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Cai C, Rome BN. Reforming Pharmacy Benefit Managers - A Review of Bipartisan Legislation. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:1640-1643. [PMID: 37902281 DOI: 10.1056/nejmp2309533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cai
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.C.), and the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (B.N.R.) - both in Boston
| | - Benjamin N Rome
- From the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.C.), and the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (B.N.R.) - both in Boston
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Gharpure R, Guo A, Bishnoi CK, Patel U, Gifford D, Tippins A, Jaffe A, Shulman E, Stone N, Mungai E, Bagchi S, Bell J, Srinivasan A, Patel A, Link-Gelles R. Early COVID-19 First-Dose Vaccination Coverage Among Residents and Staff Members of Skilled Nursing Facilities Participating in the Pharmacy Partnership for Long-Term Care Program - United States, December 2020-January 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:178-182. [PMID: 33539332 PMCID: PMC7861479 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7005e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kennedy DR, Harrell TK, Lodise NM, Mattingly TJ, Norenberg JP, Ragucci K, Ranelli P, Stewart AS. Current Status and Best Practices of Shared Governance in US Pharmacy Programs. Am J Pharm Educ 2020; 84:ajpe7281. [PMID: 32773821 PMCID: PMC7405305 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To characterize shared governance in US schools and colleges of pharmacy and recommend best practices to promote faculty engagement and satisfaction. Findings. The literature review revealed only one study on governance in a pharmacy school and some data from an AACP Faculty Survey. Of the 926 faculty members who responded to the survey, the majority were satisfied or very satisfied with faculty governance (64%) and the level of input into faculty governance (63%) at their school. Faculty members in administrative positions and those at public institutions were more satisfied with governance. The forum resulted in the development of five themes: establish a clear vision of governance in all areas; ensure that faculty members are aware of their roles and responsibilities within the governance structure; ensure faculty members are able to join committees of interest; recognize and reward faculty contributions to governance; and involve all full-time faculty members in governance, regardless of their tenure status. Summary. Establishing shared governance within a school or college of pharmacy impacts overall faculty satisfaction and potentially faculty retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Kennedy
- Western New England University, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | - Nicole M. Lodise
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - T. Joseph Mattingly
- Editorial Board Member, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Arlington, Virginia
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kelly Ragucci
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Paul Ranelli
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Angela S. Stewart
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakama, Washington
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Ginsburg DB, Law AV, Mann HJ, Palombi L, Smith WT, Truong HA, Volino LR, Ekoma JO. Report of the 2018-2019 Strategic Engagement Standing Committee. Am J Pharm Educ 2020; 84:7597. [PMID: 32292198 PMCID: PMC7055409 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Strategic engagement is critical to the success of colleges and schools of pharmacy in expanding pharmacy and public health practice, meeting programmatic needs, and fulfilling institutional missions. The AACP 2019-2020 Strategic Engagement Committee was charged with exploring faculty leadership and development as they relate to strategic engagement, considering challenges and barriers to faculty participation and identifying successes in faculty engagement and opportunities for professional development. The committee reviewed literature and examples regarding strategic engagement across academic pharmacy, with strategic engagement understood as being part of the service mission of academic institutions. The committee found faculty service is often not rewarded or recognized equally to efforts in research and education, including in promotion and tenure. The perceived low value often accorded to strategic engagement efforts, coupled with lack of time and low priority for the work, are barriers to faculty participation in strategic engagement. Service missions thrive when supported by institutional culture, faculty and alumni role models and administration priorities. The committee also found that there is no defined path to leadership in most national organizations, a limited number of leadership positions and a lack of awareness regarding these positions. However, strategic engagement with organizations can open doors and increase visibility for faculty, leading to enhanced opportunities and improved scholarship. Engagement efforts can be particularly successful when aligned with faculty interests and school and departmental priorities. Based on the committee's work, the following recommendations are provided to AACP for consideration.Recommendation #1 - AACP should create a pathway or exemplar stories of members who have become leaders within the Academy including institutional and volunteer leadership roles.Recommendation #2 - AACP should provide an organizational chart to outline the reporting structures, as well as the policy development process to help members understand how AACP works and points of entry for involvement.Recommendation #3 - AACP should develop an initiative to "groom" faculty for leadership roles including providing tools/training programs for emerging leaders within the Academy.Recommendation #4 - AACP should consider creating a community for targeted groups of faculty, eg, tenured/tenure-track and non-tenure track to address leadership development and engagement based on member interest.Recommendation #5 - AACP should establish a "service mentors" program to match current and past leaders with members interested in enhancing their involvement in the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Ginsburg
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Anandi V Law
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Henry J Mann
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Laura Palombi
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - W Thomas Smith
- College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Manchester University, North Manchester, Indiana
| | - Hoai-An Truong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Lucio R Volino
- School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey O Ekoma
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
