1
|
Greenwood EJD, Schmidt F, Kondova I, Niphuis H, Hodara VL, Clissold L, McLay K, Guerra B, Redrobe S, Giavedoni LD, Lanford RE, Murthy KK, Rouet F, Heeney JL. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Shares Features of Both Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Lentiviral Infections. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005146. [PMID: 26360709 PMCID: PMC4567047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus-host relationship in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected chimpanzees is thought to be different from that found in other SIV infected African primates. However, studies of captive SIVcpz infected chimpanzees are limited. Previously, the natural SIVcpz infection of one chimpanzee, and the experimental infection of six chimpanzees was reported, with limited follow-up. Here, we present a long-term study of these seven animals, with a retrospective re-examination of the early stages of infection. The only clinical signs consistent with AIDS or AIDS associated disease was thrombocytopenia in two cases, associated with the development of anti-platelet antibodies. However, compared to uninfected and HIV-1 infected animals, SIVcpz infected animals had significantly lower levels of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells. Despite this, levels of T-cell activation in chronic infection were not significantly elevated. In addition, while plasma levels of β2 microglobulin, neopterin and soluble TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (sTRAIL) were elevated in acute infection, these markers returned to near-normal levels in chronic infection, reminiscent of immune activation patterns in ‘natural host’ species. Furthermore, plasma soluble CD14 was not elevated in chronic infection. However, examination of the secondary lymphoid environment revealed persistent changes to the lymphoid structure, including follicular hyperplasia in SIVcpz infected animals. In addition, both SIV and HIV-1 infected chimpanzees showed increased levels of deposition of collagen and increased levels of Mx1 expression in the T-cell zones of the lymph node. The outcome of SIVcpz infection of captive chimpanzees therefore shares features of both non-pathogenic and pathogenic lentivirus infections. The HIV-1/AIDS pandemic is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) from chimpanzees to humans. Many African primates are infected with SIV, but those studied in captivity generally do not develop disease. However, wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz are at increased risk of death and may develop an AIDS-like disease. It has therefore been suggested that the viral features which SIVcpz and HIV-1 share, that differentiate them from other species’ SIV, may be critical in the development of disease in both humans and chimpanzees. Here, we present a long-term follow-up of 7 SIVcpz infected chimpanzees, housed in primate centres in the US and Europe, under similar conditions to other studied models. These animals did not develop an AIDS-like disease, after up to 25 years of infection, and showed features similar to other species where disease rarely develops, such as limited immune activation in the blood. However, they also had significantly reduced CD4+ T-cells and disruption to the secondary lymphoid tissues, normally associated with pathogenic primate lentiviral infections. Thus, while SIVcpz infection of chimpanzees shares features of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic infections, disease has not developed in captivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Division of Pathology and Microbiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Vida L. Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leah Clissold
- The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten McLay
- The Genome Analysis Centre (TGAC), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Guerra
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sharon Redrobe
- Twycross Zoo - East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone, United Kingdom
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Lanford
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krishna K. Murthy
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - François Rouet
- Laboratoire de Rétrovirologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- A M Prince
- Laboratory of Virology and Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, N.Y
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Park H, Serti E, Eke O, Muchmore B, Prokunina-Olsson L, Capone S, Folgori A, Rehermann B. IL-29 is the dominant type III interferon produced by hepatocytes during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2012; 56:2060-70. [PMID: 22706965 PMCID: PMC3581145 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early, vigorous intrahepatic induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene (ISG) induction is a feature of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, even though HCV inhibits the induction of type I IFNs in vitro. To identify the cytokines and cells that drive ISG induction and mediate antiviral activity during acute HCV infection, type I and III IFN responses were studied in (1) serial liver biopsies and plasma samples obtained from 6 chimpanzees throughout acute HCV infection and (2) primary human hepatocyte (PHH) cultures upon HCV infection. Type I IFNs were minimally induced at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the