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Balderrama-Brondani V, Griffin AM, Owen TJ, Merriman KW, Chahla BB, Varghese J, Jimenez C, Waguespack SG, Graham PH, Perrier ND, Fisher SB, Karam JA, Shah AY, Campbell M, Hassan MM, Habra MA. Incidence and Geographical Distribution of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Retrospective Analysis of a State Cancer Registry. Endocr Pract 2024; 30:25-30. [PMID: 37858722 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy without established association with environmental risk factors. ACC incidence is stable based on large surgical databases while referral centers data reported increasing number of cases seen. We studied ACC incidence and distribution at a county level to find potential ACC "hot spots" that could be linked to environmental exposures. METHODS A retrospective analysis of Texas Cancer Registry that included ACC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. County-level heatmaps were created and compared with breast, prostate, and lung cancer. RESULTS We identified 448 ACC cases during the study period. Cases were registered in 110 of the 254 counties (43.3%) in Texas, representing 92.74% of the total population. The median incidence was 23 new cases/y (range 14-33). The mean population-adjusted ACC incidence rate was 0.104 per 100 000 per year (standard deviation 0.005; 95% CI, 0.092-0.116). Seven counties (6.3%) accounted for 215 (48.0%) cases, with more than 10 cases each and median standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.1 (range, 0.0-0.9). One hundred three counties (93.7%) accounted for the remaining 233 cases (52%), with fewer than 10 cases per county. The highest standardized incidence ratios were found in counties with a median population of fewer than 14 000 residents and with only one reported case. CONCLUSION Our analysis is the first report to create ACC heatmap and could not detect any geographic clustering of ACC in Texas. The incidence of ACC remained stable and consistent with data from other large databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Balderrama-Brondani
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Allison M Griffin
- Department of Financial Planning & Analysis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Taylor J Owen
- Department of Financial Planning & Analysis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kelly W Merriman
- Department of Tumor Registry, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Brenda B Chahla
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeena Varghese
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Camilo Jimenez
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven G Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul H Graham
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy D Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah B Fisher
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jose A Karam
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amishi Y Shah
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Manal M Hassan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mouhammed Amir Habra
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Puglisi S, Calabrese A, Ferraù F, Violi MA, Laganà M, Grisanti S, Ceccato F, Scaroni C, Di Dalmazi G, Stigliano A, Altieri B, Canu L, Loli P, Pivonello R, Arvat E, Morelli V, Perotti P, Basile V, Berchialla P, Urru S, Fiori C, Porpiglia F, Berruti A, Pia A, Reimondo G, Cannavò S, Terzolo M. New Findings on Presentation and Outcome of Patients With Adrenocortical Cancer: Results From a National Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2517-2525. [PMID: 37022947 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Because of the rarity of adrenocortical cancer (ACC), only a few population-based studies are available, and they reported limited details in the characterization of patients and their treatment. OBJECTIVE To describe in a nationwide cohort the presentation of patients with ACC, treatment strategies, and potential prognostic factors. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 512 patients with ACC, diagnosed in 12 referral centers in Italy from January 1990 to June 2018. RESULTS ACC diagnosed as incidentalomas accounted for overall 38.1% of cases, with a frequency that increases with age and with less aggressive pathological features than symptomatic tumors. Women (60.2%) were younger than men and had smaller tumors, which more frequently secreted hormones. Surgery was mainly done with an open approach (72%), and after surgical resection, 62.7% of patients started adjuvant mitotane therapy. Recurrence after tumor resection occurred in 56.2% of patients. In patients with localized disease, cortisol secretion, ENSAT stage III, Ki67%, and Weiss score were associated with an increased risk of recurrence, whereas margin-free resection, open surgery, and adjuvant mitotane treatment were associated with reduced risk. Death occurred in 38.1% of patients and recurrence-free survival (RFS) predicted overall survival (OS). In localized disease, age, cortisol secretion, Ki67%, ENSAT stage III, and recurrence were associated with increased risk of mortality. ACCs presenting as adrenal incidentalomas showed prolonged RFS and OS. CONCLUSION Our study shows that ACC is a sex-related disease and demonstrates that an incidental presentation is associated with a better outcome. Given the correlation between RFS and OS, RFS may be used as a surrogate endpoint in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Puglisi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Calabrese
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferraù
- Endocrine Unit of University Hospital of Messina, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Violi
- Endocrine Unit of University Hospital of Messina, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Marta Laganà
- Oncology Unit, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Ceccato
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Carla Scaroni
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care Unit, IRCCS, University Hospital of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University-Hospital Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Canu
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Loli
- Endocrinology, Clinica Polispecialistica San Carlo, 20037 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Morelli
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCSS, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Perotti
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Vittoria Basile
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Statistical Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Urru
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Cristian Fiori
- Urology, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Porpiglia
- Urology, Department of Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Pia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cannavò
- Endocrine Unit of University Hospital of Messina, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, S. Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance characteristics of AJCC 7th and 8th staging systems among patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma. METHODS Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18-registry was accessed and patients with adrenocortical carcinoma who were diagnosed 2010-2015 with complete information about AJCC 7th staging system were included. AJCC 8th staging system information was then reconstructed for each patient using available TNM staging variables. Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimates, multivariable Cox regression analysis, and concordance index (C-statistic) were used to examine the performance characteristics of both staging systems. RESULTS A total of 574 patients with a diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma were included in the current analysis. Using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, overall survival was compared among different AJCC stages for both versions; and the P value was significant (< 0.001) for both comparisons. C-statistic was then calculated for both staging systems and the results were as follows: for AJCC 7th version: 0.726 (95% CI 0.683-0.769); and for AJCC 8th version: 0.745 (95% CI 0.704-0.786). Patients with M1 disease (stage IV according to AJCC 8th edition) were then divided according to the extent of distant metastases into single versus multiple sites of metastases. Using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, patients with a single site of metastases have better overall survival (P = 0.006). A C-statistic for a hypothetical modification of AJCC 8th staging system subdividing stage IV patients into IVA and IVB based on the number of metastatic sites was: 0.753 (95% CI 0.713-0.794). CONCLUSIONS There is a minimal difference in the prognostic performance between both versions of the AJCC staging system. Subdivision of stage IV cancer into stage IVA and IVB (according to the number of organs with metastatic deposits) should be considered in subsequent versions of adrenocortical carcinoma staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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4
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Cosentini D, Grisanti S, Laganà M, Ferrari VD, Volta AD, Sigala S, Terzolo M, Berruti A. Frequency and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma followed at a reference center in Italy. Endocrine 2021; 72:20-23. [PMID: 33400171 PMCID: PMC7782048 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Cosentini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Grisanti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Laganà
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Domenico Ferrari
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Dalla Volta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandra Sigala
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia. ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
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5