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O'Donnell JM, Anand S, Brown SD, Fuji KT, Guy RK, Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Meier KE, Nelson CE, Vyas A, Block KF, Farrell DF. Report of the 2018-2019 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7595. [PMID: 32001891 PMCID: PMC6983900 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 Research and Graduate Affairs Committee (RGAC) was charged with critically evaluating the leadership development support necessary for pharmacy researchers, including postdoctoral trainees, to develop the skills needed to build and sustain successful research programs and analyzing how well those needs are being met by existing programs both within AACP and at other organizations. The RGAC identified a set of skills that could reasonably be expected to provide the necessary foundation to successfully lead a research team and mapped these skills to the six domains of graduate education in the pharmaceutical sciences established by the 2016-2017 RGAC (Table 1). In addition, the RGAC identified competency in team science and the bench-to-bedside-to-beyond translational spectrum as being critical elements of research leadership. The universality of these skills and their value prompted the RGAC to make two related recommendations to AACP: [Table: see text] Recommendation 1: AACP should promote the development and use of strategies to ensure intentional and ongoing professional development, such as Individual Development Plans. Recommendation 2: AACP should explore collaborative research leadership development opportunities between faculty at research-intensive institutions and faculty at non-research-intensive institutions. The RGAC also examined programs available at AACP and other national organizations that could help pharmacy faculty develop foundational skills for research leadership (Table 2). The RGAC administered two surveys, one to administrators responsible for research at colleges and schools of pharmacy and one to faculty members at pharmacy schools, to gather information about training needs, programming and support available for research leadership development. Administrators and faculty agreed that research is important for career advancement for faculty, and almost all administrators reported their schools provide funds, release time and mentoring for participation in research career development. However, a lack of faculty awareness regarding programs and available support may be a barrier to participation. The RGAC therefore makes two recommendations and one suggestion related to AACP programming: [Table: see text] Recommendation 3: AACP should expand research leadership development opportunities building from existing programs such as ALFP and AACP Catalyst, with consideration placed on developing programs that promote collaborative research. Recommendation 4: AACP should collaborate with other professional organizations to expand research leadership development opportunities across the academy. Suggestion 1: Colleges and schools of pharmacy should take a proactive role in promoting and facilitating research leadership development for faculty. The RGAC separately examined the research leadership development needs of postdoctoral trainees, recognizing the distinct needs of trainees along the PhD or PhD/PharmD, PharmD/fellowship, and PharmD/residency paths. A review of organizational resources and opportunities for post-doctoral trainees available from national organizations, including AACP, was undertaken (Table 5). The RGAC sees an opportunity for AACP to foster research development of those trainees whose career track will likely be in clinical practice and makes one recommendation and one suggestion related to postdoctoral trainees: Recommendation 5: AACP should support and/or develop programs and activities for pharmacy residents seeking to transition into faculty positions to acquire the skills necessary to develop and lead research programs. Suggestion 2: Colleges and schools of pharmacy should include postdoctoral trainees with academic interests in research leadership development opportunities available to junior faculty. In addition, the RGAC proposed one policy statement that was adopted July 2019 by the AACP House of Delegates: Policy Statement: AACP recognizes the positive role that research leadership development can play in the success of early and mid-career faculty.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M O'Donnell
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sridhar Anand
- MCPHS University School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stacy D Brown
- East Tennessee State University Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kevin T Fuji
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Kathryn E Meier
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington
| | | | - Ami Vyas
- University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Kirsten F Block
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
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Schoelles-Williams J, English DE, Godwin DA, Hammond L, Mason HL, Petrelli HM, Roni M, Sousa KM, Van Amburgh JA, Ross LJ. Report of the 2018-2019 Student Affairs Standing Committee. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7656. [PMID: 32001894 PMCID: PMC6983882 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The 2018-2019 Student Affairs Standing Committee addressed charges related to examining the institutional leadership models and professional development needs of faculty and staff to optimize achievement of Strategic Priority #1 on the applicant pipeline. The report provides five recommendations to AACP and twelve suggestions for colleges and schools of pharmacy. The committee focused on the need to develop tailored leadership training and mentoring programs for admissions personnel on relevant topics, including change management, holistic thinking, leadership, problem solving, technical knowledge, professional development, paths for promotion, conflict resolution, networking, persuasive communication, and strategic planning. Rather than develop new resources, the committee identified existing professional competencies and assessment resources developed by other organizations for student affairs and admissions personnel that could spur enhanced strategic marketing and professional development opportunities in pharmacy education. It also reaffirmed the need for student diversity and the use of data to drive strategic decisions in recruitment. To identify gaps in knowledge among AACP member institutions, the committee analyzed the results of its fall 2018 survey on the current depth and breadth of student recruitment activities and their perceived effectiveness. The committee also recommended ways institutions can encourage faculty and others outside of the admissions office to participate in student recruitment activities. Finally, the committee concluded that it will be necessary for colleges and schools to collaborate across the academy to promote the benefits of pharmacy profession to prospective students, rather than individual colleges and schools of pharmacy, and be more responsive to the expectations of Gen Z students before the tide in applications will shift in a positive direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dale E. English
- Sullivan University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Donald A Godwin
- University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lauren Hammond
- Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Homewood, Alabama
| | - Holly L. Mason
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | | | - Monzurul Roni
- Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Kyle M. Sousa
- Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jenny A. Van Amburgh
- Northeastern University Bouve College of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Libby J. Ross
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia
