1
|
Liu J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu J, Li G, Wu Y. Highly sensitive determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in foodstuffs through magnetic solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:1666-1675. [PMID: 32888325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), proved to be potential carcinogenic threats to human health, have received great concerns in food field. It was essential to develop effective methods to detect EDCs in food samples. The present study proposed an efficient method to determine trace EDCs including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and bisphenol A (BPA) based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in meat samples. RESULTS Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via functionalization of magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles, and used as absorbents of MSPE to enrich EDCs. The efficient EDCs enrichment relies on π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding, and the interaction between titanium ions (IV, Ti4+ ) and hydroxyl groups in EDCs, which improves the selectivity and sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, target EDCs were rapidly extracted through MSPE with 5 min. Combining Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 based MSPE and HPLC-MS/MS to determine EDCs, good linearities were observed with correlation coefficient (R2 ) ≥ 0.9989. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.13-0.41 μg kg-1 and 0.66-1.49 μg kg-1 , respectively. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to real samples analysis. CONCLUSIONS The established MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine EDCs in meat samples with rapidness, improved selectivity and sensitivity. It shows great prospects for EDCs detection in other complicated matrices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yanxin Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jichao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yagishita M, Kubo T, Nakano T, Shiraishi F, Tanigawa T, Naito T, Sano T, Nakayama SF, Nakajima D, Otsuka K. Efficient extraction of estrogen receptor-active compounds from environmental surface water via a receptor-mimic adsorbent, a hydrophilic PEG-based molecularly imprinted polymer. Chemosphere 2019; 217:204-212. [PMID: 30415118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient screening procedure for the selective detection of compounds that are actively bound to estrogen receptor (ER) from environmental water samples using a receptor-mimic adsorbent prepared by a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). To mimic the recognition ability of ER, we improved the typical MIP preparation procedure using a hydrophilic matrix with a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based crosslinker and a hydrophobic monomer to imitate the hydrophobic pocket of ER. An optimized MIP prepared with methacrylic acid as an additional functional monomer and estriol (E3), an analogue of 17β-estradiol (E2), exhibited highly selective adsorption for ER-active compounds such as E2 and E3, with significant suppression of non-specific hydrophobic adsorption. The prepared MIP was then applied to the screening of ER-active compounds in sewage samples. The fraction concentrated by the MIP was evaluated by in vitro bioassay using the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) method and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOFMS). Compared to an authentic adsorbent, styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB)-based resin, the fraction concentrated by the MIP had 120% ER activity in the Y2H assay, and only 25% peak volume was detected in LC-Q-TOFMS. Furthermore, a few ER-active compounds were identified only from the fraction concentrated by the MIP, although they could not be determined in the fraction concentrated by the SDB-based resin due to ion suppression along with high levels of hydrophobic compounds. These results indicated that the newly developed MIP effectively captured ER-active compounds and while allowing most non-ER-active compounds to pass through.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Yagishita
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Fujio Shiraishi
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Naito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Sano
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haig SJ, Gauchotte-Lindsay C, Collins G, Quince C. Bioaugmentation Mitigates the Impact of Estrogen on Coliform-Grazing Protozoa in Slow Sand Filters. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:3101-10. [PMID: 26895622 PMCID: PMC4841604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as estrogens, is a growing issue for human and animal health as they have been shown to cause reproductive and developmental abnormalities in wildlife and plants and have been linked to male infertility disorders in humans. Intensive farming and weather events, such as storms, flash flooding, and landslides, contribute estrogen to waterways used to supply drinking water. This paper explores the impact of estrogen exposure on the performance of slow sand filters (SSFs) used for water treatment. The feasibility and efficacy of SSF bioaugmentation with estrogen-degrading bacteria was also investigated, to determine whether removal of natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol, and estriol) and overall SSF performance for