[A new sesquiterpene from stems of Buddleja lindleyana]

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from the stems of Buddleja lindleyana. Ten compounds were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of B. lindleyana stems by means of some techniques including polyamide, silica gel, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Their structures were identified by spectral analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction as buddledin F(1), 6-O-4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxy-benzoyl ajugol(2), negundoin G(3),(+)-dihydrocubebin(4), 7-O-ethylguaiacylglycerol(5),(-)-jatrointelignan B(6), threo-1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol(7), vomifoliol(8), hinokinin(9), and isovanillic acid(10). Compound 1 was a new sesquiterpene named buddledin F. Compounds 3-8 were isolated from the Buddleja plant for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-10 in vitro were investigated, and the results failed to show the inhibitory activities of these compounds on the production of inflammatory factor NO.

Buddleja saligna Willd (Loganiaceae) inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in oxidative cardiopathy with concomitant modulation of nucleotide hydrolyzing enzymatic activities and dysregulated lipid metabolic pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buddleja saligna Willd (Loganiaceae), mostly indigenous to South Africa is traditionally used in the treatment cardio-dysfunctional related ailments amongst other diseases.

AIMS

The cardio-protective effect of B. saligna was investigated in ferric-induced oxidative cardiopathy.

METHODS

Hearts harvested from healthy male SD rats were incubated with 0.1 mM FeSO₄ to induce oxidative damage and co-incubated with B. saligna extract. Reaction mixtures without the extract served as negative control, while tissues without the extract or standard antioxidant (gallic acid) and pro-oxidant served as the normal control. The tissues were analyzed for levels of glutathione, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide as well as cholinergic, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), lipase, and purinergic enzymes activities, lipid profiles, fatty acid metabolic pathways and metabolites.

RESULTS

Induction of oxidative damage significantly (p < 0.05) depleted the levels of GSH, SOD, catalase, and ENTPDase activities, while concomitantly elevating the levels of MDA, NO, ACE, acetylcholinesterase, lipase and ATPase activities. These levels and activities were significantly reversed on treatment with B. saligna. Treatment with B. saligna also led to depletion of cardiac cholesterol and LDL-c levels, while elevating triglyceride and HDL-c level. It also depleted oxidative-induced lipid metabolites with concomitant generation of thirteen other metabolites. B. saligna also inactivated oxidative-induced pathways for beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, glycerolipid metabolism, and fatty acid elongation in mitochondria.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that B. saligna protects against ferric-induced oxidative cardiopathy by mitigating oxidative stress, while concomitantly inhibiting ACE, acetylcholinesterase and lipase activities, and modulating lipid spectrum and dysregulated metabolic pathways.

Mimengosides J and K: two new neuroprotective triterpenoids from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana

Two new 11-methoxyl substituted triterpenoids, named as mimengosides J (1) and K (2), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. In addition, the new ones were evaluated for protective effects against damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP⁺) and the results indicated that those may be one of the candidate compositions of Buddleja lindleyana for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.

Review: Bioactive constituents form Buddleja species

Present review discuss the reported work on structures, origins and the potent biologically active natural products isolated from Genus Buddleja, which is known for having many important pharmacologically active substances. The Genus Buddleja have more than 100 species, many of them are distributed in Mediterranean and Asian regions. A very small number of common species of the Genus in majority of fruiting plants have been investigated for their biological potential. So for, isolation of about 153 or more new/novel chemical substances have been reported. Purposes of the review is to discuss the structurally established and pharmacologically significant natural substances from wide variety of different species of this genus. Traditionally, species of the genus are reported to be used for healing, treatment of liver diseases, bronchial complaints, preventing several other diseases by exhibiting diuretic properties, sedative functions, analgesic potential, antirheumatic actions, antimicrobial activities, anti hyperglycemic functions and antioxidant properties. In this review we will describe recently established medicinal chemistry aspects and complete list of phytoconstituents as well as their sources and reference.

Antimycobacterial, docking and molecular dynamic studies of pentacyclic triterpenes from Buddleja saligna leaves

Buddleja saligna (family Buddlejaceae) is a medicinal plant endemic to South Africa. Two isomeric pentacyclic triterpenes, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, were isolated from the leaves of B. saligna using silica gel column chromatography. Compounds oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were subjected to derivatization with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine to obtain oleanolic acid-3-acetate and ursolic acid-3-acetate, respectively. The structures of these compounds were fully characterized by detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations, which included 1H and 13C NMR. Molecular docking studies predicted the free binding energy of the four triterpenes inside the steroid binding pocket of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fadA5 thiolase compared to a reported inhibitor. Thus, their ability to inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis was predicted and was confirmed to possess significant antimycobacterial activity when tested against Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 25177), clinical isolates of multi-drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant M. tuberculosis (XDR-TB) using the Micro Alamar Blue Assay. Ursolic acid was isolated from this plant for the first time.