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Abstract
Disruptive innovation became a buzz phrase in the mid-1990s in the business world. In this commentary, the application of this term to pharmacy within the context of the current status of pharmacy education and practice, highlighting barriers, discussing requirements, and identifying implications for future innovative opportunities in pharmacy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Z Alsharif
- Creighton University, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska
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Piascik P, Boyle CJ, Chase P, DiPiro JT, Scott ST, Maine LL. Reexamining the Academic Partnerships with Federal Pharmacy: 2018-19 Argus Commission Report. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7655. [PMID: 32001893 PMCID: PMC6983897 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Argus Commission examined the history and current status of progressive pharmacy patient care services across several federal branches of government, including the Veterans Administration, Department of Defense, and the U.S. Public Health Service where officers and civilian pharmacists practice in the Indian Health Service, Bureau of Prisons, Area Health Education Centers and other locations. The engagement of pharmacy faculty, students and residents in these practices was assessed. Colleges and schools of pharmacy advocate for the expansion of the capacity for placement of learners in these progressive practices. AACP is encouraged to establish on going collaborations with federal pharmacy leaders to create new opportunities for partnerships that advance patient care, especially for special populations served in these federal programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Piascik
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, Chair
| | - Cynthia J Boyle
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia Chase
- Oregon State University/Oregon Health Sciences University College of Pharmacy, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joseph T DiPiro
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven T Scott
- Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Lucinda L Maine
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Arlington, Virginia, Staff Liaison
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Kolanczyk DM, Borchert JS, Lempicki KA. Focus group describing simulation-based learning for cardiovascular topics in US colleges and schools of pharmacy. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2019; 11:1144-1151. [PMID: 31783961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This qualitative focus group study sought to describe how colleges of pharmacy use simulation-based learning (SBL) to teach cardiovascular topics and to identify challenges and benefits. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were recruited from a screening survey disseminated via e-mail to select American College of Clinical Pharmacy Practice and Research networks. Subjects were selected based on diversity in institution and simulation types. Two 1-hour focus group sessions were conducted by the primary investigator following a script designed by the research team. Each recorded session was independently reviewed by all investigators and coded into final themes. Results are reported in a qualitative fashion. RESULTS Five individuals provided consent and participated. Themes identified include topics, formats, interprofessional education, challenges, strategies for success, and benefits. Frequent topics included advanced cardiac life support, heart failure, hypertension, and transitions of care. Multiple formats were used including standardized patients or providers, task trainers, and high-fidelity mannequins. Multiple institutions reported simulating interprofessional teams by involving students from other health professions. Scheduling, pharmacy program size, faculty availability, and logistics around planning and/or conducting an event were identified challenges. Institutions reported success when clear expectations were provided to students and skill development progressed from low-stakes to high-stakes events. Benefits reported included real world applicability with participants noting that students do not realize the importance of SBL until they have reached rotations. CONCLUSIONS Various topics and simulation methods were employed to teach cardiovascular topics. While challenges exist, institutions have identified strategies for success and report students recognized the benefits to their learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Kolanczyk
- Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | - Jill S Borchert
- Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
| | - Kelly A Lempicki
- Clinical Skills and Simulation Center, Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States.
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10
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Jimenez L, Ruiz N, Benavides S, Deb S, Caballero J, Parmar J. Comparison of NAPLEX pass rates for non-modifiable determinants of pharmacy programs in the United States. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2019; 11:1117-1122. [PMID: 31783957 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Students consider numerous variables before applying to a doctor of pharmacy program. Some key non-modifiable variables may include program length, institution type, graduating class size, and pharmacy school grading system. The purpose of this study was to determine if there exists a difference in North American Pharmacists Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) performance based upon these variables. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study using observational data. NAPLEX pass rates from 2015 to 2017 were obtained from the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) website. Data for pharmacy programs were extracted from the program, Pharmacy College Application Service, American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, and NABP websites. RESULTS Based on each pharmacy program's performance on NAPLEX, variables with significantly higher pass rates were public institutions and those with graduating class sizes of 100 or more students. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that graduating class size of 100 or more students and public institutions were significant predictors of success on the NAPLEX. Lower pass rates in 2016 may be due to the examination changes implemented by NABP that year. It is possible that programs and students were not being adequately prepared for the changes made to the NAPLEX format. Although not statistically significant, there was a rise in pass rates between the years 2016 and 2017. Therefore, future studies such as this one should be performed to compare NAPLEX pass rates from 2017 forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisy Jimenez
- Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
| | - Nelly Ruiz
- Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
| | - Sandra Benavides
- Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
| | - Subrata Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
| | - Joshua Caballero
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
| | - Jayesh Parmar
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, Larkin University-College of Pharmacy, 18301 N. Miami Avenue, Miami, FL 33169, United States.
