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Brzoska K, Szczygiel M, Drzał A, Sniegocka M, Michalczyk-Wetula D, Biela E, Elas M, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz H, Urbańska K, Kruszewski M. Transient Vasodilation in Mouse 4T1 Tumors after Intragastric and Intravenous Administration of Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052361. [PMID: 33653008 PMCID: PMC7956783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are foreseen as a promising tool in nanomedicine, both as drug carriers and radiosensitizers. They have been also proposed as a potential anticancer drug due to the anti-angiogenic effect in tumor tissue. In this work we investigated the effect of citrate-coated AuNPs of nominal diameter 20 nm on the growth and metastatic potential of 4T1 cells originated from a mouse mammary gland tumor inoculated into the mammary fat pad of Balb/ccmdb mice. To evaluate whether AuNPs can prevent the tumor growth, one group of inoculated mice was intragastrically (i.g.) administered with 1 mg/kg of AuNPs daily from day 1 to day 14 after cancer cell implantation. To evaluate whether AuNPs can attenuate the tumor growth, the second group was intravenously (i.v.) administered with 1 or 5 mg/kg of AuNPs, twice on day 5 and day 14 after inoculation. We did not observe any anticancer activity of i.v. nor i.g. administered AuNPs, as they did not affect neither the primary tumor growth rate nor the number of lung metastases. Unexpectedly, both AuNP treatment regimens caused a marked vasodilating effect in the tumor tissue. As no change of potential angiogenic genes (Fgf2, Vegfa) nor inducible nitric oxygenase (Nos2) was observed, we proposed that the vasodilation was caused by AuNP-dependent decomposition of nitrosothiols and direct release of nitric oxide in the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Brzoska
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (H.L.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Szczygiel
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Agnieszka Drzał
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Martyna Sniegocka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Dominika Michalczyk-Wetula
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Eva Biela
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Martyna Elas
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- World Institute for Family Health, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
| | - Hanna Lewandowska-Siwkiewicz
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (H.L.-S.)
| | - Krystyna Urbańska
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (A.D.); (M.S.); (D.M.-W.); (E.B.); (M.E.); (K.U.)
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland; (K.B.); (H.L.-S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5051118
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Tu H, Liu Y, Marjanovic M, Chaney EJ, You S, Zhao Y, Boppart SA. Concurrence of extracellular vesicle enrichment and metabolic switch visualized label-free in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600675. [PMID: 28138543 PMCID: PMC5266479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment in carcinogenesis has reshaped cancer research. Events at both microscopic (molecular) and macroscopic (tissue) scales have been identified in engineered tumor microenvironments involving in vitro cultures, live tissue xenografts, and transgenic animals. However, these events have not been comprehensively observed under unperturbed (authentic) conditions free of exogenous labeling or genetic modification. The lack of a suitable imaging methodology has largely limited our understanding of the complex interrelations and possible causal links involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis within the tumor microenvironment. Using multicontrast nonlinear imaging, we visualize endogenous substances in rat and human mammary tumors through their intrinsic nonlinear optical properties, and simultaneously observe angiogenesis, extracellular matrix reorganization, and non-native cell recruitment. We find that all these macroscopic events in the tumor microenvironment require concurrent enrichment of specific extracellular vesicles and a metabolic switch toward biosynthesis. This concurrence at the microscopic scale provides not only new insights into carcinogenesis and metastasis but also a potentially new strategy for cancer diagnosis, surgery, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sixian You
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Li W, Guo M, Liu Y, Mu W, Deng G, Li C, Qiu C. Selenium Induces an Anti-tumor Effect Via Inhibiting Intratumoral Angiogenesis in a Mouse Model of Transplanted Canine Mammary Tumor Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 171:371-379. [PMID: 26507439 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) has been widely reported to possess anti-tumor effects. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels and is required to supply oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors for tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. To explore whether the anti-tumor effect of Se was associated with angiogenesis in vivo, we studied the effects of sodium selenite (Sel) and methylseleninic acid (MSA) on tumors induced by canine mammary tumor cells (CMT1211) in mice; cyclophosphamide (CTX) served as a positive control. The results showed that the Se content was significantly increased in the Sel and MSA groups. Se significantly inhibited the tumor weights and volumes. Large necrotic areas and scattered and abnormal small necrotic areas were observed in the Se treatment group. Immunofluorescence double staining showed a reduction in the microvessel density (MVD) and increment in the vessel maturation index (VMI) compared with the untreated control group. As expected, the protein and mRNA levels of the angiogenesis factors angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were decreased in the Se-treated tumors by IHC, as shown by western blotting and RT-QPCR. We also found that organic Se MSA provided stronger inhibition of tumor growth compared with inorganic sodium selenite (Sel). Altogether, our results indicated that Se exerted anti-tumor effects in vivo at least partially by inhibiting angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengye Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Di Gregorio E, Ferrauto G, Gianolio E, Lanzardo S, Carrera C, Fedeli F, Aime S. An MRI Method To Map Tumor Hypoxia Using Red Blood Cells Loaded with a pO2-Responsive Gd-Agent. ACS Nano 2015; 9:8239-8248. [PMID: 26234938 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a typical hallmark of many solid tumors and often leads to therapy resistance and the development of a more aggressive cancer phenotype. Oxygen content in tissues has been evaluated using numerous different methods for several imaging modalities, but none has yet reached the required standard of spatial and temporal resolution. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) appears to be the technique of choice and several pO2-responsive probes have been designed for it over the years. In vivo translation is often hampered in Gd-relaxation agents as it is not possible to separate effects that arise from changes in local concentration from those associated with responsive properties. A novel procedure for the MRI based assessment of hypoxia is reported herein. The method relies on the combined use of Gd-DOTP- and Gd-HPDO3A-labeled red blood cells (RBCs) where the first probe acts as a vascular oxygenation-responsive agent, while the second reports the local labeled RBC concentration in a transplanted breast tumor mouse model. The MRI assessment of oxygenation state has been validated by photoacoustic imaging and ex vivo immunofluorescence. The method refines tumor staging in preclinical models and makes possible an accurate monitoring of the relationship between oxygenation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Carla Carrera
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Franco Fedeli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
- IBB-CNR-UOS at the University of Torino , Torino 10126, Italy
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Mazumdar S, Arendt LM, Phillips S, Sedic M, Kuperwasser C, Gill G. CoREST1 promotes tumor formation and tumor stroma interactions in a mouse model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121281. [PMID: 25793264 PMCID: PMC4368644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression contribute to tumor formation and progression. The co-repressor CoREST1 regulates the localization and activity of associated histone modifying enzymes including lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Although several CoREST1 associated proteins have been reported to enhance breast cancer progression, the role of CoREST1 in breast cancer is currently unclear. Here we report that knockdown of CoREST1 in the basal-type breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, led to significantly reduced incidence and diminished size of tumors compared to controls in mouse xenograft studies. Notably, CoREST1-depleted cells gave rise to tumors with a marked decrease in angiogenesis. CoREST1 knockdown led to a decrease in secreted angiogenic and inflammatory factors, and mRNA analysis suggests that CoREST1 promotes expression of genes related to angiogenesis and inflammation including VEGF-A and CCL2. CoREST1 knockdown decreased the ability of MDA-MB-231 conditioned media to promote endothelial cell tube formation and migration. Further, tumors derived from CoREST1-depleted cells had reduced macrophage infiltration and the secretome of CoREST1 knockdown cells was deficient in promoting macrophage migration and macrophage-mediated angiogenesis. Taken together, these findings reveal that the epigenetic regulator CoREST1 promotes tumorigenesis in a breast cancer model at least in part through regulation of gene expression patterns in tumor cells that have profound non-cell autonomous effects on endothelial and inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Mazumdar
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genetics Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Phillips
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Genetics Program, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maja Sedic
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Grace Gill
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Trashkov AP, Panchenko AV, Korablev RV, Yurova MN, Egormin PA, Chernenko NA, Popovich IG, Tyndyk ML, Artemenko MR, Verlov NA, Vasiliev AG, Anisimov VN. [Age dynamics of angiogenesis markers in transgenic HER-2/neu (FBV/N) mammary adenocarcinoma-prone mice]. Vopr Onkol 2015; 61:642-646. [PMID: 26571837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-dependent angiogenesis intensity changes have been studied in transgenic HER-2/neu (FBV/N) mice characteristic of breast tumors' high incidence with hyperexpression of HER-2/neu. Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-dependent growth factor 1, nitrogen monoxide, tissue plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor were assessed by means of immune-enzyme assay. The results testify to angiogenesis processes activation side by side with aging and growth of the tumors. Maximum manifestation of these disturbances (growth factors' blood concentrations increase and endotheliocytes' functional activity inhibition) has been revealed in 6-month-old mice during neoplasma maximum intensive and aggressive growth period.