liver and were undetectable at the protein level in plasma during acute HCV infection of chimpanzees. In contrast, type III IFNs, in particular, interleukin (IL)-29 mRNA and protein, were strongly induced and these levels correlated with ISG expression and viremia. However, there was no association between intrahepatic or peripheral type III IFN levels and the outcome of acute HCV infection. Infection of PHH with HCV recapitulated strong type III and weak type I IFN responses. Supernatants from HCV-infected PHH cultures mediated antiviral activity upon transfer to HCV-replicon-containing cells. This effect was significantly reduced by neutralization of type III IFNs and less by neutralization of type I IFNs. Furthermore, IL-29 production by HCV-infected PHH occurred independently from type I IFN signaling and was not enhanced by the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. CONCLUSION Hepatocyte-derived type III IFNs contribute to ISG induction and antiviral activity, but are not the principal determinant of the outcome of HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD
| | - Elisavet Serti
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD
| | - Onyinyechi Eke
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD
| | - Brian Muchmore
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nidom CA, Nakayama E, Nidom RV, Alamudi MY, Daulay S, Dharmayanti INLP, Dachlan YP, Amin M, Igarashi M, Miyamoto H, Yoshida R, Takada A. Serological evidence of Ebola virus infection in Indonesian orangutans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40740. [PMID: 22815803 PMCID: PMC3399888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) belong to the family Filoviridae and cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of EBOV (Reston virus) in nonhuman primates and domestic pigs in the Philippines and the serological evidence for its infection of humans and fruit bats, information on the reservoirs and potential amplifying hosts for filoviruses in Asia is lacking. In this study, serum samples collected from 353 healthy Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, during the period from December 2005 to December 2006 were screened for filovirus-specific IgG antibodies using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant viral surface glycoprotein (GP) antigens derived from multiple species of filoviruses (5 EBOV and 1 MARV species). Here we show that 18.4% (65/353) and 1.7% (6/353) of the samples were seropositive for EBOV and MARV, respectively, with little cross-reactivity among EBOV and MARV antigens. In these positive samples, IgG antibodies to viral internal proteins were also detected by immunoblotting. Interestingly, while the specificity for Reston virus, which has been recognized as an Asian filovirus, was the highest in only 1.4% (5/353) of the serum samples, the majority of EBOV-positive sera showed specificity to Zaire, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, or Bundibugyo viruses, all of which have been found so far only in Africa. These results suggest the existence of multiple species of filoviruses or unknown filovirus-related viruses in Indonesia, some of which are serologically similar to African EBOVs, and transmission of the viruses from yet unidentified reservoir hosts into the orangutan populations. Our findings point to the need for risk assessment and continued surveillance of filovirus infection of human and nonhuman primates, as well as wild and domestic animals, in Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chairul A. Nidom
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reviany V. Nidom
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Y. Alamudi
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Syafril Daulay
- Center for Diagnostic Standard of Agriculture Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Yoes P. Dachlan
- Tropical Disease Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Amin
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease, caused by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, has not been observed in animals. In contrast, Hashimoto's thyroiditis develops in chickens, rats, mice, dogs, and marmosets. Attempts to induce an immune response in mice to the luteinizing-hormone receptor suggested that autoantigen glycosylation was one parameter involved in breaking self-tolerance. Over evolution, TSHR glycosylation increased from three asparagine-linked-glycans (N-glycans) in fish to six N-glycans in humans and great apes. All other placental mammals lack one N-glycan in the shed TSHR A-subunit, the primary Graves' disease autoantigen. We hypothesized that (a) lesser TSHR A-subunit glycosylation reduces immunogenicity, accounting for the absence of Graves' disease in most placental mammals; (b) due to human-like A-subunit glycosylation, Graves' disease might arise in great apes. Here, we review and analyze the literature on this subject and report the results of a survey of veterinarians at primate centers and zoos in North America. SUMMARY Previous experimental data from induced TSHR antibodies in mice support a role for A-subunit glycosylation in breaking self-tolerance. An extensive search of the great-ape literature revealed five reports of noncongenital thyroid dysfunction, four with hypothyroidism and one with hyperthyroidism. The latter was a gorilla who was treated with anti-thyroid drugs but is now deceased. Neither serum nor thyroid tissue from this gorilla