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Cameron ST, Baraitser P, Glasier A, McDaid L, Norrie J, Radley A, Stephenson JM, Trussell J, Battison C, Cameron S, Cowle K, Forrest M, Gilson R, Goulao B, Johnstone A, McDonald A, Morelli A, Patterson S, Sally D, Stewart N. Pragmatic cluster randomised cohort cross-over trial to determine the effectiveness of bridging from emergency to regular contraception: the Bridge-It study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029978. [PMID: 31672711 PMCID: PMC6830607 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral emergency contraception (EC) can prevent unintended pregnancy but it is important to start a regular method of contraception. Women in the UK usually access EC from a pharmacy but then need a subsequent appointment with a general practitioner or a sexual and reproductive health (SRH) service to access regular contraception. Unintended pregnancies can occur during this time. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Bridge-It is a pragmatic cluster randomised cohort cross-over trial designed to determine whether pharmacist provision of a bridging supply of a progestogen-only pill (POP) plus rapid access to a local SRH clinic, results in increased uptake of effective contraception and prevents more unintended pregnancies than provision of EC alone. Bridge-It involves 31 pharmacies in three UK regions (London, Lothian and Tayside) aiming to recruit 626-737 women. Pharmacies will give EC (levonorgestrel) according to normal practice and recruit women to both intervention and the control phases of the study. In the intervention phase, pharmacists will provide the POP (desogestrel) and offer rapid access to an SRH clinic. In the control phase, pharmacists will advise women to attend a contraceptive provider for contraception (standard care).Women will be asked 4 months later about contraceptive use. Data linkage to abortion registries will provide abortion rates over 12 months. The sample size is calculated on the primary outcome of effective contraception use at 4 months (yes/no) with 90% power and a 5% level of significance. Abortion rates will be an exploratory secondary analysis. Process evaluation includes interviews with pharmacists, SRH clinicians and women. Cost-effectiveness analysis will use a healthcare system perspective and be expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was received from South East Scotland REC June 2017. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN70616901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Tracey Cameron
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Sexual and Reproductive Health, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paula Baraitser
- Department of Sexual Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anna Glasier
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lisa McDaid
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Norrie
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Radley
- Directorate of Public Health, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicines and Diabetes, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Judith M Stephenson
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Trussell
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Claire Battison
- Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Cameron
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Mark Forrest
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Richard Gilson
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Goulao
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anne Johnstone
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison McDonald
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alessandra Morelli
- Department of Sexual Health, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Susan Patterson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Deirdre Sally
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Stewart
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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Baker B, DiPiro JT. Evaluation of a Structured Onboarding Process and Tool for Faculty Members in a School of Pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ 2019; 83:7100. [PMID: 31507295 PMCID: PMC6718493 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To develop and assess the usefulness of a structured onboarding process and tool at a school of pharmacy to improve the overall onboarding experience for new faculty members. Methods. An assessment of a previously existing, informal onboarding process was conducted from January 1 to February 28, 2017. A structured onboarding tool was developed based on interviews with nine recently hired faculty members regarding their experiences with this legacy, unstructured onboarding process. Nine faculty members who onboarded while the legacy onboarding process was in place and six faculty members who onboarded after the new, onboarding tool was in place were included in the study. The experience of the pre-tool cohort was compared to that of the post-tool cohort. Results. More positive responses in the post-tool cohort were obtained compared to the pre-tool cohort in regard to timeline, expectations, and mentorship. More negative responses for the post-tool group were observed for communication. Overall utility of the onboarding tool changed from 56% (pre-tool group) to 80% (post-tool group). Free text feedback included recommendations to rearrange tasks throughout the onboarding process; clarifying mentor responsibilities and expectations; and providing an overview of the checklist to new faculty members on day 1. Conclusion. Overall, a structured onboarding process tool improved the onboarding experience for new faculty members. Given the lack of literature regarding a structured onboarding process in the academic setting, further refinement and analysis of the onboarding tool is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph T. DiPiro
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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13
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Schommer JC, Olson AW, Isetts BJ. Transforming community-based pharmacy practice through financially sustainable centers for health and personal care. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2019. [PMID: 30573373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jap.2018.20.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a case for transforming community-based pharmacy practice through financially sustainable centers for health and personal care. SUMMARY Macro-level changes in health care laws, markets, technology, organizational systems, and professional education have increased the capacity for pharmacists to competently provide patient care and public health services that surpass the current workflow designs of most community pharmacies. Community-based pharmacy practices have an opportunity to fundamentally transform into financially sustainable centers for health and personal care. This would require changing our objective from connecting products with customers to one that connects practitioners to patients. Rather than inventory generating revenue, patient care generates revenue. Rather than success being measured by number of prescriptions filled, it would be measured by patient outcomes. Physical spaces would no longer be organized to display and sell products; they would be organized for patients to receive services. Finally, this would require that business would change from being sought through the generation of prescriptions to being sought through recruitment of patients. CONCLUSION Community-based pharmacy practice can be transformed through the development of financially sustainable centers for health and personal care that would (1) be focused on optimizing care, (2) use patient care business models, and (3) be conducive to patients "receiving care" rather than "purchasing products."