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Pandey A, Sarangi S, Chien K, Sengupta P, Papa AL, Basu S, Sengupta S. Anti-platelet agents augment cisplatin nanoparticle cytotoxicity by enhancing tumor vasculature permeability and drug delivery. Nanotechnology 2014; 25:445101. [PMID: 25302488 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/44/445101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vasculature is critically dependent on platelet mediated hemostasis and disruption of the same can augment delivery of nano-formulation based chemotherapeutic agents which depend on enhanced permeability and retention for tumor penetration. Here, we evaluated the role of Clopidogrel, a well-known inhibitor of platelet aggregation, in potentiating the tumor cytotoxicity of cisplatin nano-formulation in a murine breast cancer model. In vivo studies in murine syngeneic 4T1 breast cancer model showed a significant greater penetration of macromolecular fluorescent nanoparticles after clopidogrel pretreatment. Compared to self-assembling cisplatin nanoparticles (SACNs), combination therapy with clopidogrel and SACN was associated with a 4 fold greater delivery of cisplatin to tumor tissue and a greater reduction in tumor growth as well as higher survival rate. Clopidogrel enhances therapeutic efficiency of novel cisplatin based nano-formulations agents by increasing tumor drug delivery and can be used as a potential targeting agent for novel nano-formulation based chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Rowe RW, Tomoda M, Strebel FR, Jenkins GN, Stephens LC, Bull JMC. The Natural Progression of Microvasculature in Primary Tumor and Lymph Node Metastases in a Breast Carcinoma Model: Relationship between Microvessel Density, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Metastatic Invasion. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 3:408-14. [PMID: 14963408 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.3.4.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural course of tumor microvascularity in rat MTLn3 mammary adenocarcinomas was studied. The relationship between microvessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and histopathology was compared in primary and metastatic axillary (ALN) and inguinal lymph node (ILN) tumors over 5-6 tumor doublings. Excised tumors were examined for (i) MVD assessed by immunostaining with anti-CD31 antibody, (ii) VEGF expression assessed by immunostaining with anti-VEGF antibody, and (iii) histopathologic extent of metastatic lymph node invasion. MVD and VEGF scores rose asymptotically with increasing tumor weight in both primary and metastatic tumors. The MVD saturation level was significantly greater for primary tumors (MVD = 22) than for ALNs or ILNs (MVD = 14). Maximal VEGF score was not statistically different between the three kinds of tumors, however the rate of rise in VEGF expression was different. Near-maximal VEGF expression occurred early in tumor growth, preceding microvessel development. Both MVD and VEGF expression in lymph nodes were proportional to the pathology score characterizing increasing metastatic invasion. LNMs limited to the subcapsular sinus had the lowest MVD, indicating an ability to survive without significant vasculature. These findings underscore the differences in angiogenesis between primary tumors and LNMs and have implications for therapy of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wanda Rowe
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA.
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Ogura G, Sugino T, Suzuki T, Nakamura N. Establishment of highly metastatic cell line (Lu10) from murine mammary carcinoma cell line MCH66 and biological characteristics of Lu10. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2014; 39:72-79. [PMID: 25027251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mouse mammary cancer cell line MCH66 shows invasion-independent metastasis. To elucidate this metastatic mechanism, the biological characteristics putatively related to metastasis were analyzed using several cell lines with different metastatic abilities derived from MCH66. METHODS Metastatic capacity, invasive activity, growth property, and mRNA expressions of factors associated with endothelial cell proliferation were comparatively analyzed in MCH66 and its sublines. RESULTS Lu10 subline exhibited higher metastatic potential to the lungs and lymph nodes (100%) than MCH66 or Lu1 subline (0/5, 0/5 each). The growth rate was almost identical between Lu10 and MCH66, and Lu10 revealed weaker invasive activity in vitro than MCH66. In Lu10 tumors in mice, well-developed sinusoidal blood vessels and dilated lymphatics were noted compared with in Lu1 tumors. Accordingly, Lu10 showed higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, -D, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and pleiotrophin than Lu1, while the expression of other growth factors such as VEGF-A, midkine, angiogenin, hepatocyte growth factor, PDGF-A, and basic fibroblast growth factor remained unchanged between Lu1 and Lu10. CONCLUSION These data indicate that high invasiveness and rapid growth are not required for this metastatic process, and some angiogenic mediators are involved in blood-borne and lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Ogura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University school of medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Ke CC, Liu RS, Suetsugu A, Kimura H, Ho JH, Lee OK, Hoffman RM. In vivo fluorescence imaging reveals the promotion of mammary tumorigenesis by mesenchymal stromal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69658. [PMID: 23936067 PMCID: PMC3723858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells which are recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence tumor progression through multiple mechanisms. In this study, we examined the effects of MSCs on the tunmorigenic capacity of 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells. It was found that MSC-conditioned medium increased the proliferation, migration, and efficiency of mammosphere formation of 4T1 cells in vitro. When co-injected with MSCs into the mouse mammary fat pad, 4T1 cells showed enhanced tumor growth and generated increased spontaneous lung metastasis. Using in vivo fluorescence color-coded imaging, the interaction between GFP-expressing MSCs and RFP-expressing 4T1 cells was monitored. As few as five 4T1 cells could give rise to tumor formation when co-injected with MSCs into the mouse mammary fat pad, but no tumor was formed when five or ten 4T1 cells were implanted alone. The elevation of tumorigenic potential was further supported by gene expression analysis, which showed that when 4T1 cells were in contact with MSCs, several oncogenes, cancer markers, and tumor promoters were upregulated. Moreover, in vivo longitudinal fluorescence imaging of tumorigenesis revealed that MSCs created a vascularized environment which enhances the ability of 4T1 cells to colonize and proliferate. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the promotion of mammary cancer progression by MSCs was achieved through the generation of a cancer-enhancing microenvironment to increase tumorigenic potential. These findings also suggest the potential risk of enhancing tumor progression in clinical cell therapy using MSCs. Attention has to be paid to patients with high risk of breast cancer when considering cell therapy with MSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- Luminescent Proteins
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Ke
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- National PET/Cyclotron Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Suetsugu
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer H. Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Mercier I, Camacho J, Titchen K, Gonzales DM, Quann K, Bryant KG, Molchansky A, Milliman JN, Whitaker-Menezes D, Sotgia F, Jasmin JF, Schwarting R, Pestell RG, Blagosklonny MV, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 and accelerated host aging in the breast tumor microenvironment: chemoprevention with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and anti-aging drug. Am J Pathol 2012; 181:278-93. [PMID: 22698676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing chronological age is the most significant risk factor for human cancer development. To examine the effects of host aging on mammary tumor growth, we used caveolin (Cav)-1 knockout mice as a bona fide model of accelerated host aging. Mammary tumor cells were orthotopically implanted into these distinct microenvironments (Cav-1(+/+) versus Cav-1(-/-) age-matched young female mice). Mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment have an increased stromal content, with vimentin-positive myofibroblasts (a marker associated with oxidative stress) that are also positive for S6-kinase activation (a marker associated with aging). Mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment were more than fivefold larger than tumors grown in a wild-type microenvironment. Thus, a Cav-1-deficient tumor microenvironment provides a fertile soil for breast cancer tumor growth. Interestingly, the mammary tumor-promoting effects of a Cav-1-deficient microenvironment were estrogen and progesterone independent. In this context, chemoprevention was achieved by using the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor and anti-aging drug, rapamycin. Systemic rapamycin treatment of mammary tumors grown in a Cav-1-deficient microenvironment significantly inhibited their tumor growth, decreased their stromal content, and reduced the levels of both vimentin and phospho-S6 in Cav-1-deficient cancer-associated fibroblasts. Since stromal loss of Cav-1 is a marker of a lethal tumor microenvironment in breast tumors, these high-risk patients might benefit from treatment with mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin or other rapamycin-related compounds (rapalogues).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mercier
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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12
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Islam MS, Matsumoto M, Hidaka R, Miyoshi N, Yasuda N. Expression of NOS and VEGF in feline mammary tumours and their correlation with angiogenesis. Vet J 2011; 192:338-44. [PMID: 22154426 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to define the role of nitric oxide (NO) in feline mammary tumours, the expression of endothelial or inducible nitric oxide synthase (e/iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and their relationship with angiogenesis, was investigated in 23 feline mammary tumours (two hyperplastic, 19 adenocarcinoma, one osteosarcoma and one squamous cell carcinoma) by immunohistochemistry. Tumour angiogenesis was assessed by CD31 immunostaining and was expressed as microvessel density (MVD). In general, iNOS immunoreactivity was localised in tumour cells and occasionally in stromal myofibroblasts, whereas eNOS and VEGF were localised in the cytoplasm of tumour epithelial cells and endothelium. In malignancy, expression of iNOS increased from well- to less-differentiated phenotypes (Grades 1-3) and was significantly higher in G3 and G2 when compared with G1 cases. However, increasing eNOS expression was limited only in hyperplastic lesions and showed no significant changes among the grades. In addition, expression of iNOS was positively correlated with VEGF and MVD in feline mammary tumours and both measures were significantly greater in less differentiated phenotypes (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of NOS isoforms in feline mammary tumours depended on tumour grade, and the positive correlations between iNOS and angiogenic markers suggests that iNOS synthesised by tumour cells promotes tumour growth. Thus, iNOS can be used as an important immunohistochemical marker to determine the degree of malignancy and prognosis of feline mammary carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Islam