In vivo antinociceptive and muscle relaxant activity of leaf and bark of Buddleja asiatica L

The current study was designed to assess the antinociceptive and skeleton muscle relaxant effect of leaves and barks of Buddleja asiatica in animal models. In acetic acid induced writhing test, pretreatment of ethanolic extract of leaves and barks evoked marked dose dependent antinociceptive effect with maximum of 70% and 67% pain relief at 300mg/kg i.p. respectively. In chimney test, the ethanolic extract of leaves and barks evoked maximum of 66.66% and 53.33% muscle relaxant effect after 90min of treatment at 300mg/kg i.p respectively. In traction test, the ethanolic extract of leaves and barks caused maximum of 60% and 73.33% muscle relaxant effect after 90min of treatment at 300mg/kg i.p respectively. In short, both leaves and barks demonstrated profound antinociceptive and skeleton muscle relaxant effects and thus the study provided natural healing agents for the treatment of said disorders.

Gastroprotective potential of Buddleja scordioides Kunth Scrophulariaceae infusions; effects into the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and inflammation markers in an in vivo model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

A common plant used to treat several gastric disorders is Buddleja scordioides Kunth, commonly known as salvilla.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To detect inflammatory markers, in order to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of salvilla infusions, as this could have beneficial impact on the population exposed to gastric ulcers and colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present work attempted infusions were prepared with B. scordioides (1% w/w) lyophilized and stored. Total phenolic content and GC-MS analysis were performed. Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=8), a negative vehicle control, an indomethacin group, and three experimental groups, named preventive, curative, and suppressive. All rats were sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia (6h) after the last oral administration of indomethacin/infusion. The rat stomachs were promptly excised, weighed, and chilled in ice-cold and 0.9% NaCl. Histological analysis, nitrites quantification and immunodetection assays were done.

RESULTS

B. scordioides infusions markedly reduced the visible hemorrhagic lesions induced by indomethacin in rat stomachs, also showed down-regulation of COX2, IL-8 and TNFα and up-regulation of COX-1 with a moderate down-regulation of NFkB and lower amount of nitrites. However, this behavior was dependent on the treatment, showing most down-regulation of COX-2, TNFα and IL-8 in the curative treatment; more down-regulation of NF-kB in the preventive treatment; and more up-regulation of COX-1 for the suppressor and preventive treatments.

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory potential of B. scordioides infusions could be related with the presence of polyphenols as quercetin in the infusion and how this one is consumed.

Phytochemical and biological evaluation of Buddleja polystachya growing in Saudi Arabia

Several Buddleja species were the target of phytochemical and biological studies; however, nothing was reported concerning the chemistry of Buddleja polystachya Fresen. growing in Saudi Arabia. Sixteen constituents were isolated from the aerial parts of B. polystachya using various chromatographic techniques and were identified by the help of different spectral techniques including 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the different fractions were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities. The isobenzofuranone derivative (4-hydroxy-7-methylisobenzofuranone) (4), has been isolated for the first time from this natural source, B. polystachya, along with fifteen known compounds namely; phenolic fatty acid ester, 1'(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol ester of docosanoic (1), uvaol (2), sakuranetin (3), kumatakenin (5), cirsimaritin (6), 5-hydroxy-3,7,4'-trimethoxyflavone (7), oleanolic acid (8), herbacetin 3,7,8-trimethyl ether (9), ursolic acid (10), verbascoside (11), linarin (12), luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (13), luteolin 7-(6"-caffeoyl)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), luteolin (15), and 6-O-α-L-(4''-O-trans-cinnamoyl) rhamnopyranosylcatalpol (16). Regarding the biological activities investigated, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the most significant anti-inflammatory activity, followed by the n-butanol and the aqueous fractions. As for the petroleum ether and dichloromethane fractions, their anti-inflammatory effects were moderate. The highest hypoglycemic activity was possessed by the ethyl acetate fraction, followed by the dichloromethane fraction and the n-butanol fraction showed the weakest activity.

[Study on Flavonoids in Buddleja lindleyana Fruits]

OBJECTIVE

To study the flavonoids in the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana.

METHODS

The compounds were separated by repeated silica gel, RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data.

RESULTS

Five flavonoids were isolated and identified as luteolin (1), tricin (2), acacetin (3), acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) and linarin(5).

CONCLUSION

Compounds 3,4 and 5 are isolated from fruits of Buddleja lindleyana for the first time. Compound 2 is isolated from fruits of Buddleja lindleyana for the first time.

Acacetin-7-rutinoside from Buddleja lindleyana, a new molluscicidal agent against Oncomelania hupensis

Buddleja lindleyana is a medicinally important member of the family Loganiaceae distributed in Eastern China. The plant has been used in different traditional medications for the treatment of various diseases. Acacetin-7-rutinoside was isolated from the n-butanol fraction of fresh B. lindleyana leaves and found to be a new molluscicidal agent against the snail Oncomelania hupensis. The structure of acacetin-7-rutinoside was elucidated based on spectral data, including 1H NMR and 13C NMR.

Antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. leaf extracts and isolated compounds

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buddleja salviifolia leaves are used for the treatment of eye infections and neurodegenerative conditions by various tribes in South Africa.

