can evoke pLTF with differential sensitivities to bacterial-induced inflammation. The Q-pathway is abolished by bacterial-induced inflammation, while the S-pathway is inflammation-resistant. Since viral-induced inflammation is common and elicits distinct temporal inflammatory gene profiles compared to bacterial inflammation, we tested the hypothesis that inflammation induced by a viral mimetic (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, polyIC) would abolish Q-pathway-evoked pLTF, but not S-pathway-evoked pLTF. Further, we hypothesized Q-pathway impairment would occur later relative to bacterial-induced inflammation. PolyIC (750 μg/kg, i.p.) transiently increased inflammatory genes in the cervical spinal cord (3 h), but did not alter medullary and splenic inflammatory gene expression, suggesting region specific inflammation after polyIC. Dose-response experiments revealed 750 μg/kg polyIC (i.p.) was sufficient to abolish Q-pathway-evoked pLTF at 24 h (17 ± 15% change from baseline, n = 5, p > 0.05). However, polyIC (750 μg/kg, i.p.) at 3 h was not sufficient to abolish Q-pathway-evoked pLTF (67 ± 21%, n = 5, p < 0.0001), suggesting a unique temporal impairment of pLTF after viral-mimetic-induced systemic inflammation. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (ketoprofen, 12.5 mg/kg, i.p., 3 h) restored Q-pathway-evoked pLTF (64 ± 24%, n = 5, p < 0.0001), confirming the role of inflammatory signaling in pLTF impairment. On the contrary, S-pathway-evoked pLTF was unaffected by polyIC-induced inflammation (750 μg/kg, i.p., 24 h; 72 ± 25%, n = 5, p < 0.0001) and was not different from saline controls (65 ± 32%, n = 4, p = 0.6291). Thus, the inflammatory-impairment of Q-pathway-evoked pLTF is generalizable between distinct inflammatory stimuli, but differs temporally. On the contrary, S-pathway-evoked pLTF is inflammation-resistant. Therefore, in situations where respiratory motor plasticity may be used as a tool to improve motor function, strategies targeting S-pathway-evoked plasticity may facilitate therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D Hocker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Adrianne G Huxtable
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Steiert SA, Zissler UM, Chaker AM, Esser-von-Bieren J, Dittlein D, Guerth F, Jakwerth CA, Piontek G, Zahner C, Drewe J, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Schmidt-Weber CB, Gilles S. Anti-inflammatory effects of the petasin phyto drug Ze339 are mediated by inhibition of the STAT pathway. Biofactors 2017; 43:388-399. [PMID: 28139053 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ze339, an herbal extract from Petasites hybridus leaves is effective in treatment of allergic rhinitis by inhibition of a local production of IL-8 and eicosanoid LTB4 in allergen-challenged patients. However, the mechanism of action and anti-inflammatory potential in virally induced exacerbation of the upper airways is unknown. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Ze339 on primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) upon viral, bacterial and pro-inflammatory triggers. To investigate the influence of viral and bacterial infections on the airways, HNECs were stimulated with viral mimics, bacterial toll-like-receptor (TLR)-ligands or cytokines, in presence or absence of Ze339. The study uncovers Ze339 modulated changes in pro-inflammatory mediators and decreased neutrophil chemotaxis as well as a reduction of the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of STAT molecules. Taken together, this study suggests that phyto drug Ze339 specifically targets STAT-signalling pathways in HNECs and has high potential as a broad anti-inflammatory drug that exceeds current indication. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(3):388-399, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A Steiert
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, TUM Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Esser-von-Bieren
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Dittlein
- Chair and institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- CK CARE - Christine Kühne Center for allergy research and education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Guerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Piontek
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, TUM Medical School, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann
- Chair and institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- CK CARE - Christine Kühne Center for allergy research and education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Chair and institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
- CK CARE - Christine Kühne Center for allergy research and education, Davos, Switzerland
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