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Hackerson ML, Luder HR, Beck AF, Wedig JM, Heaton PC, Frede SM. Addressing primary nonadherence: A collaboration between a community pharmacy and a large pediatric clinic. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2018; 58:S101-S108.e1. [PMID: 29730152 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To decrease nonadherence rates through the design and implementation of a collaborative prescription management program involving a community pharmacy and a large pediatric primary care center. PRACTICE INNOVATION Kroger and Cincinnati Children's Pediatric Primary Care Center collaborated to identify and address patients' barriers to filling new prescriptions. After filling new medications for clinic patients, pharmacists telephoned patients to inform them that their prescription was ready and to reinforce the importance of initiating the therapy. Pharmacists followed up with families to address barriers when prescriptions remained at the pharmacy after 48 hours. Pharmacists communicated with prescribers if prescriptions were not filled, allowing the clinic staff to follow up. EVALUATION The primary outcome of this prospective pilot study with a comparison group was primary nonadherence (PNA), defined as the proportion of patients who did not pick up prescriptions or a reasonable alternative within 30 days after the pharmacy received the prescription. Secondary outcomes were the impact on secondary nonadherence and identification of adherence barriers. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were enrolled from November 2016 to April 2017. Characteristics between the intervention group and a standard-care group were similar. The majority of prescribed medications were for acute conditions, the average patient age was 4.9 years, and 86% of patients were covered by Medicaid. Intervention patients had significantly less PNA compared with the standard-care group (14.0% vs. 53.3%, respectively; P < 0.001). Intervention patients had significantly greater secondary adherence rates compared with standard-care patients (38.8% vs. 7%; P < 0.001). Common barriers likely resulting in PNA included lack of time, lack of urgency, transportation challenges, and cost. CONCLUSION Increased communication between the primary care provider and the community pharmacy, coupled with targeted patient-specific interventions before the initial fill of medications, resulted in significant reductions in PNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind Rao
- UMBC 1000 Hilltop Circle Baltimore, MD 21250
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Hann M, Schafheutle EI, Bradley F, Elvey R, Wagner A, Halsall D, Hassell K, Jacobs S. Organisational and extraorganisational determinants of volume of service delivery by English community pharmacies: a cross-sectional survey and secondary data analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017843. [PMID: 29018074 PMCID: PMC5652532 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the organisational and extraorganisational factors associated with existing variation in the volume of services delivered by community pharmacies. DESIGN AND SETTING Linear and ordered logistic regression of linked national data from secondary sources-community pharmacy activity, socioeconomic and health need datasets-and primary data from a questionnaire survey of community pharmacies in nine diverse geographical areas in England. OUTCOME MEASURES Annual dispensing volume; annual volume of medicines use reviews (MURs). RESULTS National dataset (n=10 454 pharmacies): greater dispensing volume was significantly associated with pharmacy ownership type (large chains>independents>supermarkets), greater deprivation, higher local prevalence of cardiovascular disease and depression, older people (aged >75 years) and infants (aged 0-4 years) but lower prevalence of mental health conditions. Greater volume of MURs was significantly associated with pharmacy ownership type (large chains/supermarkets>>independents), greater dispensing volume, and lower disease prevalence.Survey dataset (n=285 pharmacies; response=34.6%): greater dispensing volume was significantly associated with staffing, skill-mix, organisational culture, years open and greater deprivation. Greater MUR volume was significantly associated with pharmacy ownership type (large chains/supermarkets>>independents), greater dispensing volume, weekly opening hours and lower asthma prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Organisational and extraorganisational factors were found to impact differently on dispensing volume and MUR activity, the latter being driven more by corporate ownership than population need. While levels of staffing and skill-mix were associated with dispensing volume, they did not influence MUR activity. Despite recent changes to the contractual framework, the existing fee-for-service reimbursement may therefore not be the most appropriate for the delivery of cognitive (rather than supply) services, still appearing to incentivise quantity over the quality (in terms of appropriate targeting) of services delivered. Future research should focus on the development of quality measures that could be incorporated into community pharmacy reimbursement mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hann
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ellen I Schafheutle
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fay Bradley
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elvey
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care Greater Manchester, Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Wagner
- Division 5, NIHR Comprehensive Research Network – Eastern, Norwich, UK
| | - Devina Halsall
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Controlled Drugs Team, NHS England (North Region) Cheshire and Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karen Hassell
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Sally Jacobs
- Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Vuernick EL, Kennedy DR. Creating Student Organizations to Promote Careers in Academic Pharmacy. Am J Pharm Educ 2017; 81:6209. [PMID: 29109565 PMCID: PMC5663656 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe8176209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Miroshnichenko YV, Stavila AG, Krasavin KD, Levchenko VN, Goryachev AB, Gainov VS. [Modern order of rationing of medical property for military medical and pharmaceutical organizations in peacetime]. Voen Med Zh 2016; 337:34-37. [PMID: 30590890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Modern order of rationing of medical property for military medical and pharmaceutical organizations in peacetime. The characteristic of the new rules of medical supply for medical and pharmaceutical institutions of the Armed Forces in peacetime are presented, approved and put into effect by the order of the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation. New standards of medical supply logistics adapted to the current organizational structure of the military healthcare and pharmaceutical organizations. Their use in practice will improve the quality of primary specialized healthcare, as well as specialized and high-tech medical care to military personnel and other categories of citizens who are entitled to health care through the Ministry of Defence.
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Sacchi L, Dagliati A, Tibollo V, Leporati P, De Cata P, Cerra C, Chiovato L, Bellazzi R. Template for preparation of papers for IEEE sponsored conferences & symposia. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2015:2123-6. [PMID: 26736708 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To improve the access to medical information is necessary to design and implement integrated informatics techniques aimed to gather data from different and heterogeneous sources. This paper describes the technologies used to integrate data coming from the electronic medical record of the IRCCS Fondazione Maugeri (FSM) hospital of Pavia, Italy, and combines them with administrative, pharmacy drugs purchase coming from the local healthcare agency (ASL) of the Pavia area and environmental open data of the same region. The integration process is focused on data coming from a cohort of one thousand patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Data analysis and temporal data mining techniques have been integrated to enhance the initial dataset allowing the possibility to stratify patients using further information coming from the mined data like behavioral patterns of prescription-related drug purchases and other frequent clinical temporal patterns, through the use of an intuitive dashboard controlled system.
