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Gueorguieva I, Aarons L, Ogungbenro K, Jorga KM, Rodgers T, Rowland M. Optimal design for multivariate response pharmacokinetic models. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2006; 33:97-124. [PMID: 16550455 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-006-9009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We address the problem of designing pharmacokinetic experiments in multivariate response situations. Criteria, based on the Fisher information matrix, whose inverse according to the Rao-Cramer inequality is the lower bound of the variance-covariance matrix of any unbiased estimator of the parameters, have previously been developed for univariate response for an individual and a population. We extend these criteria to design individual and population studies where more than one response is measured, for example, when both parent drug and metabolites are measured in plasma, multi-compartment models, where measurements are taken at more than one site, or when drug concentration and pharmacodynamic data are collected simultaneously. We assume that measurements made at distinct times are independent, but measurements made of each concentration are correlated with a response variance-covariance matrix. We investigated a number of optimisation algorithms, namely simplex, exchange, adaptive random search, simulated annealing and a hybrid, to maximise the determinant of the Fisher information matrix as required by the D-optimality criterion. The multiresponse optimal design methodology developed was applied in two case studies, where the aim was to suggest optimal sampling times. The first was a restrospective iv infusion experiment aimed to characterise the disposition kinetics of tolcapone and its two metabolites in healthy volunteers. The second was a prospective iv bolus experiment designed to estimate the tissue disposition kinetics of eight beta-blockers in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Gueorguieva
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Mani AR, Pannala AS, Orie NN, Ollosson R, Harry D, Rice-Evans CA, Moore KP. Nitration of endogenous para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and the metabolism of nitrotyrosine. Biochem J 2003; 374:521-7. [PMID: 12797864 PMCID: PMC1223612 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite, can nitrate tyrosine in proteins to form nitrotyrosine. Nitrotyrosine is metabolized to 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (NHPA), which is excreted in the urine. This has led to the notion that measurement of urinary NHPA may provide a time-integrated index of nitrotyrosine formation in vivo. However, it is not known whether NHPA is derived exclusively from metabolism of nitrotyrosine, or whether it can be formed by nitration of circulating para -hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PHPA), a metabolite of tyrosine. In the present study, we have developed a gas chromatography MS assay for NHPA and PHPA to determine whether or not NHPA can be formed directly by nitration of PHPA. Following the injection of nitrotyrosine, 0.5+/-0.16% of injected dose was recovered unchanged as nitrotyrosine, and 4.3+/-0.2% as NHPA in the urine. To determine whether or not NHPA could be formed by the nitration of PHPA, deuterium-labelled PHPA ([(2)H(6)]PHPA) was injected, and the formation of deuterated NHPA ([(2)H(5)]NHPA) was measured. Of the infused [(2)H(6)]PHPA, 78+/-2% was recovered in the urine unchanged, and approx. 0.23% was recovered as [(2)H(5)]NHPA. Since the plasma concentration of PHPA is markedly higher than free nitrotyrosine (approx. 400-fold), the nitration of high-circulating endogenous PHPA to form NHPA becomes very significant and accounts for the majority of NHPA excreted in urine. This is the first study to demonstrate that NHPA can be formed by nitration of PHPA in vivo, and that this is the major route for its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Mani
- Centre for Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Abstract
We developed a convenient colorimetric assay for monitoring RNA synthesis from DNA-dependent RNA polymerases (DdRp) and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp). ATP and GTP with a p-nitrophenyl moiety attached to the gamma-phosphate were synthesized (PNP-NTPs). These PNP-NTPs can be used for RNA synthesis by several RNA polymerases, including the RdRps from brome mosaic virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus and the DdRps from bacteriophage T7 and SP6. When the polymerase reactions were performed in the presence of alkaline phosphatase, which digests the p-nitrophenylpyrophosphate side-product of phosphoryl transfer to the chromogenic p-nitrophenylate, an increase in absorbence at 405 nm was observed. These nucleotide analogues were used in continuous colorimetric monitoring of polymerase activity. Furthermore, the PNP-NTPs were found to be stable and utilized by RNA polymerases in the presence of human plasma. This simple colorimetric polymerase assay can be performed in a standard laboratory spectrophotometer and will be useful in screens for inhibitors of viral RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vassiliou