AIM OF STUDY

This study was designed to isolate the phenolic constituents from the leaf extracts of Buddleja salviifolia and evaluate their antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Three phenolic compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of a 20% aqueous methanol leaf extract of Buddleja salviifolia using Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel columns. Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out using spectroscopic techniques: mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) and NMR (1D and 2D). The extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase activities using the microdilution technique. The bacteria used for the antimicrobial assays were Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

RESULTS

The isolated compounds were characterized as: 4'-hydroxyphenyl ethyl vanillate (1) a new natural product, acteoside (2) and quercetin (3). The crude extract, fractions and the isolated compounds from the leaves of the plant exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. The EtOAc fraction exhibited good activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values ranging from 780.0 to 390.0 µg/mL. Isolated compound 2 exhibited good activity against Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC value of 62.5 µg/mL. The hexane and DCM fractions of leaves showed the best activity against Candida albicans with MIC and MFC values of 390.0 µg/mL. In the AChE inhibitory test, among the tested extracts, the hexane fraction was the most potent with an IC50 value of 107.4 µg/mL, whereas for the isolated compounds, it was compound (3) (quercetin) with an IC50 value of 66.8 µg/mL.

CONCLUSIONS

Activities demonstrated by the extracts and isolated compounds support the ethnopharmacological use of Buddleja salviifolia against eye infections and neurodegenerative diseases.

Two new cholinesterase inhibitors asiatoates A and B from Buddleja asiatica

Two new benzoates, asiatoate A (1) and asiatoate B (2), have been isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Buddleja asiatica whole plant. Their structures were elucidated with the help of spectroscopic data. Both showed significant inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butylcholinesterase (BChE) in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 values of compounds 1-2 were 5.54 and 8.34 μM against AChE while 30.94 and 35.94 μM against BChE, respectively.

[Study on the chemical constituents of Buddleja davidii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja davidii.

METHODS

The constituents were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, polyamide column chromatography and macroporous adsorption resin and their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTS

Eight compounds were elucidated as : Cranioside A (1), Eutigoside A (2), 1-O-4-Dimethoxyphenylethyl-4-O-3,4-dimethoxyphenylethy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), Isomartynoside (4'), 4"-O-Acetylmartynoside (5), Stigmasterol glueoside (6), beta-Sitosterol (7), Daucosterol (8).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

[Effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis eye drops on androgen receptors of lacrimal gland cells of castrated rats with dry eye]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effects of the extract of Buddleja officinalis eye drops (EBOED) on basic tears secretory volume, tear film stability, and expressions of androgen receptors (AR) in castrated rats with dry eye, and to investigate the mechanism of EBOED on dry eye caused by decreased anti-androgen levels.

METHODS

Forty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the blank group, the model group, and the treatment group (treated by EBOED), respectively. Rats in each group were further divided into three sub-groups (fed for one month, two months, and three months, respectively). There were totally nine groups, with five in each. The dry eye model was established with orchiectomy of rats in the model group and the treatment group. EBOED was given to rats in the treatment group for one successive month. Schirmer I test (SIT) and breakup time of tear film (BUT) were determined in all experimental rats. Expressions of AR was analyzed by flow cytometer.

RESULTS

Ths SIT value, BUT, and AR positive rate in the model group at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd month were lower than those in the blank group of the same time points (P < 0.01). There was statistical difference in SIT value, BUT, and AR positive rate between the model group and the treatment group at the three time points (P < 0.01). Take the three-month subgroup as an example, the SIT value in the treatment group was (12.667 +/- 5.221) mm, obviously higher than that in the model group (2.676 +/- 1.987) mm. The BUT in the treatment group was (11.758 +/- 4.415) s, obviously longer than that of the model group (4.667 +/- 2.108) s. The AR positive rate in the treatment group was 49.33% +/- 3.44%, obviously higher than that of the model group (33.32% +/- 7.12%, all P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The main components of EBOED was the flavonoids which could significantly inhibit the occurrence of dry eye in rats with decreased androgen levels. Its mechanism might possibly be similar to androgen.

Two new compounds from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana with neuroprotective effect

Two new triterpenoid glycosides, mimengosides H (1) and I (2), were isolated from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana Fort. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods. Neuroprotective effects of these isolates against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells were evaluated. Pretreatment with compound 1 had potential protective effect in a concentration range from 0.1 to 1 μmol l⁻¹.

[Study on the chemical composition of triterpenoid from the fruit of Buddleja lindleyana and their neuroprotective activitiy]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical composition of triterpenoid from the fruit of Buddleja lindleyana.

METHODS

The chemical components were isolated by chromatography. The structures were identified by spectral data. The neuroprotective activity of these compounds were evaluated by using MPP+ induced injury in PC12 cells.

RESULTS

3 compounds were separated and identified as oleanane, alpha-L-msnnopyranoside derive (1), 13, 28-epoxy-3beta,23-dihydroxy-11-oleanene (2), 3, 23, 28-trihydroxyolean-11,13 (18)-diene (3). Compounds 1-3 showed obviously neuroprotective activity.