were available for analysis. The survey of veterinarians revealed that none of the 979 chimpanzees in primate research centers had a diagnosis of noncongenital thyroid dysfunction and among ∼1100 great apes (gorillas, orangutans, and chimpanzees) in U.S. zoos, only three were hypothyroid, and none were hyperthyroid. CONCLUSIONS Graves' disease appears to be either very rare or does not occur in great apes based on the literature and a survey of veterinarians. Although the available data do not advance our hypothesis, there is a paucity of information regarding thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies in the great apes In addition, these primates may be protected against TSHR autoimmunity by the absence of genetic polymorphisms and putative environmental triggers. Finally, larger numbers of great apes need to be followed, and tests of thyroid function and thyroid autoantibodies be performed, to confirm that spontaneous Graves' disease is restricted to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M McLachlan
- Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Puig M, Mihalik K, Tilton JC, Williams O, Merchlinsky M, Connors M, Feinstone SM, Major ME. CD4+ immune escape and subsequent T-cell failure following chimpanzee immunization against hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2006; 44:736-45. [PMID: 16941702 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with 170 million individuals infected worldwide and no available vaccine. We analyzed the effects of an induced T-cell response in 3 chimpanzees, targeting nonstructural proteins in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. In all animals the specific T-cell response modified the outcome of infection, producing a 10- to 1,000-fold reduction in peak virus titers. The challenge of 2 immunized animals that had been previously exposed to hepatitis C virus resulted in subclinical infections. Immune responses in the third animal, naive prior to immunization, limited viral replication immediately, evidenced by a 30-fold reduction in virus titer by week 2, declining to a nonquantifiable level by week 6. After 10 weeks of immunological control, we observed a resurgence of virus, followed by progression to a persistent infection. Comparing virus evolution with T-cell recognition, we demonstrated that: (i) resurgence was concomitant with the emergence of new dominant viral populations bearing single amino acid changes in the NS3 and NS5A regions, (ii) these mutations resulted in a loss of CD4+ T-cell recognition, and (iii) subsequent to viral resurgence and immune escape a large fraction of NS3-specific T cells became impaired in their ability to secrete IFN-gamma and proliferate. In contrast, NS3-specific responses were sustained in the recovered/immunized animals presenting with subclinical infections. In conclusion, viral escape from CD4+ T cells can result in the eventual failure of an induced T-cell response that initially controls infection. Vaccines that can induce strong T-cell responses prior to challenge will not necessarily prevent persistent HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Puig
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shata MTM, Pfahler W, Brotman B, Lee DH, Tricoche N, Murthy K, Prince AM. Attempted therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee chronic HBV carrier with a high viral load. J Med Primatol 2006; 35:165-71. [PMID: 16764675 PMCID: PMC1764453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported successful therapeutic immunization in a chimpanzee having a relatively low viral load, which was immunized with recombinant plasmid hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) DNA and boosted with recombinant HBsAg encoding canarypox virus. In the present study, we attempted to confirm these findings in an animal with a high virus load. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested three immunization strategies successively over a 3-year period. In the first of these, we administered four monthly injections of DNA encoding HBsAg + PreS2 + hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) + DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12, (given 3 days later), and boosted with canarypox expressing all of the above HBV genes 6 months after initial immunization. No reduction in viral load was observed. In the second trial, we administered lamivudine for 8 weeks, and then began monthly DNA-based immunization with plasmids expressing the above viral genes; however, viral loads rebounded 1 week after termination of lamivudine therapy. In a third trial, we continued lamivudine therapy for 30 weeks and immunized with vaccinia virus expressing the above viral genes 18 and 23 weeks after the start of lamivudine therapy. Again viral loads rebounded shortly after cessation of lamivudine treatment. Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses, and their avidity, revealed that DNA-based immunization produced the strongest enhancement of high avidity T-cell responses, while recombinant vaccinia immunization during lamivudine therapy enhanced low avidity responses only. The strongest low and high avidity responses were directed to the middle surface antigen. CONCLUSIONS Three strategies for therapeutic immunization failed to control HBV viremia in a chronically infected chimpanzee with a high viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tarek M. Shata
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wolfram Pfahler
