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Sousa CS, Barros BA, Barh D, Ghosh P, Azevedo V, Barros EG, Moreira MA. In silico characterization of 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase and lysophospha-tidylcholine acyltransferase genes in Glycine max L. Merrill. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15:gmr8974. [PMID: 27706605 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15038974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes 1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotrans-ferase (CPT) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) are important in lipid metabolism in soybean seeds. Thus, understand-ing the genes that encode these enzymes may enable their modification and aid the improvement of soybean oil quality. In soybean, the genes encoding these enzymes have not been completely described; there-fore, this study aimed to identify, characterize, and analyze the in silico expression of these genes in soybean. We identified two gene models encoding CPT and two gene models encoding LPCAT, one of which presented an alternative transcript. The sequences were positioned on the physical map of soybean and the promoter regions were analyzed. Cis-elements responsible for seed-specific expression and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses were identified. Virtual expression analysis of the gene models for CPT and LPCAT indicated that these genes are expressed under different stress conditions, in somatic embryos during differentiation, in immature seeds, root tissues, and calli. Putative ami-no acid sequences revealed the presence of transmembrane domains, and analysis of the cellular localization of these enzymes revealed they are located in the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - B A Barros
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Sete Lagoas, MG, Brasil
| | - D Barh
- Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Medinipur, WB, India
| | - P Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - V Azevedo
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - E G Barros
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - M A Moreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular - BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Abe E, Ikeda K, Nutahara E, Hayashi M, Yamashita A, Taguchi R, Doi K, Honda D, Okino N, Ito M. Novel lysophospholipid acyltransferase PLAT1 of Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b responsible for generation of palmitate-docosahexaenoate-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102377. [PMID: 25090090 PMCID: PMC4121067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), have been reported to play roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases. The major source of DHA is fish oils but a recent increase in the global demand of DHA and decrease in fish stocks require a substitute. Thraustochytrids, unicellular marine protists belonging to the Chromista kingdom, can synthesize large amounts of DHA, and, thus, are expected to be an alternative to fish oils. DHA is found in the acyl chain(s) of phospholipids as well as triacylglycerols in thraustochytrids; however, how thraustochytrids incorporate DHA into phospholipids remains unknown. We report here a novel lysophospholipid acyltransferase (PLAT1), which is responsible for the generation of DHA-containing phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in thraustochytrids. The PLAT1 gene, which was isolated from the genomic DNA of Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the FLAG-tagged recombinant enzyme was characterized after purification with anti-FLAG affinity gel. PLAT1 shows wide specificity for donor substrates as well as acceptor substrates in vitro, i.e, the enzyme can adopt lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylinositol as acceptor substrates, and 15:0/16:0-CoA and DHA-CoA as donor substrates. In contrast to the in vitro experiment, only lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase and lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferase activities were decreased in plat1-knockout mutants, resulting in a decrease of 16:0-DHA-phosphatidylcholine (PC) [PC(38∶6)] and 16:0-DHA-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) [PE(38∶6)], which are two major DHA-containing phospholipids in A. limacinum F26-b. However, the amounts of other phospholipid species including DHA-DHA-PC [PC(44∶12)] and DHA-DHA-PE [PE(44∶12)] were almost the same in plat-knockout mutants and the wild-type. These results indicate that PLAT1 is the enzyme responsible for the generation of 16:0-DHA-PC and 16:0-DHA-PE in the thraustochytrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Eri Nutahara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryo Taguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kosaku Doi
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Bio-Archtechture Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past several years, many more isoforms for the same enzymes, specifically for 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases (AGPATs), have been cloned and studied. In this review, we summarize their biochemical features and discuss their functional role. RECENT FINDINGS The most significant role of these AGPATs appeared from our observation of AGPAT2 in the biology of adipose tissue (adipocytes) in humans and mice. Other isoforms are shown to be implicated in lung, reproductive and cardiac muscle function and in the cause of cancer. In-vitro substrate specificities of these AGPATs also suggest the in-vivo role of these AGPATs in remodeling of several of the glycerophospholipids. SUMMARY Despite significant progress in understanding the role of these AGPATs, much is still to be discovered in terms of how each of these AGPATs function in the presence or absence of other AGPATs and what their functional role might be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Agarwal
