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Wiens KE, Schaeffer LE, Sow SO, Ndoye B, Cain CJ, Baumann MM, Johnson KB, Lindstedt PA, Blacker BF, Bhutta ZA, Cormier NM, Daoud F, Earl L, Farag T, Khalil IA, Kinyoki DK, Larson HJ, LeGrand KE, Cook AJ, Malta DC, Månsson JC, Mayala BK, Mokdad AH, Ogbuanu IU, Sankoh O, Sartorius B, Topor-Madry R, Troeger CE, Welgan CA, Werdecker A, Hay SI, Reiner RC. Oral rehydration therapies in Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone: a spatial analysis of changes over time and implications for policy. BMC Med 2020; 18:405. [PMID: 33342436 PMCID: PMC7750121 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a simple intervention that can prevent childhood deaths from severe diarrhea and dehydration. In a previous study, we mapped the use of ORS treatment subnationally and found that ORS coverage increased over time, while the use of home-made alternatives or recommended home fluids (RHF) decreased, in many countries. These patterns were particularly striking within Senegal, Mali, and Sierra Leone. It was unclear, however, whether ORS replaced RHF in these locations or if children were left untreated, and if these patterns were associated with health policy changes. METHODS We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from household surveys to map the percentage of children with diarrhea that received (1) any ORS, (2) only RHF, or (3) no oral rehydration treatment between 2000 and 2018. This approach allowed examination of whether RHF was replaced with ORS before and after interventions, policies, and external events that may have impacted healthcare access. RESULTS We found that RHF was replaced with ORS in most Sierra Leone districts, except those most impacted by the Ebola outbreak. In addition, RHF was replaced in northern but not in southern Mali, and RHF was not replaced anywhere in Senegal. In Senegal, there was no statistical evidence that a national policy promoting ORS use was associated with increases in coverage. In Sierra Leone, ORS coverage increased following a national policy change that abolished health costs for children. CONCLUSIONS Children in parts of Mali and Senegal have been left behind during ORS scale-up. Improved messaging on effective diarrhea treatment and/or increased ORS access such as through reducing treatment costs may be needed to prevent child deaths in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Wiens
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lauren E Schaeffer
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre for Vaccine Development, Mali (CVD-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Babacar Ndoye
- African Field Epidemiology Training Programme - Senegal, Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Carrie Jo Cain
- World Hope International, Makeni, Sierra Leone
- Health Care Ministries, Wesleyan Church of Sierra Leone, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | - Mathew M Baumann
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kimberly B Johnson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Paulina A Lindstedt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Brigette F Blacker
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Natalie M Cormier
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Farah Daoud
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lucas Earl
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tamer Farag
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Damaris K Kinyoki
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heidi J Larson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aubrey J Cook
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Deborah C Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Johan C Månsson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Benjamin K Mayala
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- ICF International, DHS Program, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ikechukwu U Ogbuanu
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Osman Sankoh
- Statistics Sierra Leone, Tower Hill, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Njala University, Njala, Bo, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christopher E Troeger
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine A Welgan
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrea Werdecker
- Demographic Change and Aging Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 3980 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Ortiz Lasa M, González-Castro A, Peñasco Martín Y, Escudero Adra P, Chicote Álvarez E, Jiménez Alfonso A, Dierssen Sotos T. Saline solutions in history. Emergencias 2019; 31:58-61. [PMID: 30656876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Ortiz Lasa
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | | | - Yhivian Peñasco Martín
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | - Patricia Escudero Adra
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | - Enrique Chicote Álvarez
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | - Andrés Jiménez Alfonso
- Servicio de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, España
| | - Trinidad Dierssen Sotos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, España
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Glass
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Clark DE. R A Cowley, the "Golden Hour," the "Momentary Pause," and the "Third Space". Am Surg 2017; 83:1401-1406. [PMID: 29336762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
R Adams Cowley (1917-1991), the Baltimore thoracic and trauma surgeon, was an outstanding politician and promoter of emergency medical services. His skills included the effective use of language, for example, identifying the critical time immediately after injury as a "golden hour," and describing shock as a "momentary pause in the act of death." Conversely, Cowley avoided the tendency of some contemporaries to justify massive crystalloid infusion by invoking a "third space." Cowley is often assumed to have originated the first two phrases, but, in fact, their histories go back at least to the 19th century and illustrate the development of surgical science. The "third space" is often assumed to have originated with Cowley's contemporary, Tom Shires (1925-2007), but, in fact, neither of them used the phrase to describe Shires' controversial theories about an extracellular fluid deficit after trauma. Reviewing the actual etymology of these terms may help clarify the history of the underlying scientific ideas and enable more effective communication in the future.