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
- Vilab II, The Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Robertsfield, Liberia
| | - Betsy Brotman
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
- Vilab II, The Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Robertsfield, Liberia
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Tricoche
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krishna Murthy
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alfred M. Prince
- Laboratory of Virology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
- Vilab II, The Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Robertsfield, Liberia
- Correspondence Alfred M. Prince, MD, Head, Laboratory of Virology Member, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA. Tel.: (212) 570-3279; fax: (212) 570-3180; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Walter NAR, Stebbing J, Messier W. The potential significance of adaptive evolution and dimerization in chimpanzee intercellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAMs). J Theor Biol 2005; 232:339-46. [PMID: 15572059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Revised: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules are involved in a diverse array of cellular processes. Recent data suggests that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) co-opts their functions, in particular the properties of the intercellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAMs), to enhance viral infection and transmission. To investigate mechanisms that may underlie the non-progression that occurs in immunodeficiency virus-infected chimpanzees, we amplified the protein coding regions of multiple non-human primate ICAMs 1-5 and two ICAM ligands, leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and macrophage antigen 1 (Mac-1). We then employed a phylogenetic tree-based approach to comparative genomics, in order to screen for the presence of adaptive changes. Strong Darwinian positive selection in chimpanzee ICAMs 1, 2 and 3 was observed, most markedly in domains that are critical for the integrity and maintenance of ICAM-1 dimerization. As binding of ligands, including the attachment of virions, is influenced by the state of ICAM 1 dimerization, chimpanzee ICAMs may have evolved to modulate their own dimerization. In concert with previous evidence suggesting an ancient retroviral pandemic as a prominent selective force in chimpanzee evolution, adaptation of chimpanzee ICAMs may have effected a mechanism that explains the lack of immunosuppression observed following HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A R Walter
- Evolutionary Genomics, Colorado Bioscience Park Center, 12635 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80010, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pritzker KPH. Nonhuman primate seronegative arthritis: probability values for valuable science in a case report. J Rheumatol 2004; 31:2102-3. [PMID: 15517618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
|
13
|
Hirsch VM. What can natural infection of African monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus tell us about the pathogenesis of AIDS? AIDS Rev 2004; 6:40-53. [PMID: 15168740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The simian immunodeficiency viruses are a diverse group of viruses that naturally infect a wide range of African primates, including chimpanzees, African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabey monkeys (SM). Although natural infection is widespread in feral populations of AGMs and SMs, this infection does not result in immunodeficiency. However, experimental inoculation of Asian macaque species results in an immunodeficiency syndrome that is remarkably similar in pathogenesis to human AIDS. Thus, SIVsm infection of macaques results in AIDS, and similarly experimental inoculation of pigtailed macaques with at least one SIVagm isolate, SIVIhoest or SIVsun, results in AIDS. The extent of plasma viremia in pathogenic infection is an excellent prognostic indicator of clinical course, with higher viral load being predictive of shorter survival and low viremia being predictive of long-term non-progression. Based upon this paradigm, one would have expected naturally infected animals to exhibit low levels of viremia. In reality, AGMs, SMs, mandrills and chimpanzees infected naturally with their own unique viruses display moderate to high levels of plasma viremia. A significant reduction in CD4+ T-cells in infected versus uninfected SMs suggests that the virus may be cytopathic to some degree. These infected animals still maintain adequate CD4+ T-cells over their entire life in captivity. A distinct characteristic of natural infection is the lack of immunopathology as demonstrated by normal lymph node morphology, lower expression of activation and proliferation markers on CD4+ T-cells, and a generally muted immune response to the virus. Naturally infected SMs and AGMs clearly mount antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses. Therefore, models suggesting immune tolerance to SIV are far too simplistic to explain the lack of disease in these animals. It is probable that a unique balance between T-cell renewal and proliferation and loss through activation-induced apoptosis, and virus-induced cell death has been achieved in SMs and AGMs. The study of the dynamics of T-cell production, proliferation and cell death in asymptomatic natural infection should, therefore, yield insights into the pathogenesis of AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rollier C, Drexhage JAR, Verstrepen BE, Verschoor EJ, Bontrop RE, Koopman G, Heeney JL. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection established and maintained in chimpanzees independent of dendritic cell impairment. Hepatology 2003; 38:851-8. [PMID: 14512872 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans is associated with an impairment of dendritic cells (DC). It has been hypothesized that impairment of DC function may be a central mechanism facilitating the establishment of a chronic carrier state. However, the majority of patients studied with DC impairment to date have been identified and, thus, inadvertently selected because of clinical manifestations leading to their diagnosis, which may have been many years following actual infection. We set out to determine whether impaired DC function occurred in the earlier asymptomatic phase of infection and turned to a well-defined cohort of HCV-infected chimpanzees in which the specific date of infection and the nature of the inoculum were well characterized. Results revealed that, in contrast to the observations in human subjects with advanced clinical hepatitis, there was neither impairment of the allostimulatory capacity of monocyte-derived DC from HCV chronic carriers nor impairment of the maturation process. Decreased allostimulatory capacity was only detected in 2 animals and, interestingly, in those that possessed the highest viral loads. Nevertheless, HCV sequences were undetectable in any of the DC derived from HCV-infected chimpanzees. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the mechanisms of establishing persistent HCV infection are separate and independent from those responsible for impaired DC function. Indeed, the maturation and allostimulatory impairment, as described in patient studies, are not necessary prerequisites but rather possible consequences of persistent and active HCV infection associated with disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rollier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh SS, Verschoor EJ, de Groot N, Teeuwsen VJP, Bontrop RE, Heeney JL. Specific nature of cellular immune responses elicited by chimpanzees against HIV-1. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:681-8. [PMID: 12826370 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that in the human population human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is a relatively new pathogen that arose by zoonotic transmission from chimpanzees. In humans the morbidity and mortality figures due to HIV infection are extremely high. In a very small percentage of the human population, however, individuals have been identified who were infected for more than 20 years and have no evidence of disease progression. In contrast to most infected humans, almost all chimpanzees appear to be resistant to the pathologic effects caused by lentiviruses such as HIV-1. Here we review the characteristics of the HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immune responses mounted by chimpanzees, and we postulate the mechanisms that have evolved that facilitate their resistance to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ondoa P, Kestens L, Davis D, Vereecken C, Willems B, Fransen K, Vingerhoets J, Zissis G, ten Haaft P, Heeney J, van der Groen G. Longitudinal comparison of virus load parameters and CD8 T-cell suppressive capacity in two SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees. J Med Primatol 2001; 30:243-53. [PMID: 11990239 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2001.d01-56.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a longitudinal study we address the hypothesis that resis tance to disease progression in lentivirus-infected chimpanzees is related to potent non-cytotoxic suppression of virus replication. In a long-term follow-up, the viral suppressive capacity in two simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)cpz-infected chimpanzees was correlated with two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- and two culture-based virus load measurements. In both animals, quantitative virus isolation (QVI) tended to decline slowly, whereas in vitro virus suppression was sustained or increased over time. In general, plasma virus loads in SIVcpz-infected animals were maintained for extended periods of time. Based on current assays that measure virus suppressive capacity in peripheral blood, it was not possible to conclude that virus suppression played a major role in the maintenance of the disease-free state in lentivirus-infected chimpanzees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ondoa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Davis HL, Suparto II, Weeratna RR, Iskandriati DD, Chamzah SS, Ma'ruf AA, Nente CC, Pawitri DD, Krieg AM, Smits W, Sajuthi DD. CpG DNA overcomes hyporesponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in orangutans. Vaccine 2000; 18:1920-4. [PMID: 10699341 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG ODN) have been shown to be potent Th1-type adjuvants for augmenting antigen-specific responses in mice against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects only humans and great apes and appears to exist among wild chimpanzees and orangutans. An outbreak of HBV among orangutans being rehabilitated for re-introduction to the jungle caused the death of several animals. A prophylactic vaccination program revealed that orangutans are quite hypo-responsive to a current commercial vaccine compared to results obtained previously in humans and chimpanzees. Addition of CpG ODN to hepatitis B vaccine greatly increased the seroconversion rate and the titers of antibody against HBsAg (anti-HBs). This is the first demonstration of CpG DNA in a great ape and the results have important implications for the vaccination of humans against HBV and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H L Davis