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Crona J, Baudin E, Terzolo M, Chrisoulidou A, Angelousi A, Ronchi CL, Oliveira CL, Nieveen van Dijkum EJM, Ceccato F, Borson-Chazot F, Reimondo G, Tiberi GAM, Ettaieb H, Kiriakopoulos A, Canu L, Kastelan D, Osher E, Yiannakopoulou E, Arnaldi G, Assié G, Paiva I, Bourdeau I, Newell-Price J, Nowak KM, Romero MT, De Martino MC, Bugalho MJ, Sherlock M, Vantyghem MC, Dennedy MC, Loli P, Rodien P, Feelders R, de Krijger R, Van Slycke S, Aylwin S, Morelli V, Vroonen L, Shafigullina Z, Bancos I, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, Quinkler M, Luconi M, Kroiss M, Naruse M, Igaz P, Mihai R, Della Casa S, Berruti A, Fassnacht M, Beuschlein F. ENSAT registry-based randomized clinical trials for adrenocortical carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R51-R59. [PMID: 33166271 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an orphan disease lacking effective systemic treatment options. The low incidence of the disease and high cost of clinical trials are major obstacles in the search for improved treatment strategies. As a novel approach, registry-based clinical trials have been introduced in clinical research, so allowing for significant cost reduction, but without compromising scientific benefit. Herein, we describe how the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) could transform its current registry into one fit for a clinical trial infrastructure. The rationale to perform randomized registry-based trials in ACC is outlined including an analysis of relevant limitations and challenges. We summarize a survey on this concept among ENSAT members who expressed a strong interest in the concept and rated its scientific potential as high. Legal aspects, including ethical approval of registry-based randomization were identified as potential obstacles. Finally, we describe three potential randomized registry-based clinical trials in an adjuvant setting and for advanced disease with a high potential to be executed within the framework of an advanced ENSAT registry. Thus we, therefore, provide the basis for future registry-based trials for ACC patients. This could ultimately provide proof-of-principle of how to perform more effective randomized trials for an orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Crona
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eric Baudin
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département d'imagerie, Service d'oncologie endocrinienne, Villejuif, France
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Anna Angelousi
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and System Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Els J M Nieveen van Dijkum
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Ceccato
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido A M Tiberi
- Surgical Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Hester Ettaieb
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maxima Medical Center, Eindhoven/Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kiriakopoulos
- 5th Surgical Clinic, 'Evgenidion Hospital' National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Letizia Canu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Darko Kastelan
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Esthr Osher
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugenia Yiannakopoulou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgio Arnaldi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guillaume Assié
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Department os Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - John Newell-Price
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Karolina M Nowak
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Tous Romero
- UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina De Martino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, CHULN and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mark Sherlock
- Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie-Christine Vantyghem
- Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolism and Nutrition Department, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Michael Conall Dennedy
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes Mellitus, c/o Department of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paula Loli
- Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Granda, Endocrinology, Napoli, Italy
| | - Patrice Rodien
- Service d'Endocrinologie Diabétologie et Nutrition, CHU d'Angers, Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Feelders
- Erasmus Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Van Slycke
- General and Endocrine Surgery, OLV Hospital Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | | | - Valentina Morelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Vroonen
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liege, Belgium
| | - Zulfiya Shafigullina
- Endocrinology Department, North-Western Medical University named after I.I.Mechnikov, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Bancos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Michaela Luconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mitsuhide Naruse
- Endocrine Center, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital and Clinical Research Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Radu Mihai
- Churchill Cancer Centre, Department of Endocrine Surgery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvia Della Casa
- Endocrinology Department, Gemelli Polyclinic Foundation, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia at ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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6
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Fassnacht M, Assie G, Baudin E, Eisenhofer G, de la Fouchardiere C, Haak HR, de Krijger R, Porpiglia F, Terzolo M, Berruti A. Adrenocortical carcinomas and malignant phaeochromocytomas: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1476-1490. [PMID: 32861807 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Assie
- Department of Endocrinology, Reference Centre for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Reference Centre for Rare Adrenal Cancers, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Baudin
- Department of Endocrine Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - G Eisenhofer
- Department of Medicine III and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - C de la Fouchardiere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - H R Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine Máxima Medisch Centrum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Porpiglia
- Division of Urology, San Luigi Hospital - Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Terzolo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - A Berruti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical tumor (ACT) is a rare disease with an annual worldwide incidence of 0.3-0.38/million children below 15 years old, and Brazilian population presents the highest incidence because of germline mutation in the TP53. Pediatric ACT is associated with virilizing features and hypercortisolism in most cases. Malignancy is defined when local invasion or metastasis is found, and it is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the correct and early diagnosis and treatment may impact on overall and disease-free survival. RECENT FINDINGS A complete understanding of the disease and its singularities facilitates the assistance to the pediatric patient with ACT. The new insights about adrenal tumorigenesis have provided a better understanding of this disease. In this scenario, the era of molecular studies is leading to the refinement of the taxonomy, and it is offering the opportunity to discover new biomarkers and pathways of tumorigenesis, beyond the knowing β-catenin, Insulin-like growth factor-II/IGF-IR, and the p53/Rb signaling. SUMMARY The rarity of this disease makes it a real challenge. Here, we present a review focusing on clinical practice. A methodic approach aiming to clarify the diagnosis and a follow-up are suggested to guide physicians in the assistance of pediatrics patients, improving the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania B Brondani
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Maria Candida B V Fragoso
- Unidade de Suprarrenal, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
- Serviço de Endocrinologia da Clínica de Bases do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Kroiss M, Megerle F, Kurlbaum M, Zimmermann S, Wendler J, Jimenez C, Lapa C, Quinkler M, Scherf-Clavel O, Habra MA, Fassnacht M. Objective Response and Prolonged Disease Control of Advanced Adrenocortical Carcinoma with Cabozantinib. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5695965. [PMID: 31900481 PMCID: PMC8204945 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective response of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) to mitotane and cytotoxic chemotherapy regimen is only ~20% and early tumor progression is frequent. Previous clinical trials with oral multikinase inhibitors were negative, which has been attributed in part to inadvertent drug interaction with mitotane. Cabozantinib (CABO) is an inhibitor of c-MET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, AXL, and RET and approved for advanced kidney cancer, liver carcinoma after previous sorafenib, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of CABO monotherapy in ACC patients. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Three referral centers for ACC (Germany, United States). RESULTS Sixteen patients (13 female) with progressive ACC received CABO after previous mitotane in 15/16 and 3 (median, range 0-8) further systemic treatments. Prior CABO therapy, mitotane was discontinued in all patients. Mitotane plasma concentration was <2 mg/L in 7/16 patients and discontinued >12 months in 6 additional patients before CABO use. In 4/5 cases with available plasma samples, CABO concentration was in the expected steady-state range. Adverse events of grade 1/2 and 3 were observed in 13 and 3 patients, respectively, and consistent with the known safety profile of CABO. Best response was partial response in 3, stable disease in 5, and progressive disease in 8 patients. Median progression-free and overall survival was 16 and 58 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSION CABO monotherapy appears to be safe and effective as a monotherapy in advanced ACC after failing prior treatments. Therefore, prospective investigation of CABO in ACC patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kroiss
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Matthias Kroiss, MD, PhD, University Hospital of Würzburg, Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. E-mail:
| | - Felix Megerle
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zimmermann
- Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Wendler
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Camilo Jimenez
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- Charité University Medicine and Endokrinologie in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mouhammed Amir Habra
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Dept. of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to reveal clear epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of incidentally discovered adrenal masses, termed adrenal incidentalomas (AIs), and to establish appropriate managemental and therapeutic regimens in Japan. This study had been originally carried out as a project of a research proposed on behalf of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, from 1999 to 2004. This nationwide multicenter study on AIs included 3,672 cases with clinically diagnosed AIs, involving 1,874 males and 1,738 females, with mean age 58.1 ± 13.0 years (mean ± SD). In the present study, we focused on the investigation of the real prevalence of various adrenal disorders with AI. The mean nodule size of AI based on computed tomography was 3.0 ± 2.0 cm. Compared to non-functioning adenomas (NFAs), tumor diameters were significantly larger in adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), pheochromocytomas, cortisol-producing adenomas (CPAs), myelolipomas, metastatic tumors, cysts, and ganglioneuromas (p < 0.01). Endocrinological evaluations demonstrated that 50.8% of total AIs were non-functioning adenomas, while 10.5%, including 3.6% with subclinical Cushing's syndrome, were reported as CPAs, 8.5% as pheochromocytomas, and 5.1% as aldosterone-producing adenomas. ACCs were accounted for 1.4% (50 cases) among our series of AIs. In conclusion, while almost 50 % of AIs are non-functional adenomas, we must be particularly careful as AIs include pheochromocytomas or adrenal carcinomas, because they may be asymptomatic. To our knowledge, this is the first and the largest investigation of AI, thus providing basic information for the establishment of clinical guidelines for the management of AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ichijo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama 230-0012, Japan
| | - Hajime Ueshiba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Hajime Nawata
- Honorary President, Muta Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0163, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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10
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Wengander S, Trimpou P, Papakokkinou E, Ragnarsson O. The incidence of endogenous Cushing's syndrome in the modern era. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:263-270. [PMID: 31094003 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies on the incidence of Cushing's syndrome (CS) are few and most often includes only patients with the most common form, that is Cushing's disease (CD). OBJECTIVE To analyse the incidence of endogenous CS in an unselected cohort of patients from western Sweden between 2002 and 2017. METHODS Medical records from patients who had received a diagnostic code for CS and adrenocortical carcinoma in the Västra Götaland County between 2002 and 2017 were reviewed. Eighty-two patients had been diagnosed with endogenous CS in the region during the study period and were included in this analysis. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients (48%) had CD, 21 (26%) had ectopic ACTH-producing tumour, 17 (21%) had a benign adrenal CS, and 5 (6%) had cortisol-producing adrenocortical carcinoma. Nine of 21 (43%) patients with ectopic CS had an ACTH-producing lung tumour, 4 had a neuroendocrine pancreas tumour, and 5 had an occult tumour. The annual incidence of endogenous CS was 3.2 cases per million/y; 1.5 for CD, 0.8 for ectopic CS, 0.7 for benign adrenal CS and 0.2 for adrenocortical carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Approximately three new cases of endogenous CS, per one million inhabitants, were diagnosed annually between 2002 and 2017. Compared with previous reports, proportionally more patients had ectopic CS. The reason for this is unclear although increased awareness of hypercortisolism in patients with malignant tumours in the modern era is a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Wengander
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Penelope Trimpou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eleni Papakokkinou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Kostiainen I, Hakaste L, Kejo P, Parviainen H, Laine T, Löyttyniemi E, Pennanen M, Arola J, Haglund C, Heiskanen I, Schalin-Jäntti C. Adrenocortical carcinoma: presentation and outcome of a contemporary patient series. Endocrine 2019; 65:166-174. [PMID: 30980285 PMCID: PMC6606857 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01918-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine carcinoma with poor 5-year survival rates of < 40%. According to the literature, ACC is rarely an incidental imaging finding. However, presentation, treatment and outcome may differ in modern series. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied all patients (n = 47, four children) from a single centre during years 2002-2018. We re-evaluated radiologic and histopathological findings and assessed treatments and outcome. We searched for possible TP53 gene defects and assessed nationwide incidence of ACC. RESULTS In adults, incidental radiologic finding led to diagnosis in 79% at median age of 61 years. ENSAT stage I, II, III and IV was 19%, 40%, 19% and 21%, respectively. Nonenhanced CT demonstrated > 20 Hounsfield Units (HU) for all tumours (median 34 (21-45)), median size 92 mm (20-196), Ki67 17% (1-40%), Weiss score 7 (4-9) and Helsinki score 24 (4-48). ACC was more often found in the left than the right adrenal (p < 0.05). One child had Beckwith-Wiedemann and one a TP53 mutation. In adults, the primary tumour was resected in 88 and 79% received adjuvant mitotane therapy. Median hospital stay was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic vs. open surgery group (4 (3-7) vs. 8 (5-38) days, respectively; p < 0.001). In 3/4 patients, prolonged remission of > 5 to > 10 years was achieved after repeated surgery of metastases. Overall 5-year survival was 67%, and 96% vs. 26% for ENSAT stage I-II vs. III-IV (p < 0.0001). ENSAT stage and Ki67 predicted survival, type of surgery did not. Mitotane associated with better survival. CONCLUSIONS Contemporary ACC predominantly presents as an incidental imaging finding, characterised by HU > 20 on nonenhanced CT but variable tumour size (20-196 mm). Malignancy cannot be ruled out by small tumour size only. The 5-year survival of 96% in ENSAT stage I-III compares favourably to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiro Kostiainen
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Hakaste
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Kejo
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helka Parviainen
- HUS Medical Imaging Centre, Radiology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Laine
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mirkka Pennanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heiskanen
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
- Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Guelho D, Paiva I, Vieira A, Carrilho F. Adrenocortical carcinoma: Retrospective analysis of the last 22 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 63:212-9. [PMID: 26969077 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. The clinical experience acquired, even from a small number of cases, has improved understanding of this condition. The purpose of this study is to characterize patients with ACC followed up at a Portuguese reference center over the past 22 years. METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical records of patients with histopathological diagnosis of ACC followed up from 1992 to 2014. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 22 patients, 20 of them female. Eleven patients were in stage II, four in stage III, and five in stage IV; 13 patients had functioning lesions. Adrenalectomy was performed in 20 patients, with complete tumor resection in 90% of the cases. During follow-up, eight patients experienced recurrence of local disease, and 12 distant metastases. Fourteen patients received mitotane, 35.7% (n=5) as adjuvant therapy and 64.3% (n=9) after recurrence; therapeutic plasma mitotane levels were achieved in 70% of patients. Stage III patients who received adjuvant therapy had longer survival time (13.5 vs. 2.5 months). Two patients were given chemotherapy associated to mitotane. Median survival was 11 months (0-257 months); it was slightly longer in younger patients or patients with non-functioning tumors. Six patients are still alive, four of them with no evidence of disease. CONCLUSION Despite the overall poor prognosis, some patients with ACC may have a long survival time. Although complete tumor removal remains the only potentially curative treatment, diagnosis at a younger age, presence of non-functioning tumors, and mitotane treatment also seemed to be associated to longer survival in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guelho
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre,, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Paiva
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre,, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Vieira
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine 2 of Leiria Hospital Centre, E.P.E., Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Carrilho