CONCLUSION

The data of compound (1) is reported for the first time. The neuroprotective activities of compounds 1, 2, 3 are reported for the first time.

[Study on the flavanone constitutes of Buddleja davidii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constitutes of Buddleja davidii.

METHODS

The constitutes were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, polyamide column chromatography and macroporous absorption resin and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTS

Seven compounds including Apigenin (1), Apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), Acacetin (3), Acacetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside(4), Acacetin-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), Luteolin (6), Luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glueoside (7).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Immunosuppressive sesquiterpenes from Buddleja daviddi

Six new sesquiterpenes, 2,6(12),10-humulatrien-7β-ol-1-one (1), 2 α-acetoxy-5α-methoxy-enantio-caryophylla-8(15)-en-3-one (2), 2α-acetoxy-5α-hydroxy-enantio-caryophylla-8(15)-en-3-one (3), 2α-acetoxy-4β,5α-hydroxy-enantio-caryophylla-8(15)-en-3-one ( 4), 2α-acetoxy-4β,5β-hydroxy-enantio-caryophylla-8(15)-en-3-one (5), 2β-acetoxy-4-caryophyllen-8β-ol-3-one (6), and nineteen known compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of Buddleja daviddi. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 8-11, 14, 16, 17, and 20 showed significant immunosuppressive activities, and 8-11 and 14 were cytotoxic on HeLa and L929 cell lines.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Buddleja albiflora (II)]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja albiflora.

METHODS

The constituents were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses.

RESULTS

seven compounds were isolated and identified as aucubin (1), catalpol (2), acteoside (3), martynoside (4), ursolicacid (5), daucosterol (6), beta-sitosterol-3-0-beta-D-(6'-0-palmitate) glucopyranosisde (7).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds are obtained from Buddleja albiflora for the first time.

The antispasmodic activity of Buddleja scordioides and Buddleja perfoliata on isolated intestinal preparations

The antispasmodic activity of extracts from the aerial parts of Buddleja scordioides and Buddleja perfoliata (family: Scrophulariaceae) was studied on isolated tissue preparations from rabbit and guinea pig intestine. The chloroformic extract from the plants exhibited a significant relaxation on the spontaneous contraction of isolated rabbit jejunum at concentrations ranging from 1 to 400 microg/ml, and also caused an inhibitory effect on both K+ and Ca2+ induced contractions in the same tissue. The extracts at moderate doses (50 microg/ml) reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine and histamine induced contractions on isolated guinea pig ileum. Therefore, B. scordioides and B. perfoliata possess similar relaxant mechanism of action, in view of the fact that both inhibit K+ induce contraction and act through serotoninic, muscarinic and histaminic receptors. So, these data support the idea that the extracts may interfere either with calcium mobilization from intracellular stores, or with calcium interaction with regulatory proteins (e.g., calmodulin), or in other steps in the calcium signaling pathway. This leads us to suggest that the spasmolytic effect of both Buddleja species on smooth muscular contractility are due to the same or similar compounds occurring in these two species, which might be present in similar quantities.

[Chemical constituents in Buddleja albiflora]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja albiflora.

METHOD

The constituents were isolated by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

RESULT

Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as luteolin (1), quercetin (2), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), apigenin (4), apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), apigenin-7-O-neohesperidoside (6), acacetin-7-O-beta-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), cranioside A (8), acetylmartynoside B (9), 4"-O-acetylmartynoside (10), isomartynoside (11).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds were obtained from B. albiflora for the first time and compound 8 was obtained from the genus Buddleja for the first time.

[Studies on chemical constituents of rhizome of Buddleia davidii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Rhizome of Buddleia davidii.

METHODS

The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography (Toyopearl HW-40C and HPLC) and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic features.

RESULTS

From the petroleum ether extract of the material, eight compounds were isolated. Their structures were identified as: Buddlindeterpene B(1), Buddledin B(2), Buddledin C(3), deacetyldihydrobuddledin A(4), dihydrobuddledin C(5), Suberosol B(6), Gadain (7) and Hinokinin (8).

CONCLUSION

Compounds 1,4 - 8 are isolated from B. davidii for the first time.

Biomass characterization of Buddleja davidii: a potential feedstock for biofuel production

A compositional analysis was performed on Buddleja davidii to determine its general biomass characteristics and provide detailed analysis of the chemical structures of its cellulose and lignin using NMR. B. davidii is a new potential lignocellulosic bioresource for producing bioethanol because it has several attractive agroenergy features. The biomass composition of B. davidii is 30% lignin, 35% cellulose, and 34% hemicellulose. Solid-state CP/MAS (13)C NMR showed that 33% of the cellulose is para-crystalline and 41% is at inaccessible surfaces. Both quantitative (13)C and (31)P NMR were used to examine the structure of lignin. The lignin was determined to be guaiacyl and syringyl with an h:g:s ratio of 0:81:19.

[Effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis on prevention of dry eye in castrated rabbits]

OBJECTIVE

To assess the preventive effects of extract of Buddleja officinalis on dry eye in castrated rabbits and to discuss the mechanism of these effects.

METHODS

It was a experimental study. Thirty male rabbits were divided equally into normal group (A), disease group (B) and treatment group (C, D, and E). The dry eye model was established with orchiectomy (ORX) in Group B, C, D and E. Group C, D and E were gastrically perfused with single-dose or double-does of Buddleja officinalis extract or genistein for 30 days. All rabbits were examined with Schirmer I test (SIT). TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, Fas, FasL, Bax and bcl-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Morphological and ultrastructure changes were observed by electron microscopy.

RESULTS

The SIT value of group C, D, E was significantly greater than that of group B (P < 0.01). The expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, Fas, FasL and Bax in acinar cells and glandular tube cells of group C, D, E were significantly lower than those of group B (P < 0.01) and the expression of TGF-beta1 and bcl-2 in acinar cells and glandular tube cells of group C, D, E were significantly higher than those of group B (P < 0.01). Furthermore, ultrastructure of lacrimal gland in group C, D, E was much healthier than that of group B. The results obtained from all of these studies showed that the lacrimal glands status in group C, D was significantly better than that of group E (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Extract of Buddleja officinalis has a significant effect on the prevention of experimental dry eye in castrated male rabbits. The main components of extract of Buddleja officinalis are the flavonoids. The flavonoids display androgen-like activity. Therefore, it can adjust gonadal hormone level in vivo. As a result, it can inhibit local inflammation in lacrimal gland and reduce apoptosis of lacrimal gland cells.

Antinociceptive activity of Buddleja globosa (matico) in several models of pain

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Leaf extracts of Buddleja globosa (Buddlejaceae) are used in Chilean folk medicine for wound healing. The anti-inflammatory (topic and per os), analgesic (per os) effects and the antioxidant activity of Buddleja globosa were for the first time reported by us.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Assess the antinociceptive activity of the methanol sequential and global extracts using complementary chemical and thermal models of pain, characterize pharmacologically the antinociception induced, evaluate seasonal influence to support Buddleja globosa medicinal use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Global methanol, sequential methanol and ethanol (leaves collected in autumn and summer) extracts were evaluated for oral and topic analgesia in tail flick, formalin and writhing models, verbascoside and 7-O-luteolin glucoside were assayed in tail flick and writhing. Ibuprofen was used as reference. For characterization of induced antinociception, naltrexone, naltrindole, tropisetron, nor-binaltorphimine, prazosin, yohimbine, atropine, and N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester were used as antagonists and inhibitors drugs.

RESULTS

Seasonal influence was observed since autumn extract resulted less active. Extracts showed a dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in all assays, the highest effects were obtained for the formalin and writhing test. Verbascoside was more active than ibuprofen in the writhing test (67.6% and 50.0% at equimolar doses) and showed similar effects in the tail flick (topic and oral) near 25% at equivalent doses - ED25 or EC25 - to ibuprofen. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside was slightly more active in the tail flick test and nearly half active than verbascoside in the writhing assay. Effectiveness was higher for the sequential than for global alcoholic extracts, and can be increased by selective blocking of opioid receptors. Global methanol extract seems modulated only by naltrexone.

CONCLUSIONS

Analgesic effect of Buddleja globosa is here demonstrated validating its use in traditional medicine. Season influence is important to be considered.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Buddleja globosa, Buddlejaceae

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Buddleja globosa, known as "matico", is employed in Chile for wound healing.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To validate the traditional use of the crude drug through in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant properties of its extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sequential hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and total methanol extracts were studied using bioguided fractionation. The following activities were investigated: analgesic (writhing test), oral and topic anti-inflammatory (paw- and ear-induced edema), free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH, superoxide anion, lipid peroxidation and xanthine oxidase inhibition). Sodium naproxen, nimesulide, indomethacin were used as reference drugs for in vivo, quercetin and allopurinol for in vitro assays.

RESULTS

A mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrins was isolated from the hexane extract that showed 41.2% of analgesic effect at 600 mg/kg, inhibited by 47.7 and 79.0% the arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate (TPA)-induced inflammation at 3mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. A mixture of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastenol, stigmastanol and campesterol was isolated from the fraction CD4-N and beta-sitosterol-glycoside from the fraction CD5-N, reducing TPA-induced inflammation by 78.2 and 83.7% at 1mg/20 microL/ear, respectively. The fraction CD4-N at 300 mg/kg also showed analgesic activity (38.7%). The methanol extract at 600mg/kg per os showed anti-inflammatory effect (61.4%), topic anti-inflammatory (56.7% on TPA) and analgesic activity (38.5%). Verbascoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside were the major components of the methanol extract; apigenin 7-O-glucoside was also detected. Inhibition of superoxide anion, lipoperoxidation, and DPPH bleaching effect was found in the methanol serial and global extracts.

CONCLUSIONS

The present report demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Buddleja globosa and validate its use in Chilean traditional medicine.