- Loeb Health Research Institute at the Ottawa Hospital, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Powell PD, DeMartini JC, Azari P, Stargell LA, Cordain L, Tucker A. Evolutionary stable strategy: a test for theories of retroviral pathology which are based upon the concept of molecular mimicry. J Theor Biol 2000; 202:213-29. [PMID: 10660476 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.1999.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genetic makeup of animal and plant populations is determined by established principles and concepts. Ecology and evolution provide a basic theoretical framework for understanding how genetic changes occur in populations. Whether these rules can be applied to host retroviral populations is unknown. Individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contain within their bodies a viral population. This population is known as a viral quasispecies. Located in the transmembrane protein of HIV-1 is the viral sequence Gly-Thr-Asp-Arg-Val. Previous immunological studies have shown that viral antibody is produced in response to this five-amino-acid sequence. Antibody to this viral sequence also crossreacts and binds to a related peptide sequence found on certain immune cells. This related sequence, Gly-Thr-Glu-Arg-Val, is found on immune cells bearing a structure known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The viral transmembrane sequence, Gly-Thr-Asp-Arg-Val, can be substituted with alanine residues utilizing site-directed mutagenesis. This creates a viral clone devoid of the genetic similarity with the MHC. Chimpanzees progressing to AIDS contain both sequences of interest. Suppression of the chimpanzee quasispecies utilizing anti-retroviral drugs is proposed. This action serves to suppress the presence of the viruses containing the sequence Gly-Thr-Asp-Arg-Val. When viral load has been reduced significantly, a drug resistant, alanine altered clone is to be introduced in large numbers. The concept of evolutionary stable strategy predicts that a viable HIV clone with alanine residues can genetically dominate the viral population. Immune system recognition of the alanine sequence is likely to result in renewed antibody production. Antibodies to the alanine containing viral sequence should not recognize or bind to the MHC. Immunological parameters can then be measured to determine the physiological impact of eliminating a sequence responsible for molecular mimicry between virus and host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Powell
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
A high prevalence (42.6%) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was suspected in 195 formerly captive orangutans due to a large number of serum samples which cross-reacted with human HBV antigens. It was assumed that such viral infections were contracted from humans during captivity. However, two wild orangutans were identified which were HBV surface antigen positive, indicating that HBV or related viruses may be occurring naturally in the orangutan populations. Sequence analyses of seven isolates revealed that orangutans were infected with hepadnaviruses but that these were clearly divergent from the six known human HBV genotypes and those of other nonhuman hepadnaviruses reported. Phylogenetic analyses revealed geographic clustering with Southeast Asian genotype C viruses and gibbon ape HBV. This implies a common origin of infection within this geographic region, with cross-species transmission of hepadnaviruses among hominoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Warren
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wyers M, Formenty P, Cherel Y, Guigand L, Fernandez B, Boesch C, Le Guenno B. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of lesions associated with Ebola virus in a naturally infected chimpanzee. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 Suppl 1:S54-9. [PMID: 9988165 DOI: 10.1086/514300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions caused by the Côte d'Ivoire subtype of Ebola virus in a naturally infected young chimpanzee were characterized by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. The predominant lesions consisted of multifocal necrosis in the liver and diffuse fibrinoid necrosis in the red pulp of the spleen. In these sites, macrophages contained large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that macrophages were a major site of viral replication. The absence of bronchiolar and pulmonary lesions and the paucity of antigen-containing macrophages in the lung suggested that aerosol transmission by this animal was unlikely. There were necrotic foci and antigen-containing macrophages in intestinal lymph nodes, in association with lesions caused by intestinal parasites, suggesting the possibility of virus entry through the digestive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wyers