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism of Coimbra Hospital and University Centre,, Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Creemers SG, Hofland LJ, Korpershoek E, Franssen GJH, van Kemenade FJ, de Herder WW, Feelders RA. Future directions in the diagnosis and medical treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R43-69. [PMID: 26475053 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis. Discrimination between ACCs and adrenocortical adenomas (ACAs) remains challenging, with the current gold standard being the Weiss score, consisting of several histopathological characteristics. However, new markers like Ki67, a marker for proliferation, and the staining of reticulins are promising not only as it comes to identifying malignancy but also as prognostic markers in patients with ACC. Currently, surgery is still the only curative treatment for ACC. Mitotane, an adrenolytic drug, is used in the adjuvant setting and in case of metastatic or advanced disease. Patients with progressive disease are frequently treated with mitotane, alone or in combination with etoposide, doxorubicine and cisplatin. Radiotherapy is indicated in selected cases. The low response rates and high toxicity of the systemic therapies emphasize the need for markers that enable the identification of responders and non-responders. Consequently, research is focusing on predictive factors varying from the expression of DNA repair genes to clinical patient characteristics. Subgroups of ACC with different prognosis have been identified based on transcriptome characteristics. As a conclusion from large molecular studies, ACCs appear to harbor many abnormalities compared to ACAs. Altered pathways driving ACC pathogenesis include the IGF, TP53 and the Wnt signaling pathway, allowing these as new potential targets for medical therapy. However, despite efforts in preclinical and clinical studies investigating efficacy of targeting these pathways, most novel therapies appear to be effective in only a subset of patients with ACC. New treatment concepts are therefore urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Creemers
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J Hofland
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Korpershoek
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J H Franssen
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Kemenade
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W de Herder
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A Feelders
- Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Rotterdam Adrenal CenterErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Internal MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Petersenn S, Richter PA, Broemel T, Ritter CO, Deutschbein T, Beil FU, Allolio B, Fassnacht M. Computed tomography criteria for discrimination of adrenal adenomas and adrenocortical carcinomas: analysis of the German ACC registry. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 172:415-22. [PMID: 25599706 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thresholds of 2-20 hounsfield units (HU) in unenhanced computed tomography (CT) are suggested to discriminate benign adrenal tumors (BATs) from malignant adrenal tumors. However, these studies included only low numbers of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs). This study defines a HU threshold by inclusion of a large cohort of ACCs. DESIGN Retrospective, blinded, comparative analysis of CT scans from 51 patients with ACCs (30 females, median age 49 years) and 25 patients with BATs (12 females, median age 64 years) diagnosed during the period of 2005-2010 was performed. METHODS Tumor density was evaluated in unenhanced CT by two blinded investigators. RESULTS Median tumor size was 9 cm (range 2.0-20) for ACCs vs 4 cm (2.0-7.5) for BATs (P<0.0001). In ACCs, the median unenhanced HU value was 34 (range 14-74) in comparison with 5 (-13 to 40) in BATs (P<0.0001). ROC analysis revealed a HU of 21 as threshold with the best diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 96%, specificity 80%, and AUC 0.89). However, two ACCs that were 5 and 6 cm in size would have been missed. Setting the threshold to 13.9 allowed for 100% sensitivity, but a lower specificity of 68%. CONCLUSIONS This first large study on ACCs confirmed that the vast majority of ACCs have unenhanced HU >21. However, to avoid misdiagnosing an ACC as benign, a threshold of 13 should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Petersenn
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul-Ajoy Richter
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Broemel
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian O Ritter
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Ulrich Beil
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Allolio
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ENDOC Center for Endocrine TumorsAltonaer Street 59, 20357 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Hamburg, Hamburg, GermanyPraenobis HamburgHamburg, GermanyDepartment of RadiologyEndocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University HospitalComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenUniversity of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Williams AR, Hammer GD, Else T. Transcutaneous biopsy of adrenocortical carcinoma is rarely helpful in diagnosis, potentially harmful, but does not affect patient outcome. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:829-35. [PMID: 24836548 PMCID: PMC4096775 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with high recurrence and mortality rates. The utility, sensitivity, and effect on patient outcome of transcutaneous adrenal biopsy (TAB) for single, large, adrenal masses are unclear. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the utility, diagnostic sensitivity, and effect on patient outcome of TAB in patients with ACC. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective review of the electronic medical records of all ACC patients who were evaluated at the University of Michigan Health System from 1991 to 2011. We evaluated the sensitivity of TAB for tumors with the final pathological diagnosis of ACC. We compared the characteristics and survival of patients with stage I-III disease who underwent TAB with those who did not undergo TAB. RESULTS A total of 75 ACC patients with TAB were identified. Complications occurred in at least 11% of patients and were mainly associated with bleeding. The maximum sensitivity of the procedure in diagnosing ACC was 70%. For stage I-III patients, baseline characteristics, stage at diagnosis, and adjuvant treatment with mitotane or radiation were not significantly different between the TAB (n=36) and the non-TAB (n=254) groups. There was no significant difference in recurrence-free (P=0.7) or overall survival (P=0.7) between patients who underwent TAB and those who did not. CONCLUSIONS TAB of single, large, adrenal masses is usually unnecessary, exposes patients to risk, but does not affect recurrence-free or overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Williams
- University of Michigan Medical School1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes (MEND), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, NI3 A17, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5419, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- University of Michigan Medical School1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes (MEND), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, NI3 A17, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5419, USA
| | - Tobias Else
- University of Michigan Medical School1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADivision of MetabolismEndocrinology and Diabetes (MEND), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, NI3 A17, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5419, USA
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Abildgaard J, Pappot H, Petersen PM, Rørth M, Rasmussen ÅK, Toft BG, Sommer P, Daugaard G. [Treatment of adrenocortical carcinomas is challenging]. Ugeskr Laeger 2013; 175:1181-1185. [PMID: 23651782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are rare tumours responsible for only 0.02% of the total number of malignant diseases. However the ACC are aggressive with a mean fiveyears survival of 20-50% and are often associated with increased production of adrenocortical hormones. The effect of the treatment is controversial and often based on small retrospective series or expert opinions. Centralization, international attention and collaboration in the treatment of ACC are mandatory. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the best treatment strategy in order to increase survival in patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Abildgaard
- Onkologisk Klinik 5073, Rigshospitalet, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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17
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Raymond VM, Else T, Everett JN, Long JM, Gruber SB, Hammer GD. Prevalence of germline TP53 mutations in a prospective series of unselected patients with adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E119-25. [PMID: 23175693 PMCID: PMC3537086 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a hallmark cancer in families with Li Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) caused by mutations in the TP53 gene. The prevalence of germline TP53 mutations in children diagnosed with ACC ranges from 50-97%. Although existing criteria advocate for TP53 testing in all patients with ACC regardless of age at diagnosis, the overall prevalence of germline mutations in patients diagnosed with ACC has not been well studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 114 patients with confirmed ACC evaluated in the University of Michigan Endocrine Oncology Clinic were prospectively offered genetic counseling and TP53 genetic testing, regardless of age at diagnosis or family history. Ninety-four of the 114 patients met with a genetic counselor (82.5%), with 53 of 94 (56.4%) completing TP53 testing; 9.6% (nine of 94) declined testing. The remainder (32 of 94; 34%) expressed interest in testing but did not pursue it for various reasons. RESULTS Four of 53 patients in this prospective, unselected series were found to have a TP53 mutation (7.5%). The prevalence of mutations in those diagnosed over age 18 was 5.8% (three of 52). There were insufficient data to estimate the prevalence in those diagnosed under age 18. None of these patients met clinical diagnostic criteria for classic LFS. Three of the families met criteria for Li Fraumeni-like syndrome; one patient met no existing clinical criteria for LFS or Li Fraumeni-like syndrome. Three of the four patients with mutations were diagnosed with ACC after age 45. CONCLUSIONS Genetic counseling and germline testing for TP53 should be offered to all patients with ACC. Restriction on age at diagnosis or strength of the family history would fail to identify mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Raymond
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5419, USA.