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Santos FT, Scofano HM, Barrabin H, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Mignaco JA. A novel role of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid as an activator of the phosphatase activity catalyzed by plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase. Biochemistry 1999; 38:10552-8. [PMID: 10441152 DOI: 10.1021/bi990300x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate catalyzed by the erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-ATPase is stimulated by low concentrations of the compound 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a classic inhibitor of anion transport. Enhancement of the phosphatase activity varies from 2- to 6-fold, depending on the Ca2+ and calmodulin concentrations used. Maximum stimulation of the pNPPase activity in ghosts is reached at 4-5 microM DIDS. Under the same conditions, but with ATP rather than pNPP as the substrate, the Ca2+-ATPase activity is strongly inhibited. Activation of pNPP hydrolysis by DIDS is equally effective for both ghosts and purified enzyme, and therefore is independent of its effect as an anion transport inhibitor. Binding of the activator does not change the Ca2+ dependence of the pNPPase activity. Stimulation is partially additive to the activation of the pNPPase activity elicited by calmodulin and appears to involve a strong affinity binding or covalent binding to sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme, since activation is reversed by addition of dithiothreitol but not by washing. The degree of activation of pNPP hydrolysis is greater at alkaline pH values. DIDS decreases the apparent affinity of the enzyme for pNPP whether in the presence of Ca2+ alone or Ca2+ and calmodulin or in the absence of Ca2+ (with 5 microM DIDS the observed Km shifts from 4.8 +/- 1.4 to 10.1 +/- 2.6, from 3.8 +/- 0.4 to 7.0 +/- 0.8, and from 9.3 +/- 0.7 to 15.5 +/- 1.1 mM, respectively). However, the pNPPase rate is always increased (as above, from 3.6 +/- 0.6 to 11.2 +/- 1.7, from 4.4 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 0.9, and from 2.6 +/- 0.6 to 18.6 +/- 3.9 nmol mg-1 min-1, in the presence of Ca2+ alone or Ca2+ and calmodulin or in the absence of Ca2+, respectively). ATP inhibits the pNPPase activity in the absence of Ca2+, both in the presence and in the absence of DIDS. Therefore, kinetic evidence indicates that DIDS does more than shift the enzyme to the E2 conformation. We propose that the transition from E2 to E1 is decreased and a new enzyme conformer, denoted E2*, is accumulated in the presence of DIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, ICB/CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro-Cidade Universitária, Brasil
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Renner S, Klingebiel T, Niethammer D, Bruchelt G, Meissner T, Eisenbeiss F. Isotachophoretic determination of phosphate splitting from Amifostine and p-nitrophenyl phosphate in serum and neuroblastoma cells. J Chromatogr A 1999; 838:251-7. [PMID: 10327642 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amifostine [WR-2721; H2N-(CH2)3-NH-(CH2)2-S-PO3H2] is used as a protecting agent in the chemotherapy of neuroblastoma. It is supposed that Amifostine will be transformed into its active form, the free thiol (WR-1065), easier by normal cells than by tumour cells. Analytical capillary isotachophoresis was used to determine the dephosphorylation of Amifostine in serum and on neuroblastoma cells and peripheral blood cells. Furthermore, the biological effects of Amifostine and its free thiol, on cell proliferation of neuroblastoma cells were measured in combination with Carboplatin. It was found that neuroblastoma cells did not split phosphate less efficiently than normal peripheral blood cells. Furthermore, neither Amifostine (as expected) nor the free thiol (not expected according to the theory) were able to inhibit the effects of Carboplatin. Therefore, the current hypothesis concerning the mode of action of Amifostine must be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Renner
- Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Substituted aminomethylphenol dyes, low-molecular-mass isoelectric point (pI) markers and hemoglobin samples from normal individuals and diabetic patients were used to test a new set-up of capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) in uncoated capillaries. In previous cIEF methods, a mixture of sample components and carrier ampholytes was applied in the capillary and analyzed. In the new set-up a fractionated injection protocol is used to apply a 'sandwich' ampholyte-sample-ampholyte plug in the capillary for analysis. This new set-up allows the separation of amphoteric compounds having pI values outside the pH region of the ampholytes applied in the capillary with high precision. The high resolution power of this technique was proven with the analysis of hemoglobin variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kilár
- Central Research Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
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Abstract
We showed direct evidence of peroxynitrite formation from polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) with the nitration of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetic acid (NO2HPA). Human PMN from healthy volunteers was stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 10 ng/ml) at 37 degrees C in 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid-buffered Hank's balanced salt solution (pH 7.4) with HPA (1 mM). NO2HPA was detected under PMA stimulation only in the presence of myeloperoxidase inhibitor. NO2HPA was eliminated by N-monomethyl-L-arginine (100 microM). The inhibition of myeloperoxidase appears to be essential to demonstrate the production of NO2HPA since myeloperoxidase itself or its product, hypochlorite, reacted with peroxynitrite and hampered the formation of NO2HPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fukuyama