drinking water treatment could be improved. Strains for SSF augmentation were isolated from full-scale, municipal SSFs so as to optimize survival in the laboratory-scale SSFs used. Concentrations of the natural estrogens, determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed augmented SSFs reduced the overall estrogenic potency of the supplied water by 25% on average and removed significantly more estrone and estradiol than nonaugmented filters. A negative correlation was found between coliform removal and estrogen concentration in nonaugmented filters. This was due to the toxic inhibition of protozoa, indicating that high estrogen concentrations can have functional implications for SSFs (such as impairing coliform removal). Consequently, we suggest that high estrogen concentrations could impact significantly on water quality production and, in particular, on pathogen removal in biological water filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Haig
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
- Phone: 734-764-6350. E-mail:
| | | | - Gavin Collins
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
- Microbial
Ecophysiology Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher Quince
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coleman HM, Le-Minh N, Khan SJ, Short MD, Chernicharo C, Stuetz RM. Fate and levels of steroid oestrogens and androgens in waste stabilisation ponds: quantification by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Water Sci Technol 2010; 61:677-684. [PMID: 20150704 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The capacity for removing wastewater-borne endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated for two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) incorporating waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) as the principal treatment technology. Samples were analysed for a number of steroidal oestrogens and androgens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Removal efficiency for steroid androgens was high for both WWTPs (93-100%) but WSP treatment was observed to be less effective for removing steroid oestrogens, particularly oestriol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Coleman
- UNSW Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar V, Nakada N, Yasojima M, Yamashita N, Johnson AC, Tanaka H. Rapid determination of free and conjugated estrogen in different water matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2009; 77:1440-1446. [PMID: 19772979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a short pre-treatment method that allows the simultaneous analysis of free estrogens (estrone, 17beta-estradiol, estriol and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol) and their sulphate and glucuronide conjugated forms. For a range of matrices, from sewage effluent to river water, the developed methodology based on solid-phase extraction and fractionation technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography system showed effective separation of the targeted estrogens. The detection limits of this method ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 ng L(-1) for river water. The recoveries for river water and sewage effluent varied from 63% to 127%. The problems of matrix effects and ion suppression or enhancement were allowed quantitatively for in the analysis using standard addition. The developed method was used successfully to detect estrogens and their conjugates in both raw and treated wastewater, and river water at a location in Japan. High concentrations of the free estrogens estrone, 17beta-estradiol and estriol were found in the influent (22.6, 77.2, 64.6 ng L(-1), respectively) but only E1 was still present at a high concentration in the effluent which was reflected in the downstream river concentration. Estrone-3-sulphate was detected up to 18.0 ng L(-1) in influent water sample and 1.1 ng L(-1) in downstream water. For the sulphate conjugates, removal efficiencies varied from 35 to 88%. Glucuronide conjugates were detected only once in the sewage influent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Broséus R, Vincent S, Aboulfadl K, Daneshvar A, Sauvé S, Barbeau B, Prévost M. Ozone oxidation of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors and pesticides during drinking water treatment. Water Res 2009; 43:4707-4717. [PMID: 19695660 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the oxidation of pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds and pesticides during ozonation applied in drinking water treatment. In the first step, second-order rate constants for the reactions of selected compounds with molecular ozone (k(O3)) were determined in bench-scale experiments at pH 8.10: caffeine (650+/-22M(-1)s(-1)), progesterone (601+/-9M(-1)s(-1)), medroxyprogesterone (558+/-9M(-1)s(-1)), norethindrone (2215+/-76M(-1)s(-1)) and levonorgestrel (1427+/-62M(-1)s(-1)). Compared to phenolic estrogens (estrone, 17beta-estradiol, estriol and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol), the selected progestogen endocrine disruptors reacted far slower with ozone. In the second part of the study, bench-scale experiments were conducted with surface waters spiked with 16 target compounds to assess their oxidative removal using ozone and determine if bench-scale results would accurately predict full-scale removal data. Overall, the data provided evidence that ozone is effective for removing trace organic contaminants from water with ozone doses typically applied in drinking water treatment. Ozonation removed over 80% of caffeine, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors within the CT value of about 2 mg min L(-1). As expected, pesticides were found to be the most recalcitrant compounds to oxidize. Caffeine can be used as an indicator compound to gauge the efficacy of ozone treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Broséus