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Morales-Cosme AD, Viesca-Treviño C. [Pharmacists in transition. Academy and Pharmacy in Mexico from 1833 to 1865]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2016; 54:96-105. [PMID: 26820211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
From the second half of the 19th century, health disciplines went through an institutional and professional restructuring, which progressively altered the guild order that had characterized them to that point. In the case of Pharmacy, this process implied the generation of officially recognized spaces, as the chairs of Pharmacy and Medical Substance, founded during the Establecimiento de Ciencias Médicas (Establishment of Medical Sciences) (1833). In those spaces it was sought to institutionalize knowledge and modern practices related to Pharmacy. In this work we look over the first academic experience of the pharmaceutical community in that new space of instruction, based on the records belonging to the students enrolled in the Establecimiento de Ciencias Médicas from 1833 to 1865, year of the enrollment of the last generation. The information contained in those 163 records displays the way the pharmaceutical field was transformed, after the aforementioned restructuring. The reader will notice the diverse normativity, which regulated the joining of pharmacists to academic life (of which, until then, they were excluded). He will also realize how, among the first students enrolled in the Establecimiento de Ciencias Médicas, said normativity was broke in order to adapt it to the known ways of students and professors. Progressively, the guild instruction would be ousted by the institutional instruction (for example, the years of practice in the drugstores were rejected), so that the guild ways of teaching were changing to turn the pharmacist into an individual of institutional instruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Dolores Morales-Cosme
- Departamento de Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México.
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Van Campen LE, Therasse DG, Klopfenstein M, Levine RJ. Development, implementation and critique of a bioethics framework for pharmaceutical sponsors of human biomedical research. Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:2071-80. [PMID: 26325424 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2015.1087986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical human biomedical research is a multi-dimensional endeavor that requires collaboration among many parties, including those who sponsor, conduct, participate in, or stand to benefit from the research. Human subjects' protections have been promulgated to ensure that the benefits of such research are accomplished with respect for and minimal risk to individual research participants, and with an overall sense of fairness. Although these protections are foundational to clinical research, most ethics guidance primarily highlights the responsibilities of investigators and ethics review boards. Currently, there is no published resource that comprehensively addresses bioethical responsibilities of industry sponsors; including their responsibilities to parties who are not research participants, but are, nevertheless key stakeholders in the endeavor. To fill this void, in 2010 Eli Lilly and Company instituted a Bioethics Framework for Human Biomedical Research. This paper describes how the framework was developed and implemented and provides a critique based on four years of experience. A companion article provides the actual document used by Eli Lilly and Company to guide ethical decisions regarding all phases of human clinical trials. While many of the concepts presented in this framework are not novel, compiling them in a manner that articulates the ethical responsibilities of a sponsor is novel. By utilizing this type of bioethics framework, we have been able to develop bioethics positions on various topics, provide research ethics consultations, and integrate bioethics into the daily operations of our human biomedical research. We hope that by sharing these companion papers we will stimulate discussion within and outside the biopharmaceutical industry for the benefit of the multiple parties involved in pharmaceutical human biomedical research.
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Taylor CT, Adams AJ, Albert EL, Cardello EA, Clifford K, Currie JD, Gonyeau M, Nelson SP, Bradley-Baker LR. Report of the 2014-2015 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: Producing Practice-Ready Pharmacy Graduates in an Era of Value-Based Health Care. Am J Pharm Educ 2015; 79:S12. [PMID: 26691542 PMCID: PMC4678755 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe798s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Taylor
- Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio
| | | | - Erin L Albert
- Butler University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Kalin Clifford
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jay D Currie
- The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Michael Gonyeau
- Northeastern University Bouve College of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Nelson
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, Maryland
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Abstract
This study focuses on the impacts of service quality and examines the mediating effects of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty on willingness to pay more. The authors collected survey data from 479 actual retail pharmacy customers in China and used the structural equation modeling approach to test the hypotheses. The results reveal six dimensions of service quality and the differential impact of these dimensions on customer satisfaction and behavioral intentions. This study contributes to the existing literature by exploring the dimensionality of the service quality construct and mediating effects of customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a non-Western setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Chen
- a Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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Mobley Smith MA, Boyle CJ, Keresztes JM, Liles J, MacLean LG, McAllister EB, Silvester J, Williams NT, Bradley-Baker LR. Report of the 2013-2014 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: advancing the pharmacy profession together through pharmacy technician and pharmacy education partnerships. Am J Pharm Educ 2014; 78:S22. [PMID: 25657387 PMCID: PMC4315222 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7810s22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia J Boyle
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore School of Pharmacy, Princess Anne, Maryland
| | - Jan M Keresztes
- South Suburban College Pharmacy Technician Program, South Holland, Illinois
| | - Janet Liles
- Pharmacy Technician Educators Council, Dale, Texas
| | | | | | - Janet Silvester