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Studer NM, April MD, Bowling F, Danielson PD, Cap AP. Albumin for Prehospital Fluid Resuscitation of Hemorrhagic Shock in Tactical Combat Casualty Care. J Spec Oper Med 2017; 17:82-88. [PMID: 28599038 DOI: 10.55460/vank-3yrp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal fluid resuscitation on the battlefield in the absence of blood products remains unclear. Contemporary Combat medics are generally limited to hydroxyethyl starch or crystalloid solutions, both of which present significant drawbacks. Obtaining US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved freeze-dried plasma (FDP) is a top casualty care research priority for the US Military. Interest in this agent reflects a desire to simultaneously expand intravascular volume and address coagulopathy. The history of FDP dates to the Second World War, when American expeditionary forces used this agent frequently. Also fielded was 25% albumin, an agent that lacks coagulation factors but offers impressive volume expansion with minimal weight to carry and requires no reconstitution in the field. The current potential value of 25% albumin is largely overlooked. Although FDP presents an attractive future option for battlefield prehospital fluid resuscitation once FDA approved, this article argues that in the interim, 25% albumin, augmented with fibrinogen concentrate and tranexamic acid to mitigate hemodilution effects on coagulation capacity, offers an effective volume resuscitation alternative that could save lives on the battlefield immediately.
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Dhungat JVP. Oral Rehydration Therapy-20th Century Wonder. J Assoc Physicians India 2016; 64:101. [PMID: 27739287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J V Pai Dhungat
- Professor of Medicine (Retd.), TN Medical College, Hon. Physician, Bhatia Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra
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Varughese PM. Reflections on a 50-year journey in the dialysis field. Nephrol News Issues 2016; 30:22-24. [PMID: 27169215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Abstract
Since the early 1960's "resuscitation" following major trauma involved use of replacement crystalloid fluid/estimated blood loss in volumes of 3/1, in the ambulance, emergency room, operating room and surgical intensive care unit. During the past 20 years, MAJOR paradigm shifts have occurred in this concept. As a result hypotensive resuscitation with a view towards restriction of crystalloid, and prevention of complications has occurred. Improved results in both civilian and military environments have been reported. As a result there is new focus on trauma surgical involvement in all aspects of trauma patient management, focus on early aggressive surgical approaches (which may or may not involve an operation), and movement from crystalloid to blood, plasma, and platelet replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Mattox
- Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA,
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Latta T. Letter from Dr. Latta to the Secretary of the Central Board of Health, London, affording a view of the rationale and results of his practice in the treatment of cholera by aqueous and saline injections. 1832. ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR 2013; 42:387-90. [PMID: 23687663 DOI: 10.5546/aap.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Myburgh
- University of New South Wales, the Division of Critical Care and Trauma, George Institute for Global Health, and the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, St. George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Janakan G, Ellis H. Dr Thomas Aitchison Latta (c1796-1833): pioneer of intravenous fluid replacement in the treatment of cholera. J Med Biogr 2013; 21:70-74. [PMID: 24585745 DOI: 10.1258/jmb.2012.012004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1832 pandemic cholera travelled across Europe with devastating mortality. Before this, doctors had speculated on the benefits of intravenous therapy but none had tried. Only in 1832 did Thomas Latta perform intravenous infusions. This treatment disappeared after Latta's death. This was mainly due to general medical scepticism, lack of biochemical and physiological knowledge and poor patient selection. Finally, there were no further pandemics comparable with that of 1832 to provide the catalyst to accelerate medical development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Mintz
- Diarrheal Diseases Epidemiology Team, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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15
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Nicholls TB. Heat stroke and its allied conditions. 1939. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2008; 154:69-73, discussion 69. [PMID: 19090394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
Few afflictions have attracted as much attention and impacted on as many societal and biomedical areas as cholera. Dr. John Snow's studies launched the field of epidemiology, were early applications of medical cartography, and promoted the use of statistical methods in medicine. The finding that cholera was due to the ingestion of contaminated water lent to the demise of the prevalent "miasmatic theory of contagion," set the platform for the "germ theory of disease," and promoted the growth of public health concerns for water purification and sanitation. More recent attention to this disease led to the notion of "secretory diarrhea" and the translation of basic principles to the development of oral rehydration therapy and its "spin-offs" (Gatorade and Pedilyte).