- Department of Physiology 2, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Ploemen JH, Wormhoudt LW, van Ommen B, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP, van Bladeren PJ. Polymorphism in the glutathione conjugation activity of human erythrocytes towards ethylene dibromide and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243:469-76. [PMID: 7727522 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(94)00175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study a polymorphism in the conjugating activity of human erythrocyte cytosol towards the dihaloethane, ethylene dibromide (EDB; 1,2-dibromoethane) was found. Two out of 12 human erythrocyte cytosols did not catalyze the formation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates of [1,2-14C]EDB. Ten cytosols formed the S,S'-ethylenebis(GSH) conjugate at a rate ranging from 0.5 to 3.2 (mean 1.76 +/- 0.95) pmol min-1 (mg protein)-1. The activity of the cytosols towards EDB was compared with the activity towards 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane (EPNP) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The GSH conjugates formed from EDB, EPNP and CDNB were all quantified by HPLC. Every cytosol was active with the classical GST substrate CDNB (2.04 +/- 0.74 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1). The two samples not showing any detectable activity towards EDB were also inactive towards EPNP: The activity towards EDB correlated significantly with EPNP (rs = 0.90, P < 0.005; Spearman's rank correlation), but not with CDNB (rs = 0.36, P > 0.10). In the incubations with EPNP, the alpha-, mu-, and pi- class glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor S-hexyl(GSH) was included, indicating that the class-theta GST is the principal GST class conjugating EDB in erythrocyte cytosol. The apparent polymorphism of GST-theta which has recently been recognized to be crucial for several mono- and dihalomethanes, will thus also have considerable implications for the risk assessment of EDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ploemen
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Division of Toxicology, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Gosling P, Zareian M. Fresh haemolysis interferes with blocked p-nitrophenylmaltoheptaoside amylase methods. Ann Clin Biochem 1994; 31 ( Pt 4):371-3. [PMID: 7526769 DOI: 10.1177/000456329403100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two commercial amylase methods which employ p-nitrophenol derivatives of blocked maltoheptaosides suffer from negative interference due to fresh haemolysate. Specimen storage at room temperature, or pre-incubation at 37 degrees C or 57 degrees C removes the effect. Incubation of amylase reagent at 37 degrees C with fresh haemolysate where the final haemoglobin concentration was 0.011 g/L, showed a rapid fall in absorption around 414 nm which became stable after 150 min. Since p-nitrophenol, the product of the amylase reaction, is measured at 405 nm it is concluded that the negative interference from fresh haemolysis is due to the transitory fall in absorption around 405 nm. It is recommended that amylase measurements using this technique, particularly those performed as an emergency, should not be done on haemolysed specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gosling
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Vitarius JA, Sultatos LG. Kinetic mechanism of the detoxification of the organophosphate paraoxon by human serum A-esterase. Drug Metab Dispos 1994; 22:472-8. [PMID: 8070326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian detoxification of certain organophosphates, such as paraoxon [O,O-diethyl (p-nitrophenyl) phosphate], is catalyzed by the enzyme A-esterase. In this study, incubations of human serum in 50 mM glycine buffer (pH 10.5) with paraoxon resulted in the nonlinear production of p-nitrophenol, characterized by a rapid initial phase for the first several minutes of the incubation, followed by a second, slower phase in which the velocity approached constancy. Production of p-nitrophenol could be accurately fitted to the velocity equation for an Ordered Uni Bi kinetic mechanism with initial-burst activity, yielding estimates of appk2, appk3, and appE, for 10 human subjects. Increasing calcium concentration in the incubation resulted in increases in appk3 and appE, without affecting appk2. Conversely, addition of 1 M sodium chloride decreased the appk3 and appE, but did not alter appk2. And finally, a continuous system computer model was constructed based on the differential equations descriptive of an Ordered Uni Bi kinetic mechanism. This model accurately simulated production of p-nitrophenol from human serum, providing further support that A-esterase hydrolyzes paraoxon by an Ordered Uni Bi kinetic mechanism with initial-burst activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vitarius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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Nakamura J, Mizuma T, Hayashi M, Awazu S. Species and organ differences of sulphate conjugation of p-nitrophenol in liver and platelets. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992; 40:1964-5. [PMID: 1394721 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.40.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulphate conjugation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) in the liver and platelet cytosol of guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs were studied. The dependency of phenol sulphotransferase (PST) activity on p-NP concentration in the liver of guinea pigs and rabbits and in the platelets of guinea pigs were similar to that reported for the liver (Mizuma et al., J. Pharmacobio-Dyn., 6, 851 (1983)) and platelets (Nakamura et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 42, 207 (1990)) of rats. There was one peak of PST activity on p-NP at the concentration of 1 to 10 microM, and the PST activity was increased again with an increase of p-NP concentration above the original concentration. On the other hand, a peak in PST activity on p-NP at the concentration of 1 to 10 microM was not observed in the platelets of rabbits and dogs. These results indicated species and organ differences in PST activity on p-NP in liver and platelets. The biphasic activities of the PST and p-NP in platelets and liver of rat and guinea pig were similar to that reported in humans (Reiter et al., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 324, 140 (1983)).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nakamura