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar AK, Mohan SV, Sarma PN. Sorptive removal of endocrine-disruptive compound (estriol, E3) from aqueous phase by batch and column studies: kinetic and mechanistic evaluation. J Hazard Mater 2009; 164:820-828. [PMID: 18848393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptive compounds (EDC) are a wide variety of chemicals which typically exert effects, either directly or indirectly, through receptor-mediated processes. They mimic endogenous hormones by influencing the activities of hormone activities even at nanogram concentrations and reported to disrupt the vital systems (e.g., the endocrine system) in aquatic organisms. The EDC are present in aquatic water bodies and sediments mainly due to the release of human and animal excreted waste. Estriol (E3) removal by adsorption process was investigated in this study to evaluate the potential of activated charcoal as adsorbent. Agitated non-flow batch sorption studies showed good E3 removal efficiency. Sorption kinetic data illustrated good fit with pseudo-first-order rate equation. Experimental data confirmed to linear Langmuir's isotherm model. Neutral pH condition showed comparatively good sorption of E3. Adsorption capacity showed a consistent increasing trend with increase in the operating temperature [DeltaH degrees , -9.189 kJ/mol); DeltaS degrees , 0.492 J/mol K) suggesting exothermic nature of E3 sorption process. Free energy (DeltaG degrees ) increased from 2.51 to 2.97 kJ/mol with increase in temperature from 0 to 50 degrees C. Further, E3 spiked distilled water, untreated domestic sewage and treated domestic sewage were studied in fixed bed column to assesses the potential of sorption process as tertiary unit operation in the ETP system. Total E3 concentration was determined quantitatively by employing direct competitive enzymatic-immuno assay (EIA) procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kiran Kumar
- Bioengineering and Environmental Centre, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu L, Xu C, Zhao M, Qiu Y, Sheng GD. Oxidative removal of aqueous steroid estrogens by manganese oxides. Water Res 2008; 42:5038-5044. [PMID: 18929389 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the oxidative removal of steroid estrogens from water by synthetic manganese oxide (MnO2) and the factors influencing the reactions. Using 1 x 10(-5)M MnO2 at pH 4, estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), all at 4 x 10(-6)M, were rapidly removed within 220 min, indicating the effectiveness of MnO2 as an oxidizing agent towards estrogens. E2 removal increased with decreasing pH over the tested range of 4-8, due most likely to increased oxidizing power of MnO2 and a cleaner reactive surface in acidic solutions. Coexisting metal ions of 0.01 M (Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(III) and Mn(II)) and Mn(II) released from MnO2 reduction competed with E2 for reactive sites leading to reduced E2 removal. Observed differential suppression on E2 removal may be related to different speciations of metals, as suggested by the MINTEQ calculations, and hence their different adsorptivities on MnO2. By suppressing the metal effect, humic acid substantially enhanced E2 removal. This was attributed to complexation of humic acid with metal ions. With 0.01 M ZnCl2 in solutions containing 1 mg l(-1) humic acid, the binding of humic acid for Zn(II) was determined at 251 mmol g(-1). An in vitro assay using human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells indicated a near elimination of estrogenic activities without secondary risk of estrogen solutions treated with MnO2. Synthetic MnO2 is therefore a promising chemical agent under optimized conditions for estrogen removal from water. Metal chelators recalcitrant to MnO2 oxidation may be properly used to further enhance the MnO2 performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hashimoto T, Onda K, Nakamura Y, Tada K, Miya A, Murakami T. Comparison of natural estrogen removal efficiency in the conventional activated sludge process and the oxidation ditch process. Water Res 2007; 41:2117-26. [PMID: 17416401 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Revised: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of natural estrogens, 17beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and estriol (E3), as well as estrogenic activity in wastewater influents and secondary effluents were investigated in 20 full-scale wastewater treatment plants in Japan. In all of the influent samples, natural estrogens were detected at concentrations above the minimum limits of detection (0.5ng/L). The concentrations of natural estrogens detected in the effluent of oxidation ditch plants were generally lower than previously reported values. On the other hand, in the conventional activated sludge plants, increments of E1 during biological treatment were frequently observed although E2 and E3 were removed effectively in the process. The removal rates of natural estrogens or estrogenic activity show no observed statistical relationship with the solids retention time (SRT) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT). However, the plants with high SRT or HRT generally showed high and stable removal of both natural estrogens and estrogenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hashimoto