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18
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Letouzé E, Rosati R, Komechen H, Doghman M, Marisa L, Flück C, de Krijger RR, van Noesel MM, Mas JC, Pianovski MAD, Zambetti GP, Figueiredo BC, Lalli E. SNP array profiling of childhood adrenocortical tumors reveals distinct pathways of tumorigenesis and highlights candidate driver genes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1284-93. [PMID: 22539591 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Childhood adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are rare malignancies, except in southern Brazil, where a higher incidence rate is associated to a high frequency of the founder R337H TP53 mutation. To date, copy number alterations in these tumors have only been analyzed by low-resolution comparative genomic hybridization. OBJECTIVE We analyzed an international series of 25 childhood ACT using high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to: 1) detect focal copy number alterations highlighting candidate driver genes; and 2) compare genetic alterations between Brazilian patients carrying the R337H TP53 mutation and non-Brazilian patients. RESULTS We identified 16 significantly recurrent chromosomal alterations (q-value < 0.05), the most frequent being -4q34, +9q33-q34, +19p, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 17 and 11p15. Focal amplifications and homozygous deletions comprising well-known oncogenes (MYC, MDM2, PDGFRA, KIT, MCL1, BCL2L1) and tumor suppressors (TP53, RB1, RPH3AL) were identified. In addition, eight focal deletions were detected at 4q34, defining a sharp peak region around the noncoding RNA LINC00290 gene. Although non-Brazilian tumors with a mutated TP53 were similar to Brazilian tumors, those with a wild-type TP53 displayed distinct genomic profiles, with significantly fewer rearrangements (P = 0.019). In particular, three alterations (LOH of chromosome 17, +9q33-q34, and -4q34) were significantly more frequent in TP53-mutated samples. Finally, two of four TP53 wild-type tumors displayed as sole rearrangement a copy-neutral LOH of the imprinted region at 11p15, supporting a major role for this region in ACT development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight potential driver genes and cellular pathways implicated in childhood ACT and demonstrate the existence of different oncogenic routes in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Letouzé
- Program Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, 14 rue Corvisart, 75013 Paris, France.
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19
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Ribeiro RC, Pinto EM, Zambetti GP, Rodriguez-Galindo C. The International Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumor Registry initiative: contributions to clinical, biological, and treatment advances in pediatric adrenocortical tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:37-43. [PMID: 22040600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumor (ACT), a rare tumor with a heterogeneous presentation, incompletely understood pathogenesis, and generally poor prognosis, occurs in 1-2 people per million and is even more uncommon in the pediatric population. Such rare cancers are a challenge to clinical practice. Exchange of experience, information, and data on rare cancers is lacking, and outcomes for these rare cancers could be improved through the establishment of an international registry. The establishment of the International Pediatric Adrenocortical Tumor Registry (IPACTR) in 1990 by the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital International Outreach Program offered a new opportunity to collect clinical and laboratory features, treatment practices, and outcome data for children with ACT, research this disease, and systematically investigate how to improve patient outcomes. These efforts will improve the availability of information for both patients and the medical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul C Ribeiro
- International Outreach Program, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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20
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Gahan J, Shirodkar SP, Gorin MA, Salerno TA, Ciancio G. Surgical resection of a virilizing adrenal mass with extensive tumor thrombus. Can J Urol 2011; 18:5735-5738. [PMID: 21703051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma with tumor thrombus and concomitant testosterone production is a rare entity. We describe a case of a 53-year-old woman with a testosterone producing left-sided adrenocortical carcinoma with tumor extending to the right atrium and tumor embolus to the right pulmonary artery. To our knowledge, there exist no such reported cases in the medical literature. We describe our use of techniques derived from transplant surgery for the removal of this mass. Critical components for successful resection included early renal artery ligation, hepatic mobilization off the inferior vena cava, and minimization of cardiopulmonary bypass time thus eliminating the need for deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gahan
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida 33101, USA
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21
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Portnov BA, Barchana M, Dubnov J. Exploratory analysis of potential risk factors of a rare disease: spatial distribution of adrenocortical carcinoma in Israel as a case study. Sci Total Environ 2009; 407:1738-1743. [PMID: 19042010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The underlying assumption of the proposed exploratory approach is that, if the geographic patterns of different diseases are compared, the cases of a 'subject' disease should occur closer to cases of a disease with similar environmental risk factors (etiology) and farther away from cases of a disease with different etiology. In the present study, the performance of proposed approach is investigated by cross-examination of the spatial patterns of three widespread cancers--lung, larynx and colorectal (CRC)--with that of a rare malignant disease--Adrenocortical Carcinoma (ACC). As the analysis indicates, the spatial distribution of ACC is more likely to be related to hereditary factors than to environmental causes, in accordance with current knowledge about this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Portnov
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, Graduate School of Management, University of Haifa, Israel.