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nancy T Williams
- Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy, Weatherford, Oklahoma
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Warnet S. [Designing tomorrow's pharmacy]. Rev Infirm 2014:10. [PMID: 25710987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Abstract
Automatic dispensing machines (ADMs) used in pharmacies concentrate and dispense large volumes of pharmaceuticals, including uncoated tablets that can shed dust. We evaluated 43 employees' exposures to pharmaceutical dust at three pharmacies where ADMs were used. We used an optical particle counter to identify tasks that generated pharmaceutical dust. We collected 72 inhalable dust air samples in or near the employees' breathing zones. In addition to gravimetric analysis, our contract laboratory used internal methods involving liquid chromatography to analyze these samples for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and/or lactose, an inactive filler in tablets. We had to choose samples for these additional analyses because many methods used different extraction solvents. We selected 57 samples for analysis of lactose. We used real-time particle monitoring results, observations, and information from employees on the dustiness of pharmaceuticals to select 28 samples (including 13 samples that were analyzed for lactose) for analysis of specific APIs. Pharmaceutical dust was generated during a variety of tasks like emptying and refilling of ADM canisters. Using compressed air to clean canisters and manual count machines produced the overall highest peak number concentrations (19,000-580,000 particles/L) of smallest particles (count median aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2 μm). Employees who refilled, cleaned, or repaired ADM canisters, or hand filled prescriptions were exposed to higher median air concentrations of lactose (5.0-12 μg/m(3)) than employees who did other jobs (0.04-1.3 μg/m(3)), such as administrative/office work, labeling/packaging, and verifying prescriptions. We detected 10 APIs in air, including lisinopril, a drug prescribed for high blood pressure, levothyroxine, a drug prescribed for hypothyroidism, and methotrexate, a hazardous drug prescribed for cancer and other disorders. Three air concentrations of lisinopril (1.8-2.7 μg/m(3)) exceeded the lower bound of the manufacturer's hazard control band (1-10 μg/m(3)). All other API air concentrations were below applicable occupational exposure limits. Our findings indicate that some pharmacy employees are exposed to multiple APIs and that measures are needed to control those exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Fent
- a Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Cincinnati , Ohio
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Rickles NM, Schnur ES, Adams AJ, Russo NB. Forming strong collaboration among academic researchers, pharmacies, and integrated delivery systems. Am J Pharm Educ 2013; 77:227. [PMID: 24371351 PMCID: PMC3872946 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7710227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan S Schnur
- National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Alex J Adams
- National Association of Chain Drug Stores Foundation, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Nicole B Russo
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy, Boston, Massachusetts
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Worling PM. Evans Medical of Speke, Liverpool. Pharm Hist (Lond) 2013; 43:82-87. [PMID: 24620397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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López Briz E, Alegre del Rey E, Fraga Fuentes MD, Clopés Esela A, Bautista Paloma J, Ortega Eslava A. [Therapeutic alternatives equivalent: in the eye of the hurricane]. Farm Hosp 2013; 37:273-275. [PMID: 24010687 DOI: 10.7399/fh.2013.37.4.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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Aljadhey H. Experience and future of introductory pharmacy practice training in developing countries: example of Saudi Arabia. Am J Pharm Educ 2012; 76:205. [PMID: 23275670 PMCID: PMC3530067 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7610205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Perepelkin J. Redesign of a required undergraduate pharmacy management course to improve student engagement and concept retention. Am J Pharm Educ 2012; 76:201. [PMID: 23275666 PMCID: PMC3530063 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe7610201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To change the structure of a required pharmacy management course to make it more interactive and engaging for students. DESIGN The course is a required component of undergraduate curriculum and is completed over 2 semesters during the students' third year. Changes included requiring students to lead classroom discussions and complete a business plan in groups. ASSESSMENT A questionnaire centering on methods of delivery, course content, and outcomes was distributed in 2 academic years, with 74.7% of students responding. Even though the redesigned course required more time, there was strong support for the course among students because they realized the content contributed to their learning. CONCLUSION A major course redesign is a big commitment by faculty members, but if done through consultations with former and current students, it can be rewarding for all involved. Students overwhelmingly embraced the changes to the course as they realized the restructuring and the resulting increase in workload were necessary to raise the relevance of the course to their future professional practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Perepelkin
- College of Pharmacy & Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Anderson S. Outposts of Empire: the dawn of pharmacy in the Straits Settlements 1786 to 1867. Pharm Hist (Lond) 2012; 42:54-63. [PMID: 24620479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Koonin LM, Beauvais DR, Shimabukuro T, Wortley PM, Palmier JB, Stanley TR, Theofilos J, Merlin TL. CDC's 2009 H1N1 vaccine pharmacy initiative in the United States: implications for future public health and pharmacy collaborations for emergency response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2012; 5:253-5. [PMID: 22146661 DOI: 10.1001/dmp.2011.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Boyle CJ. Protect our house. Am J Pharm Educ 2011; 75:128. [PMID: 21969714 PMCID: PMC3175652 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe757128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Boyle
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 109 Somerset Hall, Princess Anne, MD, USA
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Mackay R. PHARMAC and New Zealand pharmacy. N Z Med J 2010; 123:102. [PMID: 20651876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Collin J. French and British influence in the birth of a profession: pharmacy in Quebec. Pharm Hist 2010; 52:100-111. [PMID: 21688736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Collin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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38