- Japan Sewage Works Agency, 3-3-1 Yotsuya, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Su P, Zhang XX, Chang WB. Development and application of a multi-target immunoaffinity column for the selective extraction of natural estrogens from pregnant women's urine samples by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 816:7-14. [PMID: 15664327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a methodology for the determination of three naturally occurring estrogens (estradiol, estrone and estriol) in pregnant women's urine has been described. The procedure included immunoaffinity column (IAC) extraction of 4 mL of urine sample and subsequent analysis of the extraction by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). A multi-target polyclonal antibody that has high affinity to three estrogens was produced. Then the IAC was developed by coupling polyclonal antibody to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The IAC showed high affinity for these estrogens. Recoveries of three estrogens from human serum matrix were greater than 92% with R.S.D. less than 4.5%. The final elute of urine sample was diluted with running buffer and then quantitated with MEKC. The experimental results demonstrated that IAC was a useful technique for extraction and concentration of estrogens from biological samples. Three estrogens levels in six pregnant women's urine were measured by both the present method and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). The results of this method have been found to correlate well with those of ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clara M, Kreuzinger N, Strenn B, Gans O, Kroiss H. The solids retention time-a suitable design parameter to evaluate the capacity of wastewater treatment plants to remove micropollutants. Water Res 2005; 39:97-106. [PMID: 15607169 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) or pharmaceuticals are of increased interest in water pollution control. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents are relevant point sources for residues of these compounds in the aquatic environment. The solids retention time (SRT) is one important parameter for the design of WWTPs, relating to growth rate of microorganisms and to effluent concentrations. If a specific substance is degraded in dependency on the SRT, a critical value for the sludge age can be determined. In WWTPs operating SRTs below this critical value, effluent concentrations in the range of influent concentrations or a distribution according to the adsorption equilibrium have to be expected, whereas in WWTPs operating at SRTs higher than the critical value degradation will occur. Critical SRTs were determined for different micropollutants, indicating that the design criteria based on the sludge age allows an estimation of emissions. Different treatment technologies as conventional activated sludge systems and a membrane bioreactor were considered and no significant differences in the treatment efficiency were detected when operated at comparable SRT. The results of the investigations lead to the conclusion that low effluent concentrations can be achieved in WWTPs operating SRTs higher than 10 days (referred to a temperature of 10 degrees C). This corresponds to the requirements for WWTPs situated in sensitive areas according to the urban wastewater directive of the European Community (91/271/EEC) in moderate climatic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Clara
- Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Karlsplatz 13/226, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saito Y, Sato T. Effects of inorganic salts on solubilization of estriol in an aqueous solution of poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998; 24:385-8. [PMID: 9876599 DOI: 10.3109/03639049809085634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of inorganic salts on the solubilization of estriol was studied in an aqueous solution of a poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (Pluronic L-64). The solubility of estriol increased with increasing Pluronic L-64 and salt concentrations. Furthermore, two clear transition points corresponding to the polymolecular micelle formation and a pronounced change in micellar structure of Pluronic L-64 were found on the solubility curves. The effectiveness of inorganic salts for increasing solubility of estriol followed approximately the lyotropic or Hofmeister series, except Li+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Saito