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22
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Jani P, Nasr AL, Demellawy DE. Synchronous renal cell carcinoma and adrenocortical carcinoma: a rare case report and clinicopathologic approach. Can J Urol 2008; 15:4016-4019. [PMID: 18405453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A case of synchronous adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not yet been described in the English medical literature, to our knowledge. We report a first such case of adrenocortical and renal cell carcinomas occurring simultaneously in a 53-year-old male. He presented with history of vague abdominal pain. Ultrasound followed by a computed tomography (CT) scan and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination revealed a 6.4 cm left adrenal mass and a 3.5 cm right renal mass. The patient had complaints of gastroparesis manifesting with constant nausea as well as intermittent abdominal bloating and abdominal pain. He also had history of profuse intermittent sweating. There was no history of palpitations or fluctuations in blood pressure. The patient's urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) levels and serum cortisol levels were normal. His 24-hour urine metanephrine levels were slightly elevated. Left adrenalectomy and right partial nephrectomy were performed. In this case, it is important to determine whether these tumors represent metastases or two synchronous tumors, as this has implications on the patient's management and prognosis. Clinical and pathological clues that led to the diagnosis are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Białas M, Okoń K, Stachura J. Primary adrenal tumors--a 16-year experience in a single institution. POL J PATHOL 2008; 59:101-106. [PMID: 18669176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of primary adrenal gland tumors observed at the Pathology Department, Cracow, in the period of 16 years was examined. The frequency of adrenal lesion in males and females was studied and compared. The mean age of the patients was calculated. The results were shown in tables and diagrams and compared with data given in the WHO Classification of Tumors and the literature on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Białas
- Department of Pathology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kraków
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24
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Kebebew E, Reiff E, Duh QY, Clark OH, McMillan A. Extent of disease at presentation and outcome for adrenocortical carcinoma: have we made progress? World J Surg 2006; 30:872-8. [PMID: 16680602 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-005-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounts for up to 14% of adrenal incidentalomas. The only chance of cure for ACC is diagnosis at an early stage; therefore, a main indication for adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal incidentaloma has been the potential risk of ACC. Recent studies suggest that this has led to earlier stage of ACC at diagnosis, more curative operations, and better survival. METHODS We analyzed data on ACC from The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Four equal time quartiles (1973-1979, 1980-1986, 1987-1993, and 1994-2000) were compared for changes in demographics, pathology, treatment, and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS The average age was 51.2 years (range: 1-97), and 45.9% of patients were men. The average tumor size was 12 cm (range: 2-36 cm), and only 4.2% were < or = 6 cm. Most (88%) patients had surgical resection of their tumor, and external beam radiotherapy was used in only 12% of patients. Between the time quartiles compared (as well as annually), there was no significant difference at presentation in age at diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, tumor size, tumor grade, the frequency of distant metastasis, and overall TNM stage. Low tumor grade, lower stage of ACC, later time quartile, and surgical resection were associated with a lower cause-specific mortality by univariate analysis (P < or = 0.002) and by multivariate analysis (P < or = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Although adrenal incidentalomas have become a common indication for adrenalectomy, this has not resulted in patients with ACC being diagnosed earlier or treated at a lower stage of disease at the national level. The most important predictors of survival in these patients are tumor grade, tumor stage, and surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1674, San Francisco, CA 94143-1674, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Adrenal tumors, apart from neuroblastoma, are relatively rare in infancy and childhood. Most adrenal lesions are benign, and both benign and malignant tumors may be hormonally active thus, making accurate preoperative diagnosis difficult. The two main malignant tumors are adrenocortical carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. In both tumors, it may be difficult to determine benign from malignant and the biologic behavior and degree of invasion may portend a more malignant course. Surgical excision is the primary therapy for both tumors, including excision of metastatic and recurrent tumor. An open procedure should be considered for invasive adrenocortical carcinoma and in pheochromocytomas in which preoperative imaging demonstrates metastatic nodal disease. A laparoscopic approach is preferred for lesions in which preoperative imaging demonstrates a localized lesion. Chemotherapy, although without proven efficacy, is utilized in some children with metastatic or unresectable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Rescorla
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5200, USA.
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26
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Babińska A, Sworczak K, Siekierska-Hellmann M, Lewczuk A, Błaut K, Obołoiczyk L, Wiśniewski P, Zielonko J, Kaska L, Lachiński A. [Incidentally discovered adrenal masses in the Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Hemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Gdansk]. Wiad Lek 2006; 59:744-50. [PMID: 17427485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinically silent adrenal masses (incidentaloma) are incidentally discovered lesions when noninvasive imaging methods (ultrasonography--USG, computer tomography--CT, magnetic resonance imaging--MRI) are performed for the reason other than known or suspected adrenal disease. Most of studies report the prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma range between 1 and 10% in radiological series. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 1993 and 03.2004 we observed 198 patients with incidentalomas of adrenal glands (144 females--72.7% and 54 males--27.3%). RESULTS After endocrinological evaluation, 164 patients were qualified for surgery. In 119 (72.5%) cases open adrenalectomy was performed, and in 45 (27.5%) laparoscopic adrenalectomy was done. Adrenocortical adenoma was diagnosed in 54.9%, adrenal hyperplasia in 8.5%, adrenal carcinoma in 6.7%, pheochromocytoma in 12.9% (in 3.1% of all cases malignant pheochromocytoma was diagnosed), in 4.9% others malignant tumors (primary or metastatic), in 4.9% adrenal cysts and in 7.1% other rare adrenal pathologies were found. CONCLUSION All malignancies were found in tumors with the diameter over 3 cm. In tumors with diameter over 6 cm malignant cases were found in 70.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Babińska
- Kliniki Chorób Wewnetrznych, Endokrynologii i Zaburzeń Hemostazy, Akademii Medycznej w Gdańsku.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated treatment outcomes in children with adrenocortical carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 34 children with a median age of 3 years. In 27 of 28 patients without intracaval extension complete surgical excision was accomplished, while tumor resection combined with thrombectomy was carried out in 5 of 6 children with vascular invasion. In 2 children with cavoatrial thrombus the thrombectomy required cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Children with incomplete excision of the tumor and/or stage IV disease received adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS Ultrasonography, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging exhibited specificity of 100% in the diagnosis of vascular invasion, and sensitivity of 50%, 66% and 100%, respectively. Patient age, tumor stage or size and vascular invasion were associated with survival in univariate analysis. Tumor stage was the only independent factor associated with survival in multivariate analysis. The overall 5-year survival rates according to tumor stage were 100% in stage I, 85% in stage II, 40% in stage III and 0% in stage IV. Of 11 children with local recurrence only 2 were alive without disease at 96 and 204 months after reoperation with complete tumor excision. Only 2 of 6 patients with vascular invasion were disease-free at 17 and 50 months. A total of 10 children with stage IV disease treated with chemotherapy died within a median of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Tumor stage was the most relevant prognostic factor for children with adrenocortical carcinoma. Reoperation for local tumor recurrence and thrombectomy for inferior vena caval tumor invasion should be attempted whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tucci
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes #3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil 14048-900