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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13
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Al-Dissi AN, Haines DM, Singh B, Kidney BA. Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in canine simple mammary gland adenocarcinomas. Can Vet J 2010; 51:1109-1114. [PMID: 21197202 PMCID: PMC2942048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The expression of 5 markers associated with angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis was studied in 26 canine simple mammary gland adenocarcinomas (SMGAs). The adenocarcinomas were graded histologically, and tissue sections were immunohistochemically stained for the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), intra-tumor microvessel density, and tumor proliferation (PI) using antibodies against VEGF, VEGFR-2, von Willebrand factor, and Ki-67 antigen, respectively. Apoptotic indices (AI) were determined by an apoptosis assay. Markers VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected in 96% and 100% of SMGAs, respectively. A high correlation between histologic grade and PI (r = 0.73), a moderate correlation between VEGF and histologic grade (r = 0.33), and between VEGF and PI (r = 0.42) were found. There was a significant difference in median PI among the 3 histologic grade groups (r < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor may stimulate tumor cell proliferation through an autocrine loop, since VEGF and VEGFR-2 were expressed in most tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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14
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Nielsen BS, Egeblad M, Rank F, Askautrud HA, Pennington CJ, Pedersen TX, Christensen IJ, Edwards DR, Werb Z, Lund LR. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 is induced in fibroblasts in polyomavirus middle T antigen-driven mammary carcinoma without influencing tumor progression. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2959. [PMID: 18698413 PMCID: PMC2493034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 (collagenase 3) is an extracellular matrix remodeling enzyme that is induced in myofibroblasts during the earliest invasive stages of human breast carcinoma, suggesting that it is involved in tumor progression. During progression of mammary carcinomas in the polyoma virus middle T oncogene mouse model (MMTV-PyMT), Mmp13 mRNA was strongly upregulated concurrently with the transition to invasive and metastatic carcinomas. As in human tumors, Mmp13 mRNA was found in myofibroblasts of invasive grade II and III carcinomas, but not in benign grade I and II mammary intraepithelial neoplasias. To determine if MMP13 plays a role in tumor progression, we crossed MMTV-PyMT mice with Mmp13 deficient mice. The absence of MMP13 did not influence tumor growth, vascularization, progression to more advanced tumor stages, or metastasis to the lungs, and the absence of MMP13 was not compensated for by expression of other MMPs or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. However, an increased fraction of thin collagen fibrils was identified in MMTV-PyMT;Mmp13(-/-) compared to MMTV-PyMT;Mmp13(+/+) tumors, showing that collagen metabolism was altered in the absence of MMP13. We conclude that the expression pattern of Mmp13 mRNA in myofibroblasts of invasive carcinomas in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model recapitulates the expression pattern observed in human breast cancer. Our results suggest that MMP13 is a marker of carcinoma-associated myofibroblasts of invasive carcinoma, even though it does not make a major contribution to tumor progression in the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fritz Rank
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne A. Askautrud
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ullevål University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline J. Pennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dylan R. Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Leif R. Lund
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Rafii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Lyden
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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16
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Hardee ME, Cao Y, Fu P, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Rabbani ZN, Vujaskovic Z, Dewhirst MW, Arcasoy MO. Erythropoietin blockade inhibits the induction of tumor angiogenesis and progression. PLoS One 2007; 2:e549. [PMID: 17579721 PMCID: PMC1891087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The induction of tumor angiogenesis, a pathologic process critical for tumor progression, is mediated by multiple regulatory factors released by tumor and host cells. We investigated the role of the hematopoietic cytokine erythropoietin as an angiogenic factor that modulates tumor progression. Methodology/Principal Findings Fluorescently-labeled rodent mammary carcinoma cells were injected into dorsal skin-fold window chambers in mice, an angiogenesis model that allows direct, non-invasive, serial visualization and real-time assessment of tumor cells and neovascularization simultaneously using intravital microscopy and computerized image analysis during the initial stages of tumorigenesis. Erythropoietin or its antagonist proteins were co-injected with tumor cells into window chambers. In vivo growth of cells engineered to stably express a constitutively active erythropoietin receptor EPOR-R129C or the erythropoietin antagonist R103A-EPO were analyzed in window chambers and in the mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Co-injection of erythropoietin with tumor cells or expression of EPOR-R129C in tumor cells significantly stimulated tumor neovascularization and growth in window chambers. Co-injection of erythropoietin antagonist proteins (soluble EPOR or anti-EPO antibody) with tumor cells or stable expression of antagonist R103A-EPO protein secreted from tumor cells inhibited angiogenesis and impaired tumor growth. In orthotopic tumor xenograft studies, EPOR-R129C expression significantly promoted tumor growth associated with increased expression of Ki67 proliferation antigen, enhanced microvessel density, decreased tumor hypoxia, and increased phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases ERK1/2. R103A-EPO antagonist expression in mammary carcinoma cells was associated with near-complete disruption of primary tumor formation in the mammary fat pad. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that erythropoietin is an important angiogenic factor that regulates the induction of tumor cell-induced neovascularization and growth during the initial stages of tumorigenesis. The suppression of tumor angiogenesis and progression by erythropoietin blockade suggests that erythropoietin may constitute a potential target for the therapeutic modulation of angiogenesis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Hardee
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yiting Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yulin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zahid N. Rabbani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Murat O. Arcasoy
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Our laboratory has previously shown that apelin is mitogenic for endothelial cells. We have postulated that apelin represents an angiogenic factor secreted by tumour cells in order to promote the formation of new vessels necessary for tumour growth. We first demonstrate that apelin and its receptor are not expressed by the mouse TS/A mammary carcinoma cells. We therefore established clones of this tumoral cell type stably overexpressing the apelin cDNA (TS/A-apelin clones). Comparison of the in vitro proliferation rates between TS/A-mock and TS/A-apelin cells did not reveal any difference and confirmed the lack of receptor expression by tumour cells. On the other hand, apelin overexpression clearly increased the in vivo tumour growth and this increase was associated with an earlier onset of tumour development. In tumours derived from TS/A-apelin clones, the expression of the endothelial marker CD31 was increased and revealed the formation of large intratumoral vessels lined with CD31 positive cells. These data suggest that apelin behaves as a potent activator of tumour neoangiogenesis by a paracrine effect on host vessels. The pathological relevance of this finding is demonstrated by hypoxia-induced upregulation of apelin gene and its overexpression in one-third of human tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sorli
- Unité U-589 INSERM, I2MR, Cancer Department, Toulouse Cédex 4, France
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18
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Zysk AM, Boppart SA. Comment on "In vivo cancer diagnosis with optical spectroscopy and acoustically induced blood stasis using a murine Mca35 model," [Med. Phys. 33, 1623-1633 (2006)]. Med Phys 2007; 34:1130. [PMID: 17441258 DOI: 10.1118/1.2436976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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19
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Lungu GF, Li ML, Xie X, Wang LV, Stoica G. In vivo imaging and characterization of hypoxia-induced neovascularization and tumor invasion. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:45-54. [PMID: 17143511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a critical event in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Hypoxia can be detected noninvasively by a novel spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography technology (SPAT) and this finding is supported by our molecular biology investigation aimed to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of SPAT detected hypoxia and angiogenesis. The present study provides an integrated approach to define oxygen status (hypoxia) of intracranial tumor xenografts using spectroscopic photoacoustic tomography. Brain tumors can be identified based on their distorted vascular architecture and oxygen saturation (SO2) images. Noninvasive in vivo tumor oxygenation imaging using SPAT is based on the spectroscopic absorption differences between oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxyhemoblobin (HHb). Sprague-Dawley rats inoculated intracranially with ENU1564, a carcinogen-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line, were imaged with SPAT three weeks post inoculation. Proteins important for tumor angiogenesis and invasion were detected in hypoxic brain foci identified by SPAT and were elevated compared with control brain. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that HIF-1 alpha, VEGF-A, and VEGFR2 (Flk-1) protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in brain tumor tissues compared to normal brain. Gelatin zymography and RT-PCR demonstrated the upregulation of MMP-9 in tumor foci compared with brain control. Together these results suggest the critical role of hypoxia in driving tumor angiogenesis and invasion through upregulation of target genes important for these functions. Moreover this report validates our hypothesis that a novel noninvasive technology (SPAT) developed in our laboratory is suitable for detection of tumors, hypoxia, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina F Lungu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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20