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Castledine SG. Manners and the administration of fluid into the rectum: BJN 100 years ago. Br J Nurs 2007; 16:1341. [PMID: 18073673 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2007.16.21.27722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Manners are all about how a person behaves with other people. They usually denote politeness or signify habits indicating good breeding. One would expect nurses to demonstrate good manners towards patients and often patients judge the health service they receive, based on the social interaction and manners of the staff. There is no special training course on hospital manners but good manners and behaviour are often expected to be present when someone enters the profession.
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McMahan ZH, DuPont HL. Review article: the history of acute infectious diarrhoea management--from poorly focused empiricism to fluid therapy and modern pharmacotherapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 25:759-69. [PMID: 17373914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute diarrhoea management has progressed from largely ineffective measures in the early years to a more effective physiologic approach in recent years. AIM To review the history of acute diarrhoea management. METHODS Citations in PubMed were reviewed on 'acute diarrhoea treatment' along with an extensive file maintained by the corresponding author. RESULTS Freedom from diarrhoea was equated in early military conflicts with bravery and strength where diarrhoea-free soldiers had the 'guts' to fight. Until early 20th century, colonic irrigants, purgatives and emetic drugs were used to help eliminate undesired intestinal contents. Only a few early authorities suggested the need for replacement of fluids and salt, now standard treatment. Drugs aimed at diarrhoea symptom control have been broadly used for more than 100 years. The evolving history of one of those drugs, kaopectate is unappreciated. Once understanding the pathophysiology and infectious aetiology of acute diarrhoea, new oral fluids, pharmacologic agents designed to block specific secretory alterations and anti-infective drugs have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Physiologic and antimicrobial approaches to controlling diarrhoea can lead to reduction of stool number and enteric complaints, important in industrialized areas, with the potential for decreasing threat of fatal illness among infants in developing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H McMahan
- University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
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Abstract
The liberation of the concentration camp at Bergen-Belsen has remained controversial with opinion divided over whether the British military and subsequently the British zonal administration responded adequately to the plight of survivors. This paper reconsiders the evidence on health conditions at Bergen-Belsen. At first the British underestimated the incidence of typhus and the delay in taking effective measures caused the death rate to remain high. In the longer-term, measures for psychotic, old, and infirm DPs were inadequate as criteria that favored the fit and able-bodied were applied when selecting migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Friedman
- Brown Medical School, and Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Druml
- Abteilung für Nephrologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Wien, Osterreich.