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Shindou H. [Discovery and characterization of novel lysophospholipid acyltransferases]. Seikagaku 2010; 82:1091-1102. [PMID: 21348263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shindou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Tanaka M, Moriya Y, Goto S, Kanehisa M. Analysis of a lipid biosynthesis protein family and phospholipid structural variations. Genome Inform 2010; 22:191-201. [PMID: 20238429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major structural lipids in cellular membrane systems and play key roles as suppliers of the first and second messengers in the signal transduction and molecular recognition processes. The distribution of lipid components differs among organelles and cells. The distribution is controlled by two pathways in lipid metabolism: de nova and remodeling pathways. Glycerophospholipids including arachidonic and stearic acids are mostly produced in the remodeling pathway, whereas lipid chains are reconstructed from those synthesized in the de novo pathway. Recently lysophospholipid acyltransferases have been isolated as key enzymes in the remodeling pathway, and the substrate specificity has been investigated in terms of the chemical substructures of glycerophospholipids, such as the type of head groups and the length of aliphatic chains. These experimental studies have been reported for specific organisms, and only two representative sequence motifs are known for acyltransferases: a general pattern and the pattern for membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT). Here we attempt to correlate the sequence patterns and the substrate specificity of lysophospholipid acyltransferases in 89 eukaryotic genomes in order to understand the roles of this enzyme family and underlying glycerophospholipid structural variations. Using phylogenetic and domain analyses, the lysophospholipid acyltransferase family was divided into 18 subtypes. Furthermore, we examined the occurrence of identified subtypes in eukaryotic genomes, and found the expansion of these subtypes in vertebrates. These findings may provide clues to understanding structural variations and distributions of glycerophospholipids in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Tanaka
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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Abstract
Tafazzin is a putative enzyme that is involved in cardiolipin metabolism, it may carry mutations responsible for Barth syndrome. To identify the biochemical reaction catalyzed by tafazzin, we expressed the full-length isoform of Drosophila melanogaster tafazzin in a baculovirus-Sf9 insect cell system. Tafazzin expression induced a new enzymatic function in Sf9 cell mitochondria, namely 1-palmitoyl-2-[14C]linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine:monolysocardiolipin linoleoyltransferase. We also found evidence for the reverse reaction, because tafazzin expression caused transfer of acyl groups from phospholipids to 1-[14C]palmitoyl-2-lyso-phosphatidylcholine. An affinity-purified tafazzin construct, tagged with the maltose-binding protein, catalyzed both forward and reverse transacylations between cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine, but was unable to utilize CoA or acyl-CoA as substrates. Whereas tafazzin supported transacylations between various phospholipid-lysophospholipid pairs, it showed the highest rate for the phosphatidylcholine-cardiolipin transacylation. Transacylation activities were about 10-fold higher for linoleoyl groups than for oleoyl groups, and they were negligible for arachidonoyl groups. The data show that Drosophila tafazzin is a CoA-independent, acyl-specific phospholipid transacylase with substrate preference for cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Kerkhoff C, Kaever V. A systematic approach for the solubilization of the integral membrane protein lysophospholipid: Acyl-Coa acyltransferase (LAT). Methods Mol Biol 2004; 228:111-27. [PMID: 12824548 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-400-x:111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kerkhoff
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Münster, Germany