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Lin EY, Li JF, Gnatovskiy L, Deng Y, Zhu L, Grzesik DA, Qian H, Xue XN, Pollard JW. Macrophages regulate the angiogenic switch in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11238-46. [PMID: 17114237 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of a tumor vasculature or access to the host vasculature is a crucial step for the survival and metastasis of malignant tumors. Although therapeutic strategies attempting to inhibit this step during tumor development are being developed, the biological regulation of this process is still largely unknown. Using a transgenic mouse susceptible to mammary cancer, PyMT mice, we have characterized the development of the vasculature in mammary tumors during their progression to malignancy. We show that the onset of the angiogenic switch, identified as the formation of a high-density vessel network, is closely associated with the transition to malignancy. More importantly, both the angiogenic switch and the progression to malignancy are regulated by infiltrated macrophages in the primary mammary tumors. Inhibition of the macrophage infiltration into the tumor delayed the angiogenic switch and malignant transition whereas genetic restoration of the macrophage population specifically in these tumors rescued the vessel phenotype. Furthermore, premature induction of macrophage infiltration into premalignant lesions promoted an early onset of the angiogenic switch independent of tumor progression. Taken together, this study shows that tumor-associated macrophages play a key role in promoting tumor angiogenesis, an essential step in the tumor progression to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y Lin
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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21
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Garamvölgyi R, Petrási Z, Hevesi A, Jakab C, Vajda Z, Bogner P, Repa I. Magnetic resonance imaging technique for the examination of canine mammary tumours. Acta Vet Hung 2006; 54:143-59. [PMID: 16841753 DOI: 10.1556/avet.54.2006.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to adapt the human magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for use in the routine examination of canine mammary glands. MRI was performed on 10, middle- to old-aged dogs of different breeds. It was found that T1- and T2-weighted spin echo, short T1 inversion recovery sequences and a gradient echo (GE) dynamic T1-weighted measurement made in the coronal and transversal planes were the most informative MR diagnostic methods for imaging canine mammary tumours. The static MR technique is the most detailed imaging modality for differentiating the tissue types in the substance of the mammary gland. The MRI findings were in close relationship with the histological result (five malignant mixed tumours and five cases of invasive ductal carcinoma). Using the GE dynamic contrast-enhanced sequence the morphological patterns as well as the kinetic parameters proved to be malignant. By the dynamic measurement technique initial information was obtained on the contrast enhancing properties, which are valuable factors during in vivo staging and in the prognostic work.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/veterinary
- Dog Diseases/pathology
- Dogs
- Female
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/veterinary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mixed Tumor, Malignant/blood supply
- Mixed Tumor, Malignant/pathology
- Mixed Tumor, Malignant/veterinary
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Garamvölgyi
- Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba S. u. 40, Hungary.
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22
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Mitra SK, Mikolon D, Molina JE, Hsia DA, Hanson DA, Chi A, Lim ST, Bernard-Trifilo JA, Ilic D, Stupack DG, Cheresh DA, Schlaepfer DD. Intrinsic FAK activity and Y925 phosphorylation facilitate an angiogenic switch in tumors. Oncogene 2006; 25:5969-84. [PMID: 16682956 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression occurs in advanced cancers, yet a signaling role for FAK in tumor progression remains undefined. Here, we suppressed FAK activity in 4T1 breast carcinoma cells resulting in reduced FAK Y925 phosphorylation, Grb2 adaptor protein binding to FAK, and signaling to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK). Loss of a FAK-Grb2-MAPK linkage did not affect 4T1 cell proliferation or survival in culture, yet FAK inhibition reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and resulted in small avascular tumors in mice. This FAK-Grb2-MAPK linkage was essential in promoting angiogenesis as reconstitution experiments using Src-transformed FAK-null fibroblasts revealed that point mutations affecting FAK catalytic activity (R454) or Y925 phosphorylation (F925) disrupted the ability of FAK to promote MAPK- and VEGF-associated tumor growth. Notably, in both FAK-inhibited 4T1 and Src-transformed FAK-null cells, constitutively activated (CA) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) restored VEGF production and CA-MEK1 or added VEGF rescued tumor growth and angiogenesis. These studies provide the first biological support for Y925 FAK phosphorylation and define a novel role for FAK activity in promoting a MAPK-associated angiogenic switch during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mitra
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Weidensteiner C, Rausch M, McSheehy PMJ, Allegrini PR. Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in tumor-bearing rats and mice with inversion recovery TrueFISP and two contrast agents at 4.7 T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:646-56. [PMID: 16878308 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize tumor vascularization by dynamic-contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI using low and medium molecular weight paramagnetic contrast agents (CA) and inversion recovery (IR) true fast imaging with steady state precession (TrueFISP) in tumor-bearing rats and mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS T(1) mapping was performed using IR True FISP in phantoms and in vivo at 4.7 T and validated with a segmented IR gradient-echo (IR GE) method. CA concentration in DCE-MRI studies in vivo was calculated from time-series T(1) maps using the CAs GdDOTA and P792 (low and medium molecular weight, respectively). Standard vascular input functions (VIFs) were measured in the jugular veins and were used for modeling of the CA kinetics with a two-compartment model. In rat breast tumors, vascular permeability (transfer constant K(trans)), fractional plasma volume v(p), and fractional leakage space v(e) were quantified and parametric maps were generated. RESULTS The IR TrueFISP T(1) was slightly underestimated in phantoms and overestimated in vivo (10%) with respect to IR GE. VIFs showed only small interindividual variation. Mean K(trans) values were 0.062 +/- 0.017 min(-1) for GdDOTA and 0.015 +/- 0.005 min(-1) for P792 (N = 12). Mean v(e) and v(p) values were 0.15 +/- 0.04 (0.09 +/- 0.03) and 0.04 +/- 0.01 (0.03 +/- 0.01) for GdDOTA (P792). CONCLUSION DCE-MRI with IR TrueFISP provided absolute values for K(trans), v(p), and v(e). Direct comparison between GdDOTA and P792 revealed significant differences in the VIF, model-fit-quality, permeability, leakage space, and plasma volume. The larger molecular weight CA P792 appears to be better for measuring tumor vascular parameters.
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24
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Brantley-Sieders DM, Fang WB, Hicks DJ, Zhuang G, Shyr Y, Chen J. Impaired tumor microenvironment in EphA2-deficient mice inhibits tumor angiogenesis and metastatic progression. FASEB J 2005; 19:1884-6. [PMID: 16166198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4038fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
EphA2 belongs to a unique family of receptor tyrosine kinases that play critical roles in development and disease. Since EphA2 is required for ephrin-A1 ligand-induced vascular remodeling and is overexpressed in a variety of vascularized human adenocarcinomas, we assessed tumor angiogenesis and metastatic progression in EphA2-deficient host animals. 4T1 metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cells transplanted subcutaneously and orthotopically into EphA2-deficient female mice displayed decreased tumor volume, tumor cell survival, microvascular density, and lung metastasis relative to tumor-bearing littermate controls. To determine if the phenotype in EphA2-deficient mice was endothelial cell intrinsic, we also analyzed endothelial cells isolated from EphA2-deficient animals for their ability to incorporate into tumor vessels in vivo, as well as to migrate in response to tumor-derived signals in vitro. EphA2-deficient endothelial cells displayed impaired survival and failed to incorporate into tumor microvessels in vivo, and displayed impaired tumor-mediated migration in vitro relative to controls. These data suggest that host EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase function is required in the tumor microenvironment for tumor angiogenesis and metastatic progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Survival
- Cell Transplantation
- Collagen/chemistry
- Disease Progression
- Drug Combinations
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Ephrin-A1/metabolism
- Female
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Lac Operon
- Laminin/chemistry
- Ligands
- Lung/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microcirculation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Models, Statistical
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Proteoglycans/chemistry
- Receptor, EphA2/genetics
- Receptor, EphA2/physiology
- Receptors, Eph Family/metabolism
- rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Brantley-Sieders
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2363, USA
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25
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Abstract
Prevention of the formation of crosslinks and/or disintegration of already formed collagen fibrils in the tumor by known lathyrogens, beta-aminopropionitrile or D-penicillamine, may result in the weakening of tumor support, decreasing angiogenesis and promoting tumor regression. This paper reviews our studies with a single intratumoral injection of lipophilic lathyrogens and others, using a systemic administration to investigate the effect of both lathyrogens. Details of our experimental results are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Chvapil
- Arizona Cancer Center and Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA.