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28
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Wolkersdörfer GW, Marx C, Brown J, Schröder S, Füssel M, Rieber EP, Kuhlisch E, Ehninger G, Bornstein SR. Prevalence of HLA-DRB1 genotype and altered Fas/Fas ligand expression in adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1768-74. [PMID: 15585555 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A distinctive feature of malignant adrenocortical neoplasms is decreased major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule expression. However, it is unknown whether there exists a restriction to certain MHC genotypes and whether this involves alterations of the Fas/Fas ligand system and thereby affects tissue homeostasis. Therefore, MHC class II phenotype and genotype and expression patterns of the Fas/Fas ligand system were investigated in 24 adrenocortical tumors (n(Adenomas) = 14, n(Carcinomas) = 10) and an adrenal cancer cell line (NCI-H295). No MHC class II antigen expression was detected in carcinomas. The DRB1*01 genotype was found in 54.5% of patients with carcinoma (P = 0.046). No prevalence of any genotype could be detected in patients with adenomas, which exhibited varying levels of antigen expression. Fas receptor expression was 75.0% in adenomas compared with 20.0% in carcinomas (P = 0.0196), whereas ligand expression was 37.7% in adenomas and reached almost 100% in the carcinomas investigated in this study (P = 0.0033). In summary, the DRB1*01 genotype may be correlated to a higher risk for malignancy. Additional studies on MHC class II genotype and phenotype and the altered Fas/Fas ligand system in adrenal neoplasms may help to identify mechanisms of immune escape and suggest new diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot W Wolkersdörfer
- Medical Department I, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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29
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DiGiammarino EL, Lee AS, Cadwell C, Zhang W, Bothner B, Ribeiro RC, Zambetti G, Kriwacki RW. A novel mechanism of tumorigenesis involving pH-dependent destabilization of a mutant p53 tetramer. Nat Struct Biol 2002; 9:12-6. [PMID: 11753428 DOI: 10.1038/nsb730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor requires tetramerization to function as an initiator of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Children in southern Brazil that exhibit an elevated incidence of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) harbor an Arg 337 to His mutation within the tetramerization domain of p53 (p53-R337H; 35 of 36 patients). The mutant tetramerization domain (p53tet-R337H) adopts a native-like fold but is less stable than the wild type domain (p53tet-wt). Furthermore, the stability of p53tet-R337H is highly sensitive to pH in the physiological range; this sensitivity correlates with the protonation state of the mutated His 337. These results demonstrate a pH-sensitive molecular defect of p53 (R337H), suggesting that pH-dependent p53 dysfunction is the molecular basis for these cases of ACC in Brazilian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L DiGiammarino
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale St., Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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30
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Ichikawa T, Ito H. [Adrenocortical carcinoma]. Nihon Rinsho 2001; 59 Suppl 7:393-400. [PMID: 11808146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Ichikawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University
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31
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Sworczak K, Babńiska A, Stanek A, Lewczuk A, Siekierska-Hellmann M, Błaut K, Drobińska A, Basiński A, Lachński AJ, Czaplińska-Kałas H, Gruca Z. Clinical and histopathological evaluation of the adrenal incidentaloma. Neoplasma 2001; 48:221-6. [PMID: 11583293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Clinically silent adrenal masses (incidentaloma) are incidentally discovered lesions, when noninvasive imaging methods (USG, CT, MRI) are performed for reasons other than known or suspected adrenal disease. Most studies report on a prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma range between 1% and 10% in radiological series. Between 1994 and 1999 we observed in our Department 57 patients with incidentalomas of adrenal glands. After endocrinological evaluation silent Cushing's syndrome was found in 2 cases (3.5%). Fifty two patients were qualified for surgery. Adrenocortical adenoma was diagnosed in 73.1%; adrenocortical carcinoma in 7.7%; pheochromocytoma in 7.7% and less frequent adrenal lesions in 11.5%. All adrenal carcinomas and malignant pheochromocytomas (11.5%) were found in tumors with diameter over 4 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sworczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Hemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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32
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Adams T, Mattelaer P, Casselman J. [Malignant adrenal gland tumors. A case report and an overview of the literature]. Acta Urol Belg 2000; 68:50-2. [PMID: 11678072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Adams
- Dienst Urologie, AZ Damiaan, Oostende
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Beuschlein F, Schulze E, Mora P, Gensheimer HP, Maser-Gluth C, Allolio B, Reincke M. Steroid 21-hydroxylase mutations and 21-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:2585-8. [PMID: 9661649 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.7.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-one hydroxylase (P450c21) is a key enzyme essential for normal zona glomerulosa and fasciculata function. Recently, 21-hydroxylase deficiency has been implicated in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors. Therefore, we investigated the mutational spectrum of the CYP21B gene and the messenger RNA expression of P450c21 in six aldosterone-producing adenomas, seven cortisol-producing adenomas, two nonfunctional incidentally detected adenomas, and four adrenal carcinomas. DNA from leukocytes and tumors was amplified by PCR using primers specific for the CYP21B gene. The 10 exons, intron 2, intron 7, all other exon/intron junctions, and 380 bp of the promoter region of CYP21B were automatically sequenced. Poly(A) RNA was extracted from tumor tissue, dot blotted on a nylon membrane, and hybridized with 32P-labeled P450 side-chain cleavage, P450 17-alpha-hydroxylase, and P450c21 complementary DNA probes. We detected heterozygous germline mutations (exon 7, Val 281Leu) in two patients, one with a cortisol-producing adenoma and the other with an androgen-secreting adrenocortical carcinoma. A somatic, heterozygous microdeletion was found in exon 3 of one aldosterone-producing adenoma. The P450c21 gene expression correlated with the clinical phenotype of the tumor, with low P450c21 messenger RNA expression in nonfunctional adenomas (18.8%, 1.5%) compared with high P450c21 expression in aldosterone- and cortisol-producing adenomas (84 +/- 8% and 101 +/- 4%, respectively, vs. normal adrenals, 100 +/- 10%). In conclusion, the prevalence of heterozygous germline mutations in the CYP21B gene was higher in patients with adrenocortical tumors (11%; 95% confidence interval, 1-34%) than in the general European population (2%; 95% confidence interval, 1.93-2.06%), but this difference is questionable because of the low number of subjects in our series. The pathophysiological significance of this finding in the presence of one normal CYP21B gene seems to be low, suggesting that 21-hydroxylase deficiency is not a major predisposing factor for adrenal tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Beuschlein
- Abt. Innere Medizin II, Klinikum der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
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34
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Abstract
We report a 3-year, 5-month-old boy with an adrenocortical carcinoma. These tumours are rare and highly malignant in childhood. In most cases they are functional, secreting adrenocortical hormones. In this case there was a misleading coexistence with a second abdominal neoplasm, which was a ganglioneuroma; this is a rare benign tumour arising from the sympathetic nervous system. The imaging investigations and their findings are discussed and correlated with pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smets