- College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Mammalian sex steroids and cholesterol were isolated from the lipid extract of the zooparasitic nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. In addition to the previously identified sex steroids progesterone and testosterone, estrone and estriol were detected and isolated from the mixture. The steroids were analyzed by thin-layer, gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shimada K, Xie FM, Nambara T. Studies on steroids. CCXIX. Separation and determination of 4-hydroxyoestriol monoglucuronides and monosulphates in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr 1986; 378:17-24. [PMID: 3016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The separation and determination of 4-hydroxyoestriol monoglucuronides and monosulphates by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection on a reversed-phase column has been carried out. The effects of the salt, composition and pH of the mobile phase on the resolution were investigated with a Develosil ODS-5 column. Each group of isomeric monoglucuronides and monosulphates of 4-hydroxyoestriol was efficiently resolved on this column when 0.5% sodium acetate-acetonitrile and 0.5% sodium acetate-tetrahydrofuran-acetonitrile were used as mobile phases, respectively. The use of the present method revealed that 4-hydroxyoestriol orally administered to the rat was excreted as 4-, 3-, 16-glucuronides and 4-sulphate in bile.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dibbelt L, Gloning K, Kuss E. Separation of A-ring iodinated oestrogens by isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1986; 358:268-73. [PMID: 3722301 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
16
|
Ager RP, Oliver RW. Separation of oestrogen conjugates in urine and synthetic mixtures by high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. J Chromatogr 1984; 309:1-15. [PMID: 6384246 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(84)80001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The analytical and clinical advantages that would be expected to follow the adoption by clinical laboratories of a routine HPLC method for the partial oestriol conjugate profiling of human pregnancy urine are outlined in the Introduction. In order to ascertain if a candidate method for this assay has yet been devised, a complete survey of the published HPLC separations of oestrogen conjugate mixtures is presented, in tabular form, and discussed. From this survey it is concluded that a number of good separations of these steroids from synthetic mixtures have already been published. The third and final section of the paper contains the results of a detailed examination of those papers in which separation of oestriol conjugates present in pregnancy urine specimens have been reported. The paper is concluded with the recommendation that the method of Dixon, Lukha and Scott should be further investigated as a candidate method for adoption by clinical laboratories for the purpose of oestriol conjugate profiling.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The early history of estriol is reviewed with special emphasis on its isolation, identification, quantitation in tissues and body fluids and its unique biogenesis in the human feto-placental unit. The relationship to epimeric estriols and acidic estrogens and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties which led to a widespread therapeutic use of this compound are also discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Andreolini F, Di Corcia A, Laganà A, Samperi R, Raponi G. Preliminary isolation of urinary placental estriol before gas or liquid chromatography. Clin Chem 1983; 29:2076-8. [PMID: 6640903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe a rapid, simple assay for placental estriol in urine, involving a small sample volume (250 microL) and, correspondingly, a small amount of enzyme reagent. After hydrolysis, estriol is adsorbed from urine onto graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). After some washing steps, estriol is desorbed with a small volume of a suitable mobile phase. This single-step purification technique is rapid (about 15 min), with minimal sample manipulation. Analytical recoveries for estriol-supplemented urine ranged from 95.9 to 101.0%. Ten replicate analyses of urines containing typical concentrations of estriol gave CVs of 3.3, 2.6, and 2.4% for low, medium, and high concentrations, respectively. The specificity of our extraction technique was good, as assessed by treating 35 urine samples and quantifying estriol by gas chromatography with packed and capillary columns and by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorometric detection.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The separations achieved when mixtures of both free and conjugated oestrogens from a variety of sources are chromatographed on columns of Sephadex gel are reviewed. The molecular identities of oestrogen conjugates which have been separated from human urine by these methods are listed in Table 1. Tables 2 and 3 contain the key experimental details for a total of 26 separations of oestrogen mixtures, abstracted from the total of 20 papers which were published during the period 1961-82. Table 4 details corresponding experimental data for the separation of free oestriol (in human blood) achieved by methods involving a combined Sephadex gel and immunochemical procedure abstracted from a further two papers. A careful analysis of the separation data given in the tables leads to the initial conclusion that the elution profile depends on the expected chromatographic variables for gel filtration chromatography, namely, type of Sephadex gel, length of column, nature and amount of sample applied and the sensitivity of detection methods. However, the separation achieved by the Sephadex columns is also shown to be critically dependent on the column temperature and the pH and chemical composition of the eluent and wash solvents. These latter effects, together with the realization that the molecular weights of the oestrogens being separated are very similar, leads to the conclusion that the separations summarized in Tables 2 and 3 are all being achieved by an absorption process. This being the case, it is suggested that the time-consuming methods of gel filtration chromatography need not be used. Confirmation of this proposal is afforded by a discussion of a recent paper in which the rapid separation of the oestrogens from other components in the biological matrix (urine) was achieved by an adsorption procedure. It is suggested that in the future, separations of oestrogens in biological materials may be most rapidly achieved in combining this type of adsorption procedure with HPLC.