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26
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Wood PA, Bove K, You S, Chambers A, Hrushesky WJM. Cancer growth and spread are saltatory and phase-locked to the reproductive cycle through mediators of angiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1065-75. [PMID: 16020664 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of breast cancer metastatic spread is affected by the menstrual cycle phase of its resection. Breast cancer growth, post-resection spread, and cure frequency are each modulated by the estrous cycle in C(3)HeB/FeJ mice. Tumor metastases are 2- to 3-fold more frequent when the resection is done during diestrus as compared with estrus. Tumor angiogenesis is essential for both cancer growth and lethal metastatic cancer spread. The balance between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) modulates new blood vessel formation and blood vessel permeability. Sex hormones modulate the expression of these key angiogenesis regulators in the endometrium and uterus. We, therefore, asked whether the estrous cycle modulates the density of CD31-positive vessels within the tumor, the permeability of tumor blood vessels, levels of VEGF and bFGF immunoreactive protein in normal breast and breast cancer, and whether expression of these genes are modulated by the estrous cycle stage in C(3)HeB/FeJ mice. We find that tumor blood vessel density and blood volume do not vary throughout the cycle; however, tumor capillary permeability is regulated by the estrous cycle being highest in diestrus, the cycle stage associated with the highest cancer growth rate and the highest frequency of post-resection cancer metastasis. VEGF protein levels in breast cancer are >100-fold higher than in normal breast. VEGF protein in this mammary tumor varies with the estrus cycle with highest levels in proestrus. In a non-breast tumor, methylcholantrenene A sarcoma, from CD(2)F(1) mice, tumor VEGF protein also varies with the estrus cycle with highest levels in proestrus and diestrus. VEGF gene expression in the mammary tumor does not change significantly across the cycle, but is modulated by the cycle in normal breast tissue. bFGF protein concentration is 6-fold higher in normal breast than in breast cancer. bFGF protein pattern in both tumor and breast are similar, opposite to VEGF, and affected by oophorectomy. bFGF message is modulated by the cycle in both breast cancer and normal breast. The changes in breast cancer capillary permeability, VEGF, and bFGF that occur during each fertility cycle, in breast tissue and breast cancer, putatively in response to cyclical changes in sex hormones, might contribute, at least in part, to both the modulation of cancer growth and post-resection breast cancer spread by the fertility cycle. These fertility cycle-induced effects on tumor biology also seem to extend to non-breast cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Wood
- Reseach Service, W.J.B. Dorn V.A. Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209-1639, USA
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27
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Zhao D, Jiang L, Hahn EW, Mason RP. Tumor physiologic response to combretastatin A4 phosphate assessed by MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 62:872-80. [PMID: 15936572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of the vascular targeting agent, combretastatin A4 phosphate, on tumor oxygenation compared with vascular perfusion/permeability. METHODS AND MATERIALS (19)F MRI oximetry and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI were used to monitor tumor oxygenation and perfusion/permeability in syngeneic 13762NF rat breast carcinoma. RESULTS A significant drop was found in the mean tumor pO(2) (23 to 9 mm Hg, p <0.05) within 90 min after treatment (30 mg/kg of combretastatin A4 phosphate) and a further decrease was observed at 2 h (mean 2 mm Hg; p <0.01). The initial changes in pO(2) in the central and peripheral regions were parallel, but by 24 h after treatment, a significant difference was apparent: the pO(2) in the periphery had improved significantly, and the center remained hypoxic. These data are consistent with DCE-MRI, which revealed an approximately 70% decrease in perfusion/permeability (initial area under signal-intensity curve) at 2 h (p <0.001). The initial area under signal-intensity curve recovered fully after 24 h in a thin peripheral region, but not in the tumor center. CONCLUSION The response observed by DCE-MRI, indicating vascular shutdown, paralleled the pO(2) measurements as expected, but quantitative pO(2) measurements are potentially important for optimizing the therapeutic combination of vascular targeting agents with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9058, USA
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28
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Chen G, Jespersen SN, Pedersen M, Pang Q, Horsman MR, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H. Intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA prior to DWI does not affect the apparent diffusion constant. Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 23:685-9. [PMID: 16051044 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MRI measurements of water diffusion and blood perfusion are increasingly used for the evaluation of organ functionality and tissue viability (e.g., in tumors). While diffusion-weighted imaging is performed without contrast agents, measurement of blood perfusion is normally performed based on the administration of paramagnetic substances such as gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Simultaneous measurements of these two parameters are often preferred. However, it may be argued that Gd-DTPA causes constriction of small blood vessels or alters hemodynamic parameters such as blood viscosity, thereby corrupting subsequent measurements of the apparent diffusion constant (ADC). The objective of the current study was to investigate the possible changes in the ADC in tumors following intravenous administration of 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/kg of Gd-DTPA in mice. The study was conducted with C3H mouse mammary carcinomas inoculated in the right foot of the animal subjects. The results were compared with findings in a sham group, demonstrating that Gd-DTPA had no significant impact on the ADC as measured in a 7-T animal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- MR Research Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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29
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Ghezzo F, Cesano L, Mognetti B, Pesce E, Pirro E, Corvetti G, Berta GN, Zingaro B, Di Carlo F. Salicylate inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis and angiogenesis in female rat compatible with misoprostol administration. Int J Oncol 2005; 26:697-702. [PMID: 15703826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent colon cancer. The evidence for other types of tumour is less conclusive, though animal and in vitro studies indicate that they may be effective against mammary cancer cells. We assessed the effect of dietary acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid against dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat tumours. Tumour angiogenesis was also investigated to explore the mechanism responsible for salicylate effect. Mammary tumours were induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed with different amounts of acetylsalicylic and salicylic acid. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were measured and vascularization of basement membrane proteins injected in vivo (Matrigel) was determined by evaluation of haemoglobin content to assess the extent to which angiogenesis was inhibited. Dimethylbenzanthracene-induced carcinogenesis was inhibited by both acids and there was a log-dose/response correlation between the tumour diameter and salicylate concentration. Salicylic acid seems more effective than acetylsalicylic acid. Vascular endothelial growth factor was less concentrated in treated animals than in the controls and so was Matrigel haemoglobin. The mechanism involved, however, is still uncertain, though concomitant inhibition of tumour angiogenesis may be an important component. The documented salicylate serum VEGF modulation is interesting also for presence of the flk-1 receptor in mammary tumour cells of our model. Although misoprostol is a prostaglandin analogous its concomitant administration did not compromise the salicylate anti-tumour effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Ghezzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, I-10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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30
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated implanted rat mammary adenocarcinoma tumors during a 5-week period using ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contrast-enhanced ultrasound with a destruction-replenishment imaging scheme was used to derive estimates of blood volume and flow. These ultrasound-derived measures of microvascular physiology were compared with contrast-enhanced CT-derived measures of perfusion and vascular volume made by the Mullani-Gould formula and Patlak analysis, respectively. RESULTS The tumor cross-sectional area and necrotic core cross-sectional area determined by the 3 methods were correlated (r>0.8, P<0.001, n=15). The spatial integral of perfusion estimated by CT correlated with the spatial integral of flow from ultrasound (P<0.05). The contrast-enhanced tumor area calculated from the ultrasound analysis was highly correlated with the contrast-enhanced area estimated by CT images (r=0.89, P<0.001, n=15). However, the fraction of the tumor area enhanced by the CT contrast agent was significantly larger than either the fraction enhanced by ultrasound contrast agent or than the viable area as estimated from histology slides. CONCLUSION Destruction-replenishment ultrasound provides valuable information about the spatial distribution of blood flow and vascular volume in tumors and ultrasound analysis compares favorably with a validated contrast-enhanced CT method.
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Ashton E, McShane T, Evelhoch J. Inter-Operator Variability in Perfusion Assessment of Tumors in MRI Using Automated AIF Detection. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2005; 8:451-8. [PMID: 16685877 DOI: 10.1007/11566465_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for the calculation of perfusion parameters in dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. This method requires identification of enhancement curves for both tumor tissue and plasma. Inter-operator variability in the derived rate constant between plasma and extra-cellular extra-vascular space is assessed in both canine and human subjects using semi-automated tumor margin identification with both manual and automated arterial input function (AIF) identification. Experimental results show a median coefficient of variability (CV) for parameter measurement with manual AIF identification of 21.5% in canines and 11% in humans, with a median CV for parameter measurement with automated AIF identification of 6.7% in canines and 6% in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ashton
- Virtual Scopics, LLC, 350 Linden Oaks, Rochester, NY, 14580, USA.