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Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E. The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2005; 56:271-82. [PMID: 16265830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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Ioannovich JD, Gravvanis AI, Tsoutsos DA. The treatment of burn disease in the Hippocratic era. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004; 114:1664-5. [PMID: 15509979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Kleinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Cserháti E. [Commentary on the "Pathogenesis of decomposition in infancy" by Drs. Odön Kerpel-Frónius and Ferenc Varga, Orvosi Hetilap 1953, 94, 29-36]. Orv Hetil 2003; 144:2089. [PMID: 14750512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Foëx
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Sack RB. History of the development of oral rehydration fluids. J Indian Med Assoc 2003; 101:360, 362-4. [PMID: 14579982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of oral rehydration fluid for the treatment of cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases has been regarded as one of the most important medical advances of the last century. This article summarises information on how this achievement was made possible. The development is traced from the historical empiric use of oral fluids for treating diarrhoea, to physiologic studies in animals that defined how glucose and sodium were coupled in absorption by the small intestine and finally, to the use of this knowledge in developing the simple effective solutions that were adopted by WHO as the mainstay of diarrhoeal therapy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bradley Sack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Baskett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dalhousie University, 1WK Grace Health Centre, 5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, Canada B3J 3G9
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Abstract
The use of blood and intravenous fluid therapy is now considered routine therapy. The level of sophistication that we now perceive as standard has resulted from centuries of legends, religious beliefs, pseudo-science, non-scientific supposition, experimentation and error. The purpose of this article is to review the evolution of parenteral fluid and transfusion therapy through history. Data were collected via online search through the medical literature (ovid-medline), historical journals, medical history books as well as visits to historical medical libraries. We express our appreciation and gratitude to the hundreds of scientists whose work has allowed us to practice medicine, as we know it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Barsoum
- Nephrology Section WIIIL, UCLA School of Medicine and West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Wilshire and Sawtelle Boulevards, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Foëx BA. Intravenous equipment--infusions. Anaesth Intensive Care 2001; 29:306. [PMID: 11439810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Mahalanabis D, Choudhuri AB, Bagchi NG, Bhattacharya AK, Simpson TW. Oral fluid therapy of cholera among Bangladesh refugees. 1973. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:473-9. [PMID: 11421245 PMCID: PMC2566420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
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Abstract
The development of body fluid physiology and fluid therapy in pediatrics has special importance in the history of medicine because this development introduced physiology into clinical practice. James Gamble and Dan Darrow were leaders in this enterprise. Gamble was part of the group John Howland attracted to Johns Hopkins to establish the first organized program for clinical investigators in pediatrics. This group initiated fluid therapy as effective treatment for diarrheal dehydration and, led by Gamble, developed the discipline of body fluid physiology. Gamble was the first to describe the nature of extracellular fluid (ECF) to clinicians, using the new terminology for characterizing electrolytes in solution. In doing so, he became the teacher of body fluid physiology to a generation of medical students. Inexplicably, in his later years he failed to adopt yet newer terminology defining cations, anions, and acid-base status. This failure compromised his legacy. Dan Darrow extended our understanding of how body fluids react to hyper- and hyponatremia and to potassium deficiency. He was the first to add potassium to parenteral fluid therapy. In doing so, he broadened clinicians' understanding of body fluids but changed the emphasis of fluid therapy from rapid ECF restoration to replacement of estimated deficits. Unfortunately, this change in concept, taught by his successors as deficit therapy, slowed the adoption of oral rehydration therapy for treating diarrheal dehydration. The lapses noted for each of these men, now seen in hindsight, pale in comparison to their contributions. Pediatrics, medicine, and surgery are all indebted to the research of each, which emphasized the value of basic physiology in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Holliday
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Box 648, Inverness, CA 94937, USA.
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Da Mota HC. [My history of pediatrics]. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2000; 13:221-7. [PMID: 11155490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to discern the paradigms underlying our medical practice (more specifically paediatrics) over the last 30 years, it was found that these are rather similar to the ones prevailing at the beginning of this period--all wrong-doings were attributed to outside forces which had to be neutralized; the obsession to standardise the internal milieu; the compulsion to always do something, little attention being paid to collateral effects; the ends justifying the means and the charm of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Da Mota
- Hospital Pediátrico, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra
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Kopfensteiner TR. Developing directive 58. A look at the history of the directive on nutrition and hydration. Health Prog 2000; 81:20-3, 27. [PMID: 11182971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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Abstract
One of the many problems in the resuscitation of the shocked patient is how to gain access to the circulation to provide fluids or drugs. Since the 1830s fluids have been administered intravenously. Intravenous access is not always possible in the very shocked patient. An alternative, used in the first world war, was the rectal route. This has rarely been used on a large scale since. Just before the outbreak of the second world war a chance discovery resulted in the development of intraosseous infusions of fluid and drugs. From its discovery it was used in adults and children. For many years it seemed to be ignored in adult resuscitation, but there are now signs of renewed interest in the technique. This brief review traces the discovery of the intraosseous route to put the current developments into a historical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Foëx
- Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Royal Bolton Hospital.