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tcholakian RK, Steinberger A, St Pyrek J. Metabolism of 3H-estradiol-17 beta by cultures of isolated rat Sertoli cells and the effect of FSH: presence of 16 alpha-hydroxylase. Steroids 1983; 42:55-62. [PMID: 6424271 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(83)90084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Sertoli cells to metabolize 3H-estradiol-17 beta was investigated utilizing Sertoli cell cultures isolated from 18d rat testes. The Sertoli cells converted estradiol-17 beta to estriol as shown by recrystallization of estriol from samples containing cells and media but not from cell-free control media. The effect of FSH treatment on such metabolism was investigated and was shown to be similar to nontreated samples. This is the first demonstration that 16 alpha-hydroxylase is present in Sertoli cells and that this enzyme activity is not under the influence of FSH.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fast DM, Culbreth PH, Sampson EJ. Multivariate and univariate optimization studies of liquid-chromatographic separation of steroid mixtures. Clin Chem 1982; 28:444-8. [PMID: 7067084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-performance liquid-chromatographic separation of five steroids (estriol, estradiol, cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone), eluting with a water-acetonitrile gradient from a reversed-phase (C18) column. By applying a simplex search algorithm to maximize a chromatographic-response function, we sought to optimize the original conditions of the chromatographic analysis, which did not separate two pairs of overlapping peaks. Our chromatographic-response function incorporated both peak separation and total time of analysis. Three factors were varied simultaneously to maximize this function: flow rate, column temperature, and gradient shape. From the simplex optimization, we selected a flow rate of 1.50 mL/min, a temperature of 52 degrees C, and a linear gradient for our analysis. Subsequent univariate studies of the initial mobile phase composition showed that acetonitrile/water (20/80 by vol) gave an adequate separation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Schöneshöfer M, Fenner A. A convenient and efficient method for the extraction and fractionation of steroid hormones from serum or urine. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1981; 19:71-4. [PMID: 7217897 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1981.19.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A convenient solid phase method for extracting and fractionating steroid hormones from serum or urine is presented. The influence of the solvent used for extraction, of the body fluid to be extracted, and of the degree of sample dilution on the efficiency of extraction was studied for progesterone and cortisol. The potency of fractionation was demonstrated by the separation of the steroid pairs, deoxycortisol--cortisol and oestradiol--oestriol, from a urine sample. Influence of ionic strength, pH and temperature on the reproducibility was assessed for deoxycortisol in undiluted urine. With respect to practicability and efficiency, this method has proved to be considerably superior to conventional liquid-liquid techniques.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsoutsoulis CJ, Hobkirk R. A reliable radiochromatographic assay technique for hepatic microsomal 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity towards oestrone 3-sulphate. Comparison between pigmented and non-pigmented mature guinea pigs. Biochem J 1980; 191:221-7. [PMID: 6258581 PMCID: PMC1162200 DOI: 10.1042/bj1910221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A reliable procedure for the assay of liver microsomal 16 alpha-hydroxylation of oestrone 3-sulphate has been developed for the guinea pig. It is based on the rapid, quantitative separation of oestradiol and oestriol by Sephadex LH-20 columns after the chemical reduction and enzymic hydrolysis of the incubation products. Microsomal preparations and incubation conditions that optimized 16 alpha-hydroxylation of oestrone 3-sulphate were employed. Under these circumstances, reduction of the substrate at C-17 and hydrolysis of the sulphate were minimized. Conditions were established that yielded reaction linearity with respect to time and microsomal concentration. This hydroxylation had an absolute requirement for NADPH, which could not be satisfied by NADH. Apparent Km values for oestrone 3-sulphate and NADPH, under the conditions used, were 14 microM and 0.17 mM respectively. 16 alpha-Hydroxylase activity was present in the liver microsomal fraction from heavily pigmented, female English Shorthaired guinea pigs. Much lower activity was detected in mature pigmented males and albino females. No activity could be demonstrated in mature, albino males.