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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Abstract
p-Nitrophenol (pNP) and its conjugated metabolites, generated in a perfused rat liver preparation, are readily separated and quantitated in serum perfusate and bile samples using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Serum perfusate samples can be analyzed following protein precipitation with acetonitrile: following protein precipitation with 1.5 M perchloric acid (1 part to 2 parts serum) there was degradation of pNP sulfate to pNP when samples were stored at room temperature. pNP can also be analyzed in blood perfusate samples following extraction with a number of organic solvents including ethyl acetate or isobutanol-methylene chloride (4:1, v/v). Rat liver perfusions at a constant input concentration of 40 microM demonstrated a high hepatic extraction ratio of pNP (mean of 0.90) due to the formation of the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates; no pNP glucoside was detected in perfusate or bile samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York, Buffalo 14260
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Robert TA, Hagardorn AN. Plasma levels and kinetic disposition of 2,4-dinitrophenol and its metabolites 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol in the mouse. J Chromatogr 1985; 344:177-86. [PMID: 4086539 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Eleven groups of six ICR mice were dosed orally with 22.5 mg/kg 2,4-dinitrophenol. Groups were sacrificed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h post-treatment and plasma was collected for analysis of dinitrophenol, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol content. Analyses were performed by capillary gas chromatography--mass spectrometry after liquid--liquid extraction of plasma specimens spiked with two internal standards. Quantification was based upon peak-area ratios of base peaks obtained from the three analytes and the trideuterated internal standards 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2-amino-4-nitrophenol. Plasma concentrations for each analyte versus their respective time periods were subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis. Of the two monoamine metabolites, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol was present in the greater amount and had an elimination half-life of 46 h from plasma while that of 4-amino-2-nitrophenol was 26 h.
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Michalke P. Determination of p-nitrophenol in serum and urine by enzymatic and non-enzymatic conjugate hydrolysis and HPLC. Application after parathion intoxication. Z Rechtsmed 1984; 92:95-100. [PMID: 6720111 DOI: 10.1007/bf02116217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In connection with the toxicologic analysis of a number of parathion intoxications a method for determination of free and conjugated forms of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) as the main metabolite of parathion in blood and urine was established. Quantification of conjugates is based on their hydrolysis followed by detection of p-NP using a sensitive HPLC method. Hydrolysis of both p-NP-glucuronide and p-NP-sulfate is performed by specific enzymes and also by mineral acid, the latter is also found to be highly selective under definite conditions. The two hydrolysis methods applied showed a good correlation. The levels of free and conjugated p-NP in series of blood and urine samples were established after survival from two parathion intoxications. The individual levels of p-NP-sulfate and p-NP-glucuronide in both cases are discussed in respect of results made by other authors in this field.
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Sollenne NP, Means GE. Characterization of a specific drug binding site of human serum albumin. Mol Pharmacol 1979; 15:754-7. [PMID: 492155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Harzer K, Barchet R. [Detection and determination of parathion and p-nitrophenol in biological material by reverse-phase-high-power-liquid chromatography (author's transl)]. Arch Toxicol 1975; 34:47-52. [PMID: 1242635 DOI: 10.1007/bf00353338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2 persons (female and male) who committed suicide reverse-phase-high-power-liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect, in the first case, Parathion in the stomach and blood as well as p-Nitrophenol in the kidneys, and in the second case, p-Nitrophenol in the urine. The Parathion in the stomach was analyzed in quantity, directly and also after hydrolysis to p-Nitrophenol. The results were checked with gas-chromatographic and spectralphotometric methods.
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Lech JJ, Statham CN. Role of glucuronide formation in the selective toxicity of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) for the sea lamprey: comparative aspects of TFM uptake and conjugation in sea lamprey and rainbow trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1975; 31:150-8. [PMID: 1129784 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(75)90063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lech JJ. Glucuronide formation in rainbow trout--effect of salicylamide on the acute toxicity, conjugation and excretion of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:2403-10. [PMID: 4429574 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gál G, Simon L, Rengei B, Mindszenty L, Ember M. Hemodialysis in the treatment of poisoning by methylparathion. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1970; 1:553-60. [PMID: 5524263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Skrinjarić-Spoljar M, Reiner E. Hydrolysis of diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate and ethyl-p-nitrophenylethylphosphonate by human sera. Biochim Biophys Acta 1968; 165:289-92. [PMID: 5683529 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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