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Nilsson P. [Oral fluid therapy in children with diarrhea the biggest life-saver seen from a global point of view]. Lakartidningen 1999; 96:5761-2. [PMID: 10643262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Nilsson
- Avdelningen för medicin, Universitetssjukhuset MAS, Malmö.
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Abstract
This article discusses resuscitation from a historical perspective; physiology; the optimal timing and volume for and fluids and endpoints of resuscitation; and the role of resuscitation in the future. Whether different types of victims of trauma should be resuscitated using different endpoints also is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henry
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Gelbart M. The march of cholera. Nurs Times 1999; 95:50-2. [PMID: 10745820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- L Finberg
- University of California, San Francisco 94111, USA
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Chesney CR. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy, by Malcolm A. Holliday, MD, and William E. Segar, MD, Pediatrics, 1957;19:823-832. Pediatrics 1998; 102:229-30. [PMID: 9651436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C R Chesney
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA
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Quijano-Pitman F, Rodríguez-de Romo AC. [Two Mexican precursors of oral hydration (1833)]. GAC MED MEX 1998; 134:478. [PMID: 9789391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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Desjeux JF. [Henri Lestradet (1921-1997), pediatrician, scientist and teacher]. Arch Pediatr 1998; 5:209-11. [PMID: 10223151 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(97)86844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The difficulties of managing dehydration in infants, along with the special problems of infant feeding in the wake of the industrial revolution, led to the specialty of pediatrics. The scientific and clinical beginnings that preceded the specialty are reviewed; much that came later can be credited to pediatric scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Finberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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46
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Epidemiologic notes and reports. Nosocomial bacteremias associated with intravenous fluid therapy--USA. 1971. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46:1227-33. [PMID: 9427215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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47
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Drummond GB. Is Hartmann's the solution? Anaesthesia 1997; 52:918-20. [PMID: 9349084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Holliday M. The evolution of therapy for dehydration: should deficit therapy still be taught? Pediatrics 1996; 98:171-7. [PMID: 8692613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of rehydration therapy for cholera and diarrheal dehydration from its beginning in 1832 to the present. To reaffirm the central role for extracellular fluid (ECF) expansion and question the continued teaching of deficit therapy in many current pediatric texts. METHODOLOGY I reviewed the rationale underlying three treatment strategies: rapid parenteral infusions of saline solutions to restore ECF; deficit therapy to replace specific electrolyte and water losses; and oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to effect both. I used crude mortality rates as the measure of outcomes. RESULTS (1) Beginning in 1832 for cholera and 1918 for infant diarrheal dehydration, parenteral saline infusions were infused to replace losses of salt and water; they were very effective in salvaging moribund dehydrated patients by quickly restoring ECF volume and renal perfusion. Mortality rates dropped from more than 60% to less than 30%. (2) Deficit therapy as it evolved in the 1950s defined potassium and other fluid and electrolyte deficits and replaced them using specific but complicated fluid and electrolyte replacement regimens. Mortality rates dropped to single digits. (3) ORT, with intravenous expansion of ECF volume when indicated, rapidly corrected specific fluid and electrolyte disorders with a very simple therapeutic regimen. Mortality rates dropped to less than 1%. CONCLUSIONS The simpler, more effective ORT regimen should be taught as standard therapy for diarrheal dehydration. Principles of body fluid physiology should be taught in their own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holliday
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Millam D. The history of intravenous therapy. J Intraven Nurs 1996; 19:5-14. [PMID: 8708844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Modern IV therapy is less than a century old. Yet, it was known that medications could be injected into a vein as early as the 1600s. Because of a lack of scientific methods, original attempts to deliver IV fluids and drugs met with little success. Two world wars brought in the era of modern IV therapy. However, the greatest advance in drugs, equipment, and procedures has occurred in the past 25 years.
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