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Aronson JK. Increasing access to medicines. Time for category of pharmacist consultation and supply. BMJ 2009; 338:b1899. [PMID: 19435767 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zellmer WA. Pharmacy's organizations--key issues for future historians. Pharm Hist 2009; 51:128-133. [PMID: 20527205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William A Zellmer
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Elenbaas RM, Worthen DB. Transformation of a profession: an overview of the 20th century. Pharm Hist 2009; 51:151-182. [PMID: 21648253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Fairman KA. What pharmacy benefit designers need to know about perception and reality: never forget the elephant in the pharmacy. J Manag Care Pharm 2008; 14:387-94. [PMID: 18500916 PMCID: PMC10437568 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2008.14.4.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Albert E. What pharmacy can learn from other professions. Am J Pharm Educ 2007; 71:74. [PMID: 17786261 PMCID: PMC1959214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery D Evans
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe College of Pharmacy, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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Thompson CA. Pharmacy leaders celebrate 30 years of groups’ collaboration. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:1256. [PMID: 17563044 DOI: 10.2146/news070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were examined in 1,960,059 hospitalized Medicare patients in 584 United States hospitals in 1998. A database was constructed from the MedPAR database and the National Clinical Pharmacy Services survey. The 584 hospitals were selected because they provided specific information on 14 clinical pharmacy services and on pharmacy staffing; they also had functional ADR reporting systems. The study population consisted of 35,193 Medicare patients who experienced an ADR (rate of 1.8%). Of the 14 clinical pharmacy services, 12 were associated with reduced ADR rates. The most significant reductions occurred in hospitals offering pharmacist-provided admission drug histories (odds ratio [OR] 1.864, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.765-1.968), drug protocol management (OR 1.365, 95% CI 1.335-1.395), and ADR management (OR 1.360, 95% CI 1.328-1.392). Multivariate analysis, performed to further evaluate these findings, showed that nine variables were associated with ADR rate: pharmacist-provided in-service education (slope -0.469, p=0.018), drug information (slope -0.488, p=0.005), ADR management (slope -0.424, p=0.021), drug protocol management (slope -0.732, p=0.002), participation on the total parenteral nutrition team (slope 0.384, p=0.04), participation on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation team (slope -0.506, p=0.008), medical round participation (slope -0.422, p=0.037), admission drug histories (slope -0.712, p=0.008), and increased clinical pharmacist staffing (slope -4.345, p=0.009). As clinical pharmacist staffing increased from the 20th to the 100th percentile (from 0.93+/-0.77/100 to 5.16+/-4.11/100 occupied beds), ADRs decreased by 47.88%. In hospitals without pharmacist-provided ADR management, the following increases were noted: mean number of ADRs/100 admissions by 34.90% (OR 1.360, 95% CI 1.328-1.392), length of stay 13.64% (Mann-Whitney U test [U]=11047367, p=0.017), death rate 53.64% (OR 1.574, 95% CI 1.423-1.731), total Medicare charges 6.88% (U=111298871, p=0.018), and drug charges 8.16% (U=108979074, p<0.001). Patients in hospitals without pharmacist-provided ADR management had an excess of 4266 ADRs, 443 deaths, 85,554 patient-days, $11,745,342 in total Medicare charges, and $1,857,744 in drug charges. The implications of these findings are significant for our health care system, especially considering that the study population represented 15.55% of 12,261,737 Medicare patients and 5.71% of the 34,345,436 patients admitted to all U.S. hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bond
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA.
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Miall J. Health Care Innovators: Using Ability and Vision To Make Life Better. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2006; 46:434-6, 438, 440, 442, 444. [PMID: 16913386 DOI: 10.1331/154434506778073664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petrovics A. [Sámuel Kazzay and the first pharmacy in Debrecen]. Orv Hetil 2006; 147:761-2. [PMID: 16711265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Doney IE. Nurse and pharmacist prescribing. Br J Gen Pract 2006; 56:140. [PMID: 16464335 PMCID: PMC1828228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
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Vuchetich PJ, Hamilton WR, Ahmad SO, Makoid MC. Analyzing course objectives: assessing critical thinking in the pharmacy curriculum. J Allied Health 2006; 35:e253-e275. [PMID: 19759975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of critical thinking objectives in a pharmacy program curriculum is an important part of program assessment. This study measures the proportion of cognitive learning objectives at various levels of Bloom's taxonomy throughout the required curriculum using the stated objectives in course syllabi (the explicit curriculum). In one entry level doctor of pharmacy program, 54.90% of cognitive objectives identified critical thinking outcomes using the rubric of Bloom's level 3 or higher as an indicator of critical thinking. In this program, there was a similar percent of critical thinking objectives in each of the first three years, but the final year of the curriculum had a higher percent of critical thinking objectives than each of the first three years (p = 0.0018, Kruskal-Wallis test). The increase in critical thinking in the final year suggests that the explicit expectations in the syllabi are weighted toward a higher percent of critical thinking objectives during clinical rotations. The methods described in the study may serve as tools for a curriculum committee or program assessment team to compare critical thinking in the curriculum at different points in time, and may assist in curricular mapping efforts. These methods may complement studies measuring the implicit curriculum (that which the faculty actually teach, which may not be stated in the explicit curriculum.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Vuchetich
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
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A multidisciplinary approach to blood pressure management in patients with diabetes. Alta RN 2005; 61:10. [PMID: 16279165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
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