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Chambers K, Brown WJ. Characterization of a novel CI-976-sensitive lysophospholipid acyltransferase that is associated with the Golgi complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:681-6. [PMID: 14697244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a novel lysophospholipid acyltransferase (LPAT) that is associated with the Golgi complex and that is sensitive to the previously characterized acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, 2,2-methyl-N-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)dodecanamide (CI-976). Here we show that besides acting on exogenous lysophospholipid (LPL) substrates, the CI-976-sensitive LPAT is also capable of reacylating endogenous Golgi LPL substrates, preferentially lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). Moreover, using exogenous substrates, we find that the CI-976-sensitive LPAT is capable of using a variety of fatty acyl-CoA donors ranging in chain length from 10 to 20 carbons. Additional characterization demonstrates that the CI-976-sensitive LPAT is ubiquitously expressed in rat tissues, is tightly associated with Golgi membranes, and has a pH optimum between pH 7.0 and 8.0. These studies further define a unique LPC/LPE-specific LPAT from Golgi membranes that likely has a novel function in membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Chambers
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Akermoun M, Testet E, Cassagne C, Bessoule JJ. Inhibition of the plastidial phosphatidylcholine synthesis by silver, copper, lead and mercury induced by formation of mercaptides with the lyso-PC acyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1581:21-8. [PMID: 11960748 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(02)00117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plastids greatly rely on the import of extraplastidial precursors for the synthesis of their own lipids, and several studies have shown that a lyso-PC acyltransferase located in the envelope may be involved in the import process. Because the presence of heavy metals in soil or in nutrient solutions induces changes in the lipid composition of plastid membranes (and therefore greatly reduces the photosynthetic capability of plants), we analysed the effect of several metal salts on plastidial lyso-PC acyltransferase activity. Among the 12 heavy metals studied, silver, copper, mercury and lead inhibited this activity. Metal bound to the enzyme was not - or only very slightly - released from the protein except when thiol-reducing agents (and not imidazole) were added. The results strongly suggest that the inhibitory effect is due to a formation of mercaptide between metal and cysteine(s). The relationship between the inhibition of the plastidial lyso-PC acyltransferase activity and the in vivo effects of metal salts on the plastid membranes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Akermoun
- UMR 5544/ESTBB, CNRS-Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
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Akermoun M, Testet E, Cassagne C, Bessoule JJ. Solubilization of the plastidial lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase from Allium porrum leaves: towards plants devoid of eukaryotic plastid lipids? Biochem Soc Trans 2000; 28:713-5. [PMID: 11171181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
To analyse the involvement of the plastidial lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) acyltransferase in the import of the extraplastidial lipid precursors required for eukaryotic plastid lipid synthesis, we plan to obtain transgenic plants. Since no sequence of lyso-PC acyltransferase is known, the purification of this enzyme has been undertaken to establish its sequence. First we determined the conditions allowing the solubilization of this membrane-bound enzyme. It is shown that by using CHAPS as a detergent, a lyso-PC acyltransferase activity is associated with the solubilized proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akermoun
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR-CNRS 5544/ESTBB, Université V. Segalen-Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Tumaney AW, Rajasekharan R. Synthesis of azidophospholipids and labeling of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase from developing soybean cotyledons. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1439:47-56. [PMID: 10395964 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A photoreactive substrate analog of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), 1-([(4-azidosalicyl)-12-amino)]dodecanoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospho cholin e (azido-LPC) was synthesized. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry was employed to confirm the structures of azido-LPC and its intermediates. Azido-LPC was used to label putative acyl-CoA:LPC acyltransferase from microsomal membranes of developing soybean cotyledons. The synthesized substrate analog acts as a substrate for the target acyltransferases and phospholipases in the dark. When the microsomal membranes were incubated with the acyl acceptor analog and immediately photolyzed, LPC acyltransferase was irreversibly inhibited. Photoinactivation of the enzyme by the photoprobe decreased in the presence of LPC. Microsomal membranes were photolyzed with 125I-labeled azido-LPC and analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by autoradiography. These revealed that the analog preferentially labeled 54- and 114-kDa polypeptides. Substrate protected the labeling of both the polypeptides. In our earlier report, the same polypeptides were also labeled with photoreactive acyl-CoA analogs, suggesting that these polypeptides could be putative LPC acyltransferase(s). These results demonstrated that the photoreactive phospholipid analog could be a powerful tool to label acyltransferases involved in lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Tumaney
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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