Pedicularioside A from Buddleia lindleyana inhibits cell death induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPP+) in primary cultures of rat mesencephalic neurons

Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Buddleia lindleyana is a traditional Chinese herb, commonly called Zui Yu Cao. The purification and identification of pedicularioside A and other phenylethanoid glycosides from this plant have been reported. However, their neuroprotective effects on the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced death of rat mesencephalic neuron primary cultures and the precise mechanism of this protection remains unclear. We used the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cellular growth to examine the effects of five phenylethanoid glycosides isolated from B. lindleyana, including pedicularioside A, leucosceptoside A, isoacteoside, acteoside, and arenariside, on the viability of mesencephalic neurons treated with MPP(+). Of the compounds tested, pedicularioside A exhibited the greatest degree of protection from MPP(+)-induced cell death. We also observed a marked increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons. Pedicularioside A inhibited expression of the caspase-3 gene and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in cultures exposed to MPP(+). Our results suggest that pedicularioside A has a neuroprotective effect to improve the survival of mesencephalic neurons (dopaminergic neurons and non-dopaminergic neurons). The mode of action appears to be the inhibition of caspase-3 gene expression, thereby protecting mesencephalic neurons from MPP(+)-induced cell death.

DPPH and oxygen free radicals as pro-oxidant of biomolecules

Numerous investigations exist about the alterations that oxygen free radicals can provoke on biomolecules; these modifications can be prevented and/or reversed by different antioxidants agents. On the other hand, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), a stable nitrogen synthetic radical, is used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of medicinal herbal products; however, the structural changes that this radical provoke on the herbal active principles are not clear yet. In this work, we compared the redox reactivity of oxygen free radicals and DPPH radical on phospholipids and protein thiol groups present in rat liver microsomes. Cu2+/ascorbate was used as generator system of oxygen free radical and as antioxidant, an extract of Buddleja globosa's leaves. Cu2+/ascorbate provoked microsomal lipid peroxidation, microsomal thiols oxidation and oxygen consumption; all of these phenomena were inhibited by B. globosa extract. On the other hand, DPPH was bleached in different extension by the herbal extract and phosphatidyl choline; beside, DPPH decreased microsomal thiols content, but this phenomenon were not prevented by the herbal extract. Furthermore, DPPH did not induce oxygen consumption and neither modified the oxygen consumption induced by Cu2+/ascorbate. Distinct redox mechanisms may explain the differences between the reactivity of DPPH and oxygen free radicals on biomolecules, which is discussed.

[Study on the terpenoids of chemical constituents of Buddleja purdomii (II)]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja purdomii W. W. Smith.

METHODS

The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods and structurally identified by spectral analysis.

RESULTS

7 compounds were obtained as luteolin (I), luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (II), trans-caffeic acid (III), cis-caffeic acid (IV), beta-stiosterol (V), stigmasterol (VI), nonacosane (VII).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Two New Protease-Inhibiting Glycosphingolipids fromBuddleja crispa

Crispins A (1) and B (2), two new glycosphingolipids, were isolated from the whole plant Buddleja crispa, along with three known compounds: alpha-amyrin, linoleic acid, and stigmasterol. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Both 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory activity against alpha-chymotrypsin in a concentration-dependent manner.

Structural revision of some recently published iridoid glucosides

The structures of six different iridoid glucosides have been revised. Three compounds isolated from Eremostachys glabra and designated 6,9-epi-8-O-acetylshanziside (1), 5,9-epi-penstemoside (2), and 5,9-epi-7,8-didehydropenstemoside (3) have been shown to be identical to the known iridoids barlerin (4, 8-O-acetylshanziside), penstemoside (5), and 7,8-didehydropenstemoside (6), respectively. Another compound named harpagoside-B, isolated from Scrophularia deserti and proposed to be 9-epi-6-O-methylharpagoside (11), was demonstrated from the spectroscopic data given to be the known harpagoside (10b). Finally, two alleged iridoid galactosides from Buddleja crispa named buddlejosides A and B (12a and 12b) have been shown to be the corresponding glucosides; the former is identical to agnuside (13a), while the latter is 3,4-dihydroxybenzoylaucubin (13b), an iridoid glucoside not previously published. This clearly showed that care should be taken with the interpretation of NOEs involving bridgehead protons in iridoid structures because they can be capricious and lead to erroneous structural assignments.

Neuroprotective effect of Buddleja officinalis extract on transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

The flower buds of Buddleja officinalis MAXIM (Loganiaceae) are used to treat headache and inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of the methanolic extract of B. officinalis (BOME) and of its hexane fraction (BOHF) were investigated in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo, 120 min occlusion, 24 h reperfusion) Sprague-Dawley rat model. BOME or BOHF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was twice administered 30 min before the onset of MCAo and 2 h after reperfusion. BOME and BOHF treated groups showed infarct volumes reduced by 33.9% and 68.2%, respectively, at 2 h occlusion. In BOHF treated animals, cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS inductions were inhibited in ischemic hemispheres at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that BOME and BOHF both inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production in BV-2 mouse microglial cells. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory and the microglial activation inhibitory effects of B. officinalis extract may contribute to its neuroprotective effects in brain ischemia.