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Fenton BM, Paoni SF, Ding I. Effect of VEGF receptor-2 antibody on vascular function and oxygenation in spontaneous and transplanted tumors. Radiother Oncol 2004; 72:221-30. [PMID: 15297140 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Revised: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The primary objectives of this study were to address two major questions. (1) Does VEGF receptor-2 antibody (DC101) produce detrimental effects on tumor vascular function and oxygenation that could compromise adjuvant therapies? (2) Is pathophysiological response to such antiangiogenic strategies different in transplanted versus primary spontaneous tumors? MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of early and late initiation DC101 treatment were evaluated using spontaneous murine mammary carcinomas and two markedly different transplanted mammary tumors, MCa-35 and MCa-4. Mice were administered DC101 or saline, tumors were frozen, and immunohistochemical staining was quantified using image analysis of multiply-stained frozen sections. Total blood vessels were identified using antibodies to CD31 or panendothelial antigen, perfused vessels via i.v. injection of fluorescent DiOC7, and tumor hypoxia by hypoxia marker (EF5) uptake. RESULTS Tumor growth was significantly inhibited following DC101 administration in all tumor models. In general, early initiation DC101 treatment reduced perfused vessel counts and increased tumor hypoxia, while late initiation treatment had no significant impact on either. Results indicate that DC101 slows tumor growth through a decrease in vascular function, leading to increased tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis at sites distant from perfused blood vessels, and suggest that DC101 accelerates the rate at which tumor cells outgrow their functional vascular supply. CONCLUSIONS Although highly variable among individual spontaneous tumors, the overall effects of DC101 on tumor hypoxia were quite similar between spontaneous and transplanted tumors. Since reductions in tumor oxygenation due to antiangiogenic treatment were transient, initial pathophysiological deficiencies that could compromise conventional therapies over the short-term may be of less relevance when administered over more extended treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Fenton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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You S, Li W, Kobayashi M, Xiong Y, Hrushesky W, Wood P. CREATION OF A STABLE MAMMARY TUMOR CELL LINE THAT MAINTAINS FERTILITY-CYCLE TUMOR BIOLOGY OF THE PARENT TUMOR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 40:187-95. [PMID: 15161341 DOI: 10.1290/1543-706x(2004)40<187:coasmt>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A mammary tumor cell line, designated MTCL, was successfully established from a mouse primary mammary tumor (MTP). The MTCL cells retain cytokeratin and both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in vitro. In vitro exposure of MTCL cells to progesterone causes a decrease in the cellular (3)H-thymidine uptake, indicating an inhibition by progesterone on MTCL cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, whereas exposure of the cells to a high dose of estrogen (15 pg/ml) for 48 h causes an increase of (3)H-thymidine uptake. We inoculated both MTP or MTCL tumor cells into normal cycling female C(3)HeB/FeJ mice and demonstrated that the post-resection metastatic recurrence of MTCL tumors, like the original MTP tumors, depends on the time of tumor resection within the mouse estrous-cycle stage. Both MTCL and MTP tumors have similar histological appearances with the exception of less extensive tumor necrosis and higher vascularity in MTCL tumors. Equivalent levels of sex hormone receptors (ER alpha, ER beta, and PR), epithelial growth hormone receptors (Her2/neu, EGFR1), tumor suppressors (BRCA1, P53), and cell apoptosis-relevant protein (bcl-xl) were found in these in vivo tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cyclin E protein, however, was significantly higher in MTP tumors compared with MTCL tumors. Our results indicate that MTCL cells retain many of the biologic features of the original MTP primary tumor cells, and to our knowledge, it is the first in vitro cell line that has been shown to maintain the estrous-cycle dependence of in vivo cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojin You
- Dorn Research Institute, WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA
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34
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Chomas JE, Pollard RE, Sadlowski AR, Griffey SM, Wisner ER, Ferrara KW. Contrast-enhanced US of Microcirculation of Superficially Implanted Tumors in Rats. Radiology 2003; 229:439-46. [PMID: 14526091 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2292020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the ability of contrast material-enhanced ultrasonography (US) to assess replenishment time in a rat kidney and adenocarcinoma tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mammary adenocarcinoma cells were implanted into the subcutaneous tissues of the flank of 11 rats. Resultant tumors were imaged serially with contrast-enhanced US and compared with images of the rat kidney, a highly perfused normal organ. The US acquisition and processing methods yield images of perfused tumor regions and the times required to achieve 80% replenishment. Findings at contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and light microscopy of hematoxylin-eosin-stained tumor tissue were compared. Paired Student t test was performed to compare the accuracy of US with that of histologic examination and CT in the detection of viable tumor regions. RESULTS Replenishment of the kidney cortex microvasculature requires 1-5 seconds compared with a replenishment time of 6-14 seconds in tumors. Over the time course of tumor growth, the mean perfusion time becomes progressively longer, and a wider range of perfusion times is detected. Comparison of findings at US, CT, and histologic examination suggested that all three methods yield correlated estimates of the percentage of viable perfused tumor cells. Results of the t test suggested that the viable tumor percentages observed at US are not significantly different from those observed at CT and histologic examination (US vs CT, P =.92; US vs histologic examination, P =.94). CONCLUSION Repeated measurements of microvascular flow rate can be accomplished in a rat animal model with a minimally invasive technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Chomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 1021 Academic Surge, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Abstract
Orthotopic and ectopic organ environments differentially influence tumor growth, metastasis, and sensitivity to therapy. In this study we present a novel rodent mammary window of orthotopic breast cancer, which is amenable to study of microvascular function and angiogenesis in this orthotopic site. The skin around the nipple of selected mammary glands of female Fischer 344 rats was removed and the nipple was cut at its base. R3230Ac tumor fragments or cells in Gelfoam were aseptically implanted into the nipple sinus. An acrylic disk was placed on top of the implant and was sutured in place. Histology showed that tumors were well established within 5 days. Similar techniques were also applied to BALB/c mice transplanted with 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells. With GFP-expressing tumor cells and serial observations, we demonstrated unique patterns of tumor cell proliferation and vascularization in both tumor models. The images obtained were comparable to those from the dorsal skinfold window chambers. This model will allow for study of tumor microcirculatory function, angiogenesis, tumor cell-host interactions, and evaluation of effects of various treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Shan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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36
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Abstract
Microwave radiometry is the spectral measurement technique of resolving electromagnetic radiation of all matters which temperature is above absolute zero. This technique utilizes the electromagnetic noise field generated by a thermal volume similar to a mechanism existing in biological tissues. One particular application of microwave radiometry is for analyzing temperature differentials of inside of human body to detect and diagnose some crucial pathological conditions. For the general evaluation of a microwave radiometer, we propose a new type of phantom containing a mammary gland tumor imitator by considering biological heat diffusion effects propagated by a real tumor. Theoretical researches of human tumor revealed the fact that temperature distribution of tissues around a tumor formed a Gaussian statistics. To comply with the physiological property of the real tumor, we built a mammary gland tumor imitator composed of two parts (pseudotumor and thermal anomaly) and observed its temperature distribution when it was placed inside a phantom. Our results showed that the thermal properties of tumor imitator well agreed with heat-transfer properties of a real tumor and the proportional linear relationship existed between the location of tumor imitator and the intensity of radiometer measurements. From this relationship, we could also estimate several parameters related with our phantom, such as the minimum detectable size and maximum detectable depth of a tumor imitator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Whan Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yong-In, Kyounggi, Korea.
