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Wolpaw JR, Bedlack RS, Reda DJ, Ringer RJ, Banks PG, Vaughan TM, Heckman SM, McCane LM, Carmack CS, Winden S, McFarland DJ, Sellers EW, Shi H, Paine T, Higgins DS, Lo AC, Patwa HS, Hill KJ, Huang GD, Ruff RL. Independent home use of a brain-computer interface by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 2018; 91:e258-e267. [PMID: 29950436 PMCID: PMC6059033 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the reliability and usefulness of an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) for patients with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who used it independently at home for up to 18 months. METHODS Of 42 patients consented, 39 (93%) met the study criteria, and 37 (88%) were assessed for use of the Wadsworth BCI. Nine (21%) could not use the BCI. Of the other 28, 27 (men, age 28-79 years) (64%) had the BCI placed in their homes, and they and their caregivers were trained to use it. Use data were collected by Internet. Periodic visits evaluated BCI benefit and burden and quality of life. RESULTS Over subsequent months, 12 (29% of the original 42) left the study because of death or rapid disease progression and 6 (14%) left because of decreased interest. Fourteen (33%) completed training and used the BCI independently, mainly for communication. Technical problems were rare. Patient and caregiver ratings indicated that BCI benefit exceeded burden. Quality of life remained stable. Of those not lost to the disease, half completed the study; all but 1 patient kept the BCI for further use. CONCLUSION The Wadsworth BCI home system can function reliably and usefully when operated by patients in their homes. BCIs that support communication are at present most suitable for people who are severely disabled but are otherwise in stable health. Improvements in BCI convenience and performance, including some now underway, should increase the number of people who find them useful and the extent to which they are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Wolpaw
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH.
| | - Richard S Bedlack
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Domenic J Reda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Robert J Ringer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Patricia G Banks
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Theresa M Vaughan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Susan M Heckman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Lynn M McCane
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Charles S Carmack
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Stefan Winden
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Dennis J McFarland
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Eric W Sellers
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Hairong Shi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Tamara Paine
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Donald S Higgins
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Albert C Lo
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Huned S Patwa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Katherine J Hill
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Grant D Huang
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
| | - Robert L Ruff
- From the Department of Neurology (J.R.W., D.S.H.), Albany Stratton Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Wadsworth Center (J.R.W., T.M.V., S.M.H., L.M.M., C.S.C., S.W., D.J.M., E.W.S.), National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.S.B.) and Department of Neurology (R.S.B.), Duke University School of Medicine, NC; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center (D.J.R., H.S., T.P.), Hines VA Medical Center, IL; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Clinical Research Pharmacy Coordinating Center (R.J.R.) and University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy; Department of Neurology (P.G.B.), Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH; Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center (A.C.L.) and Department of Neurology, Brown University, RI; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System (H.S.P.) and Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Department of Communication Science and Disorders (K.J.H.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Cooperative Studies Program Central Office (D.G.H.), Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research & Development, Washington, DC; and Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (R.L.R.) and Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, OH
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