- Laboratoire d'histopathologie animale, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Binhazim AA, Lee DR, Bernacky BJ, Rizvi TA. Spontaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a chimpanzee: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. J Med Primatol 1997; 26:260-6. [PMID: 9437265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An anaplastic large cell lymphoma with disseminated abdominal metastases was diagnosed in a 35-year-old male chimpanzee. Clinically, the animal displayed lethargy, weight loss, ascites, and abdominal distention. Imaging studies showed several large abdominal masses. At necropsy, variably sized masses of neoplastic mesenteric lymph nodes that encompassed several intestinal loops were present throughout the abdomen. The largest mass measured 9 x 5 cm and had cauliflower-like protrusions into the jejunal lumen. The entire abdominal cavity was covered by a sheet of neoplastic tissue. Histopathologically, the tumor consisted of solid sheets of proliferating lymphoid cells forming a cohesive growth that filled the lymph node sinuses. The tumor had invaded the intestinal wall. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma was diagnosed from immunohistochemistry findings on the basis of positive reaction to the CD3 and CD30 markers and negative reaction to the CD20 marker. Serologic analysis revealed positive titers for Epstein-Barr, cytomegalo-, and varicella-zoster viruses. Both serologic and virologic studies showed no evidence of detectable retroviral infection. This type of tumor has not been reported before in the chimpanzee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Binhazim
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop 78602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Villinger F, Brar SS, Brice GT, Chikkala NF, Novembre FJ, Mayne AE, Bucur S, Hillyer CD, Ansari AA. Immune and hematopoietic parameters in HIV-1-infected chimpanzees during clinical progression toward AIDS. J Med Primatol 1997; 26:11-8. [PMID: 9271184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, chimpanzees were considered susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but refractory to disease induction based on the asymptomatic status of all experimentally infected chimpanzees after over 10 years postinfection (PI). However, a decline in peripheral CD4+ T cells was noted in one chimpanzee (C499) of the Yerkes cohort of HIV-1 infected apes, after 11 years PI concurrent with increasing plasma viral load. These clinical signs were followed by the occurrence of opportunistic infections, thrombocytopenia, and progressive anemia leading to euthanasia. A second chimpanzee (C455) was transfused with blood from C499 collected during the symptomatic stage. Shortly thereafter, this second animal showed a rapid decline in peripheral CD4+ T-cell levels and sustained high viral load. Hematological analyses showed a 50% decrease in CFU-GM for both apes during the symptomatic phase and a reduction of 40% and 73% of the total CFU despite normal levels of CD34+ cells in the bone marrow. Cryopreserved sequential PBMC samples from these two chimpanzees were analyzed for constitutive and PHA-P induced levels of cytokines and chemokines. Data show that whereas there were no detectable constitutive levels of mRNA coding for IL-2, 4, and 10, there appears to be a transient increase in IFN-gamma message level coincident with increased viremia and this IFN-gamma synthesis decreased with disease progression. PHA-induced cytokine mRNA analysis showed low or undetectable levels of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA in all samples and a marked decrease in the levels of IL-2 shortly after HIV infection. In addition, there was also a gradual decrease in IFN-gamma mRNA with progression of disease. Of interest were the findings of high to normal levels of PHA-induced synthesis of the chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES in samples during the asymptomatic and early symptomatic period, which also dramatically decreased at late stages of the disease. These data suggest important roles for IL-2, IFN-gamma, and the chemokines in the regulation of immune responses in HIV-1-infected chimpanzees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Villinger
- Emory Univeristy Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Morris CL, Sullivan JS, McClure HM, Strobert E, Richardson BB, Galland GG, Goldman IF, Collins WE. The Nigerian I/CDC strain of Plasmodium ovale in chimpanzees. J Parasitol 1996; 82:444-8. [PMID: 8636850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chimpanzee is the only animal host currently available that can support the development of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale. Thirty-one infections with the Nigerian I/CDC strain were induced in splenectomized chimpanzees. Maximum parasite counts ranged from 1,240 to 127,224/microliters. Infections were transient and unpredictable. Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles freeborni, and Anopheles dirus mosquitoes were infected by feeding through parafilm membranes on heparinized blood containing gametocytes; each species supported development to sporozoites in the salivary glands. Mean oocyst counts per infected mosquito ranged from 1 to 85.1; 21.7% of infected lots of mosquitoes averaged > 20 oocysts per positive mosquito gut. One infection was induced via the bites of infected An. gambiae. The prepatent period was 16 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Morris
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|