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Gent, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Terzolo M, Ali A, Osella G, Mazza E. Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Arch Surg 1997; 132:914-9. [PMID: 9267279 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1997.01430320116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidental discovery of an adrenal mass poses the problem of distinguishing between the frequent benign masses and the infrequent malignant ones that require surgery. Univocal guidelines to approach this problem are unavailable. OBJECTIVE To perform a survey of the clinical management of incidentally discovered adrenal masses (ie, adrenal incidentalomas). DESIGN A multicentric retrospective analysis of hospital medical records of adrenal incidentalomas diagnosed during a 5-year period; the medical records were scrutinized for demographic data and clinical details by means of a specifically tailored questionnaire. SETTING The major surgical and medical centers of Piedmont, a northern Italian region with approximately 4 million inhabitants. The recruitment pattern of these centers was unselected. PATIENTS The definition of adrenal incidentaloma was limited to patients with a physical examination and a clinical history unindicative of adrenal disease. Exclusion criteria also included hypertension of suspected endocrine origin and a history of neoplasms known to metastasize frequently in the adrenal glands. Two hundred twenty-four medical records were collected, and 210 were analyzed (14 excluded a posteriori). RESULTS Most patients were in their 50s and 60s, and women were predominantly affected. The frequency of adrenocortical cancer was 13% among patients operated on. The tumor diameter was highly correlated with the risk of cancer; a cutoff at 5 cm had a sensitivity of 93% with a specificity of 64% in discriminating between benign and malignant cortical lesions. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma among adrenal incidentalomas is not rare. The evaluation of the mass size is a simple and effective method for selecting patients at risk for cancer. The indication for surgery of masses larger than 5 cm, or of masses of any diameter that have suspicious imaging characteristics, limits unnecessary operations and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Terzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Italy
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Upadhye PS, Desai MP, Colaco MP, Desai PB, Deshpande RK, Mokal RA. A clinicopathologic profile of adrenocortical tumors. Indian Pediatr 1997; 34:481-90. [PMID: 9357203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical, biochemical, hormonal, radiological and histopathological profile of adrenocortical tumors in children; to assess the clinicopathological correlations and note the future outcome. DESIGN Retrospective and prospective study. SETTING Hospital based; Endocrine Service of our institution and other institution based services. SUBJECTS 14 children (Females = 11, Males = 3) with adrenocortical tumor, aged 8 months to 13 years (mean age 5.1 +/- 3.42 years), seen over a period of 9 years. RESULTS Females predominated (F:M = 3.7:1). Majority (64%) had a mixed picture with cushingoid features and virilization, whereas 36% presented only for virilization. Elevated serum cortisol levels with loss of diurnal variation was noted only in those with mixed clinical presentation. Adrenal androgen elevation was noted in majority of cases as virilization was common to all. CT confirmed the diagnosis of tumor, 7 on either side. Thirteen cases were operated. Histopathologic diagnosis was carcinoma in 7 and adenoma in 6 cases. Three of the seven with carcinoma died within 3 months to 2 years but two of these with small tumours (weight 60-65 g and diameter < 6 cm) were well at 2 and 5 years, while as one of the six with a large adenoma had recurrence and metastasis after three years. CONCLUSION Female preponderance was marked (4 times), 43% of tumors had occurred by 3 years of age and 64% by 6 years. Neither the hormonal parameters nor the histopathology correlated well with the biological behavior and outcome. Prolonged and vigilant follow up is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Upadhye
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Parel, Mumbai
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Aydintuğ S, Koçak S, Eraslan S. Primary non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex: an eight-year experience in Turkey. Eur J Surg 1996; 162:275-8. [PMID: 8739413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report our eight year experience of the treatment of primary non-functioning adrenal tumours diagnosed incidentally by computed tomography or ultrasonography. DESIGN Open study. SETTING University hospital, Turkey. SUBJECTS 20 patients with primary non-functioning adrenal tumours that were diagnosed incidentally during the eight years 1986-93 and who were treated in our department. INTERVENTIONS All patients underwent detailed endocrine studies followed by unilateral adrenalectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Morbidity, mortality, and outcome. RESULTS There were 18 women and 2 men, mean age 50 (range 24-67). No patient died and one developed a wound infection. Histopathological examination showed adrenocortical adenoma (n = 17), carcinoma (n = 2, one of which was a 57-year-old woman with a 35 mm tumour), and hyperplasia (n = 1). CONCLUSION Excision of non-functioning adrenal tumours is safe and we recommend it because there are no exclusion criteria for malignancy, and non-operative treatment has not been clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aydintuğ
- Department of Surgery, Ankara University Medical School, Turkey
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal tumors rarely occur in childhood. Their criteria for malignancy, as well as the effects of chemotherapy remain poorly defined. POPULATION Fourty-five children (median age: 4 years) with an adrenal tumor diagnosed between 1973 and 1993 were included in this study. RESULTS Seventy-six percent of the children showed various degrees of virilization. Tumor was palpable in 57%. Most patients (80%) had local disease, 7% loco-regional disease and 13% distant metastases. Forty-five children underwent an apparently complete surgical resection. Recurrence occurred 2 to 17 months after surgery in 18 of them (40%). Twenty-four children received medical treatment (o.p'-DDD or chemotherapy) and one-third had a tumoral response. The overall 5 year survival rate was 49%. CONCLUSIONS Adrenocortical neoplasms have a poor prognosis in childhood. Complete resection is the only effective and potentially curative treatment. Currently no effective chemotherapy exists, and the value of adjuvant therapy remains unproven. Multicentric studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Teinturier
- Service d'endocrinologie pédiatrique, hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, France
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Breza J, Zvara V, Kreze A, Balazovjech I, Pauer M. Tumours of the adrenal cortex. Ann Urol (Paris) 1996; 30:26-32. [PMID: 8712757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The authors report their experience of 34 benign and 17 malignant tumours of the adrenal cortex. Both occurred more frequently in women (79.4% of cortical adenomas and 70.6% of adrenocortical carcinomas). Moreover, females were significantly younger (average age: adenomas: females 44.9 years and males 54.4 years, adrenocortical carcinomas: females 34.1 years and males 58.3 years). Some tumours presented in the form of increased hormone production, while others were hormonally inactive and did not cause clinical signs until later. Pain was the first symptom in the cases of malignant adrenocortical tumours. Adenomas occurred as frequently twice in the left adrenal gland (24 versus 12), whereas carcinomas were more than twice are frequent on the right (10 versus 7). Ultrasonography and CT were appropriate and fully sufficient methods for the diagnosis of adrenal tumours. Arteriography was valuable in the differential diagnosis of large upper abdominal masses when the organ of origin could not be identified by CT and for determination of anatomic conditions and subsequent surgical tactics. For small tumours of the adrenal cortex, the classic lumbar approach through the bed of the resected eleventh rib is adequate. For larger tumours, extended lumbotomy, laparotomy or thoracotomy is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Breza
- Clinique Urologique, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovaquie
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenal cortical carcinoma is rare; the authors have treated only eight patients with the disease at Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center since 1974. No exhaustive collection of cases of this cancer has been done since 1952. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of their eight patients with adrenal cortical carcinoma. They also searched the English literature from 1952 to 1992 for reports of patients with the disease. They treated each report as a series if two or more previously unreported patients were reported. They paid special attention to patients for whom stage of disease was noted at diagnosis, treatment with mitotane (o,p'-DDD) was used, and the outcome was reported. RESULTS Five were male and three were female patients. Five had nonfunctional tumors. None were pediatric. The authors found 1891 cases in the English literature. Adrenal cortical carcinomas are more common in women (58.6%) than in men (41.4%). The age distribution of tumors is bimodal, with peaks in the first and fifth decades. Tumors in children are more commonly functional (83.5% in female patients, 85.6% in male patients), although nonfunctional tumors are more common in older patients (84.7%). Most (68%) of these tumors are diagnosed late in disease when surgery is no longer curative. Only 35% of patients treated with mitotane had a clinical response. CONCLUSIONS Adrenal cortical carcinomas are diagnosed most often in children because of functionality and older men because of mass effect. Most tumors are discovered too late for curative resection. Treatment of metastatic disease with mitotane has limited success.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wooten
- Department of Oncology, Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
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