Collapse
|
24
|
Varvarigou A, Villa M, Rovano S. Preparation and purification of estriol, estradiol, and progesterone labeled with radioactive iodine. Eur J Nucl Med 1978; 3:191-5. [PMID: 738289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00256643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroids labeled with radioactive isotopes are useful tracers for radio-immunoassay and for in vivo nuclear medecine purposes. We here report and discuss methods for direct labeling of the steroids estriol, estradiol, and progesterone with radioiodine-125 or -131. The purification procedure and some chemical and physical properties of the purified labeled materials are referred to and discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Tscherne RJ, Capitano G. High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of pharmaceutical compounds using a mobile phase containing silver nitrate. J Chromatogr A 1977; 136:337-41. [PMID: 195970 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)86290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
Brown TK, Brammall MA, Schiller HS. A rapid specific radioimmunoassay for unconjugated estriol in plasma. Steroids 1976; 27:459-68. [PMID: 1273896 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(76)90080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, non-chromatographic radioimmunossaay for unconjugated estriol in pregnancy plasma has been developed which utilizes a commonly available antiestrogen antisera. Estradiol-17beta and estrone demonstrate 135% relative cross-reactivity with our antiserum, as compared with 100% for estriol. Specificity is achieved by purification of estriol with solvent partitioning using benzene: petroleum ether (1:1). The results obtained using this method are similar to a radioimmunoassay utilizing a highly specific, but commercially unavailable, antiestriol antiserum. The method is precise, with coefficients of variation ranging from 3.0 to 8.2%.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sarda IR, Gorwill RH. Hormonal studies in pregnancy. I. Total unconjugated estrogens in maternal peripheral vein, cord vein, and cord artery serum at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 124:234-8. [PMID: 1247065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of unconjugated total estrogens (primarily estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol) were measured by rapid radioimmunoassay method in serum samples from maternal peripheral vein, cord vein, and cord artery in normal pregnancies at delivery. The serum concentration of total free estrogens found in cord vein was four to five times higher than in maternal peripheral vein and cord artery. Levels obtained in maternal peripheral vein, cord vein, and cord artery were 47.8+/-1.8, 140.1+/-8.57, 31.8+/-2.15 ng. per millilitre (+/-standard error of the mean), respectively. These values are compared with those reported by others.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
A procedure for separating estrogens from phytoestrogens in animal fluids is presented. The use of Sephadex LH-20 in absolute methanol permits a simple separation and allows the measurement of phytoestrogen levels in plasma and urine by the competitive binding assay. This method facilitates a more accurate measure of the hormonal balance in animals with an exogenous input of phytoestrogens.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Alink HR. A simple semi-automated gas-chromatographic method for determining pregnanediol and oestriol simultaneously in pregnancy urine. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 39:449-54. [PMID: 5043779 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
36
|
Scholler R, Million-Rousseau S, Lemasson C, Fortin M. [Rapid technic for determination of urinary estriol in pregnancy, using small samples]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1972; 20:463-77. [PMID: 4556992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
37
|
Smith PD, Stitch SR. A rapid semi-automated method for the determination of urinary oestriol in late pregnancy by gas-liquid chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 36:439-51. [PMID: 5008804 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Fukayama GM, Barrett C, Wood PD, Crowley LG. Extraction of radioactive estrogens and metabolites from small amounts of human or animal tissues excised following intravenous administration of 6,7-3H-17beta-estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971; 33:677-82. [PMID: 5106552 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-33-4-677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Stone S, Kharma KM, Nakamura RM, Mishell DR, Thorneycroft IH. A technique for the assay of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) in serum using celite column chromatography and competitive protein binding. Steroids 1971; 18:161-73. [PMID: 4333470 DOI: 10.1016/0039-128x(71)90023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
Foster LB, Hochholzer JM. A single extraction gas chromatographic method for the determination of estriol in pregnancy urines: comparison with an alkaline purification method and drug interference studies. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 32:147-50. [PMID: 5096423 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
47
|
|
48
|
|
49
|
|
50
|
Hoffmann W, Knuppen R, Breuer H. [Metabolism of (4-14C)estrone in various tissue preparations and cell fractions of bovine adrenal]. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1970; 351:387-96. [PMID: 5420711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|