Effect on capillary permeability in rabbits of iridoids fromBuddleia scordioides

The methanol soluble fraction of the leaves of Buddleia scordioides after column chromatography resulted in the isolation of two known iridoid glucosides, catalpol and methylcatalpol. The structures were elucidated by extensive 1D-2D-NMR spectroscopy. The structure of methylcatalpol was confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. These compounds showed protective activity against increased (both chloroform and histamine) skin vascular permeability in rabbits. The protective effect was measured as the reduction in leakage of Evans blue. The results showed that the iridoids produced a significant inhibition of microvascular permeability. A comparison was made between the action of the iridoids and a known inhibitor of vascular permeability, troxerutin (50 mg/kg). Methylcatalpol and catalpol were found to be less effective than troxerutin.

[Study on the chemical constituents of Buddleja purdomii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja purdomii W. W Smith.

METHODS

The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods and structurally identified by spectral analysis.

RESULTS

4 compounds were obtained as cryptomeridiol (I), aucubin (II), galactilol (III), daucosterol (IV).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time.

In vitro tests and ethnopharmacological investigations: wound healing as an example

In vitro tests are now widely employed in ethnopharmacological research because of ethical reasons and their usefulness in bioactive-guided fractionation and determination of active compounds. For many disease conditions, a variety of in vitro tests can now be employed as the biochemical mechanisms underlying disease and healing processes are understood. Approaches to the in vitro investigations of wound healing processes are exemplified by studies on extracts of Buddleja species and three Ghanaian species Spathodea campanulata, Commelina diffusa and Secamone afzelii. Most studies have been carried out on Buddleja officinalis or Buddleja globosa. The extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties due to flavonoids, triterpenoids, diterpenoids and caffeic acid derivatives. There appears to a slight effect on proliferation of fibroblasts at lower concentrations, but this was not significant, and higher concentrations appeared to be cytotoxic. Novel findings are the ability of Buddleja globosa leaf extracts to induce differentiation in keratinocytes and to alter the profile of proteins produced by cultured fibroblasts. Extracts also had some effect on lattice contraction. The three Ghanaian species examined show a mixture of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The evolution over recent years of tests for wound healing, from in vivo tests to cell-based systems and chemical reactions and on to investigations into effects on secondary messengers and protein expression, is described.

Photoprotective activity of Buddleja scordioides

The purpose of this study was to determine the photoprotective properties of the methanolic extract of Buddleja scordioides, as well as verbascoside and linarin which were isolated from this extract, and linarin acetate prepared in the laboratory. The photoprotective effect of substances against UV-B induced cellular death was evaluated by challenge experiments using Escherichia coli. Verbascoside and linarin acetate showed the highest protection. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the methanolic extract, linarin, linarin acetate, and verbascoside was evaluated by guinea pig bioassays. Verbascoside showed the largest SPF measurement.

[Studies on fingerprinting of Flos Buddleja by RP-HPLC]

OBJECTIVE

To establish fingerprinting of Flos Buddleja by using RP-HPLC for the quality control.

METHOD

The HPLC condition was as follows: Inertsil ODS-3 C18 analytical column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), gredient eluation with MeCN (0.1% TFA)-H2O (0.1%TFA), flow rate 1.0 mL x min(-1), detection wavelength 254 nm. 10 commercial samples were analyzed to establish a fingerprinting.

RESULT

Among the obtained fingerprinting, most of the detected peaks were separated effectively. The accuracy, repeatability and stability of this method were satisfied. The RSDs of relative retention time and area of aimed peaks which existed in all samples wereless than 5%. Theresults were in accordance with the request of fingerprinting.

CONCLUSION

The established fingerprinting can be used for the quality control of Flos Buddleja.

Structural determination of novel terpenes from Buddleia lindleyana

Three novel terpenes, named buddlindeterpene A, B and C, were isolated from Buddleia lindleyana Fort. The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of the three compounds were carried out by using DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC techniques. The stereochemistry of 1 and 3 was confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis.

[Preliminary attempt at the speciation of 25-elements in the Chinese medicinal herbs]

OBJECTIVE

To make an attempt at the multi-element speciation in the Chinese medicinal herbs by determining the concentrations of 25 elements in different extraction solutions.

METHOD

Firstly, five Chinese medicinal herbs (Buddleja officinalis, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Myristica fragrans, Albizia judibrissin and Inula japonica) from the same region of China were treated to obtain water-soluble phase, lipid-soluble phase and non-soluble phase by water extraction, organic solvent extraction and acid digestion, respectively. Secondly, Phytolacca acinosa, a Chinese medicinal herb collected from 9 regions of China, was extracted by 0% EtOH, 50% EtOH, 75% EtOH, 95% EtOH, respectively, referring the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Finally, the concentrations of 25 elements, such as Be, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ge, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Tl, Pb and REEs, in the above three phases were determined by ICP-MS.