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37
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a dimeric protein that stimulates angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by inducing endothelial cell proliferation and migration. In this immunohistochemical study, VEGF-immunolabeled cells were counted in a series of 10 benign and 40 malignant canine mammary tumors. The morphologic pattern of VEGF positivity (intensity of immunolabeling and VEGF granule size and distribution) was also evaluated. A low number of cells weakly positive for VEGF with few and small granules polarized to the luminal pole was detected in benign neoplasms. In contrast, in malignancies a high number of VEGF-positive cells had strong immunolabeling, often with large granules found diffusely in the cytoplasm. This level of immunolabeling was more pronounced in the less differentiated, more malignant phenotypes (grade 3). Macrophages, which can synthesize VEGF, were strongly positive. Stromal and myoepithelial cells were negative. VEGF data were correlated statistically with intratumoral microvessel density (number of newly formed microvessels) and both measures were greater in less differentiated malignant neoplasms, demonstrating that angiogenesis and malignancy increase together. VEGF appears to be a powerful angiogenic factor in canine mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Restucci
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Sanità Animale, Settore Anatomia Patologica, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Napoli, Italia
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38
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Abstract
Maspin is a unique serpin involved in the suppression of tumor growth and metastasis. To investigate whether increased levels of maspin protect against tumor progression in vivo, we established a transgenic model in which maspin is targeted to mammary epithelial cells by the Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) promoter for overexpression. We crossed these WAP-maspin transgenic mice with the WAP-TAg mouse model of tumor progression. Maspin overexpression increased the rate of apoptosis of both preneoplastic and carcinomatous mammary epithelial cells. Maspin reduced tumor growth through a combination of reduced angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. The number of pulmonary metastases was reduced in the presence of maspin overexpression. These data demonstrate that targeted overexpression of maspin can inhibit tumor progression in vivo, likely through a combination of increased apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis, and inhibition of tumor cell migration.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/blood supply
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- Disease Progression
- Disease-Free Survival
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Nuclease Protection Assays
- Precancerous Conditions/blood supply
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Serpins/genetics
- Serpins/metabolism
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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39
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Morini M, Astigiano S, Mora M, Ricotta C, Ferrari N, Mantero S, Levi G, Rossini M, Barbieri O. Hyperplasia and impaired involution in the mammary gland of transgenic mice expressing human FGF4. Oncogene 2000; 19:6007-14. [PMID: 11146552 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fgf4, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, is frequently amplified in a variety of human cancers, however, its expression in neoplastic tissues is rarely detectable. This makes uncertain its involvement in tumour aetiology, although several in-vitro studies link Fgf4 overexpression to malignant transformation and metastatization of culture cells. We generated a transgenic mouse model in which the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter directs expression of human Fgf4 to mammary tissues during late pregnancy and throughout lactation, with the purpose of studying the involvement of this growth factor in mammary tumorigenesis. Expression of the transgene was specifically detected in lobular-alveolar cells of lactating mammary glands that, by histological analysis, displayed hyperplastic areas and a disorganized structure. This was accompanied by an increased number of red blood cells and expression, in alveolar epithelial cells, of the vascular endothelial growth factor, which is absent in wild type controls. The most striking effect caused by FGF4 overexpression was on the remodelling of mammary tissue at the end of lactation. Indeed, transgenic animals showed a delayed involution of the gland due to a dramatic reduction in the overall number of apoptotic cells, which are normally present in the organ after weaning. Nevertheless, none of the animals examined developed neoplastic lesions of the mammary gland even after several pregnancies and at old age. Our work represents the first in-vivo demonstration of the anti-apoptotic and angiogenic properties of FGF4.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 4
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/blood
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lactation
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/abnormalities
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins/analysis
- Milk Proteins/biosynthesis
- Milk Proteins/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Phenotype
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Transgenes/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morini
- Unità Transgenici, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Deuterium uptake into foot-implanted C3H murine mammary carcinomas was measured non-invasively by 2H NMR spectroscopy at 46 MHz after i.v. injection. The arterial input function (AIF) was estimated from 2H NMR measurements with a second radiofrequency coil externally located over the heart. Tumour and heart data were acquired over the same time period by means of a switch automatically activated every 1.6-3.2 s. Although the AIF data were, in general, partly contaminated by signals from adjacent tissue, a mathematical fitting procedure involving simultaneous fitting of the AIF and the tumour kinetics gave robust results for tumour blood perfusion (TBP): up to four repeat TBP measurements were made in 14 out of 20 untreated animals and TBP could be measured before and after treatment in 14 out of 15 animals. The ability of this technique to measure changes in blood perfusion was assessed using hydralazine, which decreased TBP from 91 to 29 ml 100 g(-1) min(-1) and this was comparable to a 70% reduction in relative TBP measured by laser Doppler flowmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bentzen
- Danish Cancer Society, Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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41
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Abstract
We have investigated the feasibility of enhancing damage induced by hyperthermia in SCK murine tumors by reducing tumor blood perfusion using a new agent, KB-R8498. Within several minutes of an i.v. injection, the tumor perfusion was reduced to less than 20% of the control value, and it recovered to 40-70% of the control value by 1 h after injection. The perfusion in normal tissues decreased or increased soon after drug administration depending on the tissue type. However, by 1 h after drug treatment, perfusion in five of the seven tissues examined had returned to the control level. The tumor pH was also reduced after i.v. drug administration. Control tumors grew to four times the initial volume in 6 days. Tumors that were heated at 42.5 degrees C for 60 min were delayed in growth by 4 days compared to control tumors. There was a growth delay of 14 days when an i.v. injection of KB-R8498 was given and the tumors were heated at 42.5 degrees C either immediately or 1 h later. In drug-alone studies, the tumor growth was delayed by 4 days when the drug was infused continuously at a rate of 30-50 mg/kg day(-1) for 7 days or about 2 days when mice were treated with five daily injections of 30 mg/kg KB-R8498.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Griffin
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Hashizume H, Baluk P, Morikawa S, McLean JW, Thurston G, Roberge S, Jain RK, McDonald DM. Openings between defective endothelial cells explain tumor vessel leakiness. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:1363-80. [PMID: 10751361 PMCID: PMC1876882 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leakiness of blood vessels in tumors may contribute to disease progression and is key to certain forms of cancer therapy, but the structural basis of the leakiness is unclear. We sought to determine whether endothelial gaps or transcellular holes, similar to those found in leaky vessels in inflammation, could explain the leakiness of tumor vessels. Blood vessels in MCa-IV mouse mammary carcinomas, which are known to be unusually leaky (functional pore size 1.2-2 microm), were compared to vessels in three less leaky tumors and normal mammary glands. Vessels were identified by their binding of intravascularly injected fluorescent cationic liposomes and Lycopersicon esculentum lectin and by CD31 (PECAM) immunoreactivity. The luminal surface of vessels in all four tumors had a defective endothelial monolayer as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. In MCa-IV tumors, 14% of the vessel surface was lined by poorly connected, overlapping cells. The most superficial lining cells, like endothelial cells, had CD31 immunoreactivity and fenestrae with diaphragms, but they had a branched phenotype with cytoplasmic projections as long as 50 microm. Some branched cells were separated by intercellular openings (mean diameter 1.7 microm; range, 0.3-4.7 microm). Transcellular holes (mean diameter 0.6 microm) were also present but were only 8% as numerous as intercellular openings. Some CD31-positive cells protruded into the vessel lumen; others sprouted into perivascular tumor tissue. Tumors in RIP-Tag2 mice had, in addition, tumor cell-lined lakes of extravasated erythrocytes. We conclude that some tumor vessels have a defective cellular lining composed of disorganized, loosely connected, branched, overlapping or sprouting endothelial cells. Openings between these cells contribute to tumor vessel leakiness and may permit access of macromolecular therapeutic agents to tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hashizume
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA
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Itoh J, Yasumura K, Takeshita T, Ishikawa H, Kobayashi H, Ogawa K, Kawai K, Serizawa A, Osamura RY. Three-dimensional imaging of tumor angiogenesis. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2000; 22:85-90. [PMID: 10696466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To three-dimensionally visualize the microvessel environment of tumor angiogenesis by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). STUDY DESIGN To reveal underlying mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, a 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene-induced rat cancer model was used. For demonstrating tumor vasculature, fluorescence injection method (FITC-conjugated gelatin solution) was employed. FITC gelatin was injected into the left ventricle of the rat heart. After complete perfusion, the mammary glands were resected, fixed under ice cold conditions and subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for tumor cells. The LSM-410 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) was employed on thick sections (300-2,000 microns) to elucidate detailed microvessel networks (MVN) and tumor cells. RESULTS Tumor vasculature on thick sections was clearly detected by CLSM at the maximum focus depth of 2,000 microns. Three-dimensional (3-D), reconstructed images of normal mammary glands showed regular and linear MVN. In DMBA-induced mammary cancer, vascular density of MVN was markedly increased and showed an anastomosing, irregular MVN pattern. Furthermore, focal segmentation and tortuous, branching patterns of microvessels were also seen. CONCLUSION Application of the fluorescence injection method and IHC using CLSM was very useful for studying the 3-D relationship between tumor angiogenesis and neoplastic epithelial changes. These results suggest that application of this technique is ideal for studying 3-D imaging of tumor angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratins/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Microcirculation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Staining and Labeling/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- J Itoh