RESULT

Under the optimal conditions, all the 25 elements could be determined with detection limits ranged from 0.003 to 0.71 ng x g(-1). The average recoveries of the elements in P. acinosa were 88% approximately 119%, with the relative standard deviations 1.7% approximately 13.3%. It was observed that the determined 25 elements distributed in all the water-soluble, lipid-soluble and non-soluble phases, indicating that the inorganic species, organicspecies, as well as the protein bound species were coexisted in the herbs. Big differences of the element extraction rates could be found by using different ethanol solutions.

CONCLUSION

With the aid of the obtained results, we may increase the extraction of necessary elements while decrease that of the toxic elements from the herbs by choosing a suitable solvent during the drug production.

[Study on the chemical constituent from Buddleja purdomii]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents from Buddleja purdomii W. W. Smith.

METHODS

The constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods and structurally identified by spectral analysis.

RESULTS

4 compounds were identified as vanillin (I), vanillic acid (II), acteoside (III), acteoside isomer (IV).

CONCLUSION

All these compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.

Antennal responses to floral scents in the butterfly Heliconius melpomene

Floral scent, together with visual floral cues, are important signals to adult butterflies searching for food-rewarding plants. To identify which compounds in a floral scent are more attractive and, thus, of biological importance to foraging butterflies, we applied electrophysiological methods. Antennal responses of male and female adults of the tropical butterfly Heliconius melpomene L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) to individual compounds of natural floral scents and synthetic floral scent mixtures were investigated using gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). The natural floral scents included those of two tropical plant species, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Kl. (Rubiaceae), and two temperate species, Buddleja davidii Franchet (Loganiaceae) and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae). The two synthetic floral scent mixtures contained many of the compounds found in the natural scents, but all in equal quantities. Compounds both present in relatively high abundance in the floral scents and detected exclusively in the floral parts of the plant, such as linalool, linalool oxide (furanoid) I and II, oxoisophoroneoxide, and phenylacetaldehyde, elicited the strongest antennal responses, suggesting that they may reflect adaptations by the plant to attract butterfly pollinators. However, other compounds also present in high abundance in the floral scent, but detected in the vegetative as well as floral plant parts, either elicited strong antennal responses, such as trans-beta-ocimene and benzaldehyde, or failed to elicit antennal responses, such as the sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene from L. camara. The most volatile monoterpene alkenes in the synthetic scent mixtures elicited only low or no responses. Furthermore, the overall antennal responses were stronger in females than in males. The findings suggest that several floral scent volatiles, especially those of exclusively floral origin, are of high biological significance to H. melpomene butterflies. These include compounds of different biosynthetic origins belonging to the benzenoids, monoterpenoids, and irregular terpenoids.

Saponins from the flower buds of Buddleja officinalis

Five new saponins, mimengosides C-G (1-5), were isolated from the flower buds of Buddleja officinalis along with five known compounds, namely, songaroside A, acteoside, phenylethyl 2-glucoside, echinacoside, and phenylethyl alcohol 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. The structures of 1-5 were elucidated using spectroscopic and chemical methods, and these compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against HL-60 leukemia cells.

Terpenoids in Buddleja: relevance to chemosystematics, chemical ecology and biological activity

The terpenoids reported from Buddleja species are described. The antifungal activity of chloroform extracts of B. cordata and B. davidii stembark against the soil fungi Fusarium culmorum and Sordari fimicola is reported, with buddledin A shown to be the major compound responsible. The terpenoids present support the view that the Buddlejaceae should be classified in a taxon with Scrophulariaceae rather than Loganiaceae. Ecological aspects of the terpenoids are considered in relation to insects and soil fungi and the role of terpenoids in the chemical basis of the use of Buddleja in traditional medicine is also discussed, especially with regard to their anti-inflammatory properties.

Protective effect of verbascoside on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

The neuroprotective effects of verbascoside, one of phenylpropanoid glucoside isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Buddleja officinalis Maxim, on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)) induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in PC12 neuronal cells were investigated. Treatment of PC12 cells with MPP(+) for 48 h induced apoptotic death as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry, the activation of caspase-3 measured by the caspase-3 activity assay kit, the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential with laser scanning confocal microscopy and the increase in the extracellular hydrogen peroxide level. Simultaneous treatment with verbascoside markedly attenuated MPP(+)-induced apoptotic death, increased extracellular hydrogen peroxide level, the activation of caspase-3 and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results strongly indicate that verbascoside may provide a useful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of oxidative stress-induced neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease.

[Studies on chemical constituents from Buddleja lindleyana Fert]

OBJECTIVE

To study the chemical constituents of Buddleja lindleyana.

METHOD

Separation by chromatographic methods and identification by spectral analysis.

RESULT

Seven compounds vanillic acid, daidzein octacosanoic acid, beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, alpha-spinasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, betulin acid were isolated.

CONCLUSION

All the compounds were obtained from this plant for the first time.