- Laboratories for Structure and Function Research, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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Jadeski LC, Lala PK. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis in mammary tumors. Am J Pathol 1999; 155:1381-90. [PMID: 10514420 PMCID: PMC1867009 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65240-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/1999] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a murine breast cancer model, we earlier found a positive correlation between the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and tumor progression; treatment with inhibitors of NOS, N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (NMMA) and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), had antitumor and antimetastatic effects that were partly attributed to reduced tumor cell invasiveness. In the present study, we used a novel in vivo model of tumor angiogenesis using subcutaneous implants of tumor cells suspended in growth factor-reduced Matrigel to examine the angiogenic role of NO in a highly metastatic murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line. This cell line, C3L5, expresses endothelial (e) NOS in vitro and in vivo, and inducible (i) NOS in vitro on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma. Female C3H/HeJ mice received subcutaneous implants of growth factor-reduced Matrigel inclusive of C3L5 cells on one side, and on the contralateral side, Matrigel alone; L-NAME and D-NAME (inactive enantiomer) were subsequently administered for 14 days using osmotic minipumps. Immediately after sacrifice, implants were removed and processed for immunolocalization of eNOS and iNOS proteins, and measurement of angiogenesis. Neovascularization was quantified in sections stained with Masson's trichrome or immunostained for the endothelial cell specific CD31 antigen. While most tumor cells and endothelial cells expressed immunoreactive eNOS protein, iNOS was localized in endothelial cells and some macrophages within the tumor-inclusive implants. Measurable angiogenesis occurred only in implants containing tumor cells. Irrespective of the method of quantification used, tumor-induced neovascularization was significantly reduced in L-NAME-treated mice relative to those treated with D-NAME. The quantity of stromal tissue was lower, but the quantity of necrotic tissue higher in L-NAME relative to D-NAME-treated animals. The total mass of viable tissue (ie, stroma and tumor cells) was lower in L-NAME relative to D-NAME-treated animals. These data suggest that NO is a key mediator of C3L5 tumor-induced angiogenesis, and that the antitumor effects of L-NAME are partly mediated by reduced tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Jadeski
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine if neovascularization, a measure of angiogenesis, is correlated with metastasis of mammary tumors in dogs. Forty-six paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of benign and malignant canine mammary tumors obtained from 42 clinical cases at the Iowa State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Veterinary Pathology. Of the dogs with malignant tumors, cases with and without lymph node metastasis were chosen. Neovascularization was quantified by light microscopy on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of canine mammary tumors using an avidin biotin immunoperoxidase assay for factor VIII-related antigen. Mean microvessel counts for each group were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance. The mean number of microvessels was highest in the malignant tumors of dogs with lymph node metastasis (44). This number was significantly different from the mean number of microvessels in the benign tumors (28; P = .03) and a trend occurred toward higher microvessel counts in malignant tumors with lymph node metastasis versus malignant tumors of dogs without metastasis (32; P = .1). No significant difference was found between the number of microvessels found in malignant tumors without metastasis versus benign tumors. The trend toward higher microvessel counts in mammary tumors that have metastasized supports the premise that angiogenesis may be an independent and significant prognostic indicator in dogs with malignant mammary tumors, as it is in women with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Graham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-1250, USA
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Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a major barrier to tumor radiation therapy. Typically tumor hypoxia occurs in two forms: chronic and acute. Although the existence of acute hypoxia has long been acknowledged, its temporal characteristics have never been directly measured and documented. In this study tumor PO(2), blood flow (BF), and arterial blood pressure (BP) were measured simultaneously in nine Fischer 344 rats bearing R3230Ac rat mammary adenocarcinomas in the subcutis of the left hindleg. We measured PO(2) at a single location for 36-125 min using recessed-tip oxygen microelectrodes. Simultaneously, we measured tumor BF at two sites within the tumor using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Similar recordings were made in the quadriceps muscle of seven non-tumor-bearing rats. The PO(2), tumor BF, and BP records were subjected to Fourier analysis. PO(2) and BF showed low-frequency fluctuations (<2 cycles/min) in both tumor and muscle, but the magnitude of the changes in tumor was greater. Tumor BF showed more activity at low frequencies than muscle BF, and the magnitude tended to be greater. No strong correlations were found between PO(2) and BF power spectra for either tumor or muscle or between the frequency patterns of BP and tumor PO(2) spectra. These results quantitatively demonstrate, for the first time, that BF and PO(2) fluctuate at very low frequencies in tumors. In addition to having biological significance for tumor therapy, these fluctuations may have the potential to alter tumor cell behavior via induction of hypoxia reoxygenation injury and/or altered gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Braun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Maxwell RJ, Nielsen FU, Breidahl T, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Horsman MR. Effects of combretastatin on murine tumours monitored by 31P MRS, 1H MRS and 1H MRI. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42:891-4. [PMID: 9845116 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(98)00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combretastatins have tubulin-binding activity and are being investigated for their toxicity against tumour vasculature. We report the use of 31P and 'H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and 1H MR imaging for monitoring the effects of combretastatin A-4 prodrug (100mg/kg, i.p.) on energy metabolism and necrosis, respectively, in the C3H murine mammary tumour. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tumours (volume ca. 200mm3) were grown in the hind foot of mice. MR examinations were performed without anaesthesia within a 7.1 Tesla magnet. 31P MRS (TR = 6 s) was performed before treatment and at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 24-h after injection of drug or saline via an i.p. line. 1H MRS (PRESS; 24microl voxel; TR = 2 s; TE = 135 ms) and both T1-weighted (TR = 0.2 s; TE = 0.02 s) and T2-weighted (TR = 2 s; TE = 0.20 s) 1H MRI were performed before treatment and 2.5 and 24 h afterwards. RESULTS The ratio beta-nucleotide triphosphate/inorganic phosphate fell by 33% within 1 h of treatment and remained constant for a further 2 h. A small but significant fall in pH (by 0.11 units) was observed at 1 h. Although an increase in the 1H MR spectroscopy signal at about 1.32 ppm (predominantly from lactate) was observed in some tumours following combretastatin treatment, this effect was not seen consistently. No changes in the intensity of T2-weighted 1H MR images or in tumour necrosis (measured histologically) were detected within 3 h of treatment. CONCLUSIONS The reduction in tumour energetics and pH was consistent with a reduction in tumour blood flow but this occurred before any significant incidence of haemorrhagic necrosis was detected. The combretastatin dose used to achieve these effects was less than one tenth of the maximum tolerated dose in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Maxwell
- Gray Laboratory Cancer Research Trust, Northwood, Middx, UK.
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Griffey SM, Verstraete FJ, Kraegel SA, Lucroy MD, Madewell BR. Computer-assisted image analysis of intratumoral vessel density in mammary tumors from dogs. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1238-42. [PMID: 9781454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether intratumoral microvessel density can be used to distinguish benign from malignant mammary tumors in dogs and to predict the outcome of surgical treatment for small volume (< 3-cm diameter) tumors. SAMPLE POPULATION Tissue sections from 58 mammary tumors (42 malignant and 16 benign) from dogs. PROCEDURE Mammary tumors were stained by immunohistochemistry for factor VIII-related antigen. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to determine intratumoral vessel density in immunostained areas. Total vascular density (TVD), calculated from 3 non-overlapping fields, was analyzed for correlation with patient or tumor histomorphologic characteristics, and results obtained by surgical treatment of small volume tumors. RESULTS Mean TVD of malignant tumors was significantly greater than that of benign tumors. Total vascular density was not correlated with patient age, sex, reproductive status, clinical tumor stage, or histologic type. For small volume (< 3-cm diameter) malignant tumors, mean TVD was higher in tumors that recurred after surgery than in tumors that did not recur; however, TVD was not predictive of time to recurrence. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis allowed objective quantitation of intratumoral microvessel density in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Tumors with high TVD were more likely to recur after surgical treatment than tumors with low TVD suggesting that TVD measurements can be used by the clinician, in addition to histologic type and clinical stage, to predict prognosis after surgical treatment. These data also provide rationale for use of antiangiogenesis strategies for treatment of malignant mammary tumors in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Griffey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Daldrup H, Shames DM, Wendland M, Okuhata Y, Link TM, Rosenau W, Lu Y, Brasch RC. Correlation of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with histologic tumor grade: comparison of macromolecular and small-molecular contrast media. Pediatr Radiol 1998; 28:67-78. [PMID: 9472047 DOI: 10.1007/s002470050296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial integrity of microvessels is disrupted in malignant tumors. Quantitative assays of tumor microvascular characteristics based on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were correlated with histopathologic grade in mammary soft tissue tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A spectrum of tumors, benign through highly malignant, was induced in 33 female rats by administration of N -ethyl-N -nitrosourea (ENU), a potent carcinogen. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI was performed using a small-molecular contrast medium [gadopentetate, MW = 0.5 kDa] and a macromolecular contrast medium [albumin-(Gd-DTPA)30, MW = 92 kDa] at an interval of 1-2 days. Permeability surface area product (PS), as estimated by the corresponding endothelial transfer coefficient (KPS), and fractional plasma volume (fPV) were calculated for each tumor and each contrast agent using a two-compartment bi-directional kinetic model. MRI microvascular characteristics were correlated with histopathologic tumor grade. RESULTS Tumor permeability to macromolecular contrast medium, characterized by KPS, showed a highly positive correlation with tumor grade (r 2 = 0.76, P < 10(-10)). KPS values were zero for all benign and some low-grade carcinomas, greater than zero in all other carcinomas, and increased in magnitude with higher tumor grade. A considerably smaller but significantly positive correlation was found between fPV and tumor grade using macromolecular contrast medium (r 2 = 0.25, P < 0.003). No correlation between KPS or fPV values and tumor grade was found using gadopentetate (r 2 = 0.01, P > 0.95 and r2 = 0.03, P > 0.15, respectively). CONCLUSION Quantitative tumor microvascular permeability assays generated with macromolecular MRI contrast medium correlate closely with histologic tumor grade. No significant correlation is found using small-molecular gadopentetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Daldrup
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628, USA
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