1
|
Cucinotta FA, Schimmerling W. A no-fault risk compensation approach for radiation risks incurred in space travel. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2024; 41:166-170. [PMID: 38670643 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we recommend an appropriate compensation approach should be established for fatality and disabilities that may occur due to space radiation exposures of government or industry workers. A brief review of compensation approaches for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons development workers in the United States and other countries is described. We then summarize issues in the application of probability of causation calculation and provide examples of probability of causation (PC) calculations for missions to the International Space Station and Earth's moon or for Mars exploration. The main focus of this paper follows with a recommendation of a no-fault approach to compensation with the creation of appropriate insurance policies funded by employers to cover all disabilities or fatality, without requiring proof of causation or restriction to conditions that imply causation. Importantly we propose that the compensation described should be managed by recourse to private insurers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis A Cucinotta
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Department of Health Physics and Diagnostic Sciences, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stones AL, Herst PM. Review of the Accident Compensation Corporation's radiation therapy injury claims, 1 July 2009-30 June 2019. N Z Med J 2021; 134:113-122. [PMID: 34695082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to review and report on radiation therapy injury claims lodged with the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) in New Zealand in the last decade. METHODS ACC's treatment injury database was used to identify injury claims decided between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2019. The associated structured and unstructured data, including claim lodgement information and medical records, were reviewed. RESULTS Of 121,168 treatment injuries, only 975 (0.8%) were radiation therapy injury claims, with 519 claims accepted for cover. Most declined claims were considered "ordinary consequences of treatment" rather than treatment injuries. Of the 519 accepted claims, ACC classified 21 as fatal and eight as serious, which indicates a need for lifelong ACC support. Injuries correlated with the age and gender of the most common cancers treated with radiation therapy in New Zealand. More treatment injury claims were submitted and accepted for New Zealand European patients compared with Māori and Pasifika patients. CONCLUSION Radiation therapy injury claims make up a very small proportion of the total number of ACC treatment injury claims. A better understanding of the claim process may assist injured individuals better by improving appropriate claim lodgement and claim acceptance rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L Stones
- Current position is Clinical Quality Advisor, Clinical Oversight & Engagement, Operations, Accident Compensation Corporation
| | - Patries M Herst
- Associate Professor, Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Otago, Wellington
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moores BM. Cost-risk-benefit analysis in diagnostic radiology with special reference to the application of referral guidelines. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2019; 186:479-487. [PMID: 31329996 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cost-risk-benefit analysis has been applied to protection of the patient in diagnostic radiology with special reference to the application of referral guidelines. The analysis presented has extended previous work in this field to provide a theoretical framework that encompasses key factors that need to be considered in the optimisation of patient protection from both diagnostic and radiation risks. The fraction of patients whose symptoms do not meet criteria contained in the referral guidelines and, therefore, for whom an X-ray examination is not indicated has been termed the selectivity of the guidelines. Also included are the detriments arising from rejected or repeated examinations as well as the levels of patient dose employed in order to achieve given levels of true and false diagnostic outcomes. A comprehensive framework for optimisation is outlined and its relationship to justification discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Michael Moores
- Integrated Radiological Services Ltd, Unit 188, Century building, Brunswick Business Park, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagataki S. Thoughts on relief for atomic bomb survivors since Obama's visit to Hiroshima. Lancet 2016; 388:1878-1879. [PMID: 27681099 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Nagataki
- Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Radiation Effects Association, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moores BM. COST-RISK-BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY: A THEORETICAL AND ECONOMIC BASIS FOR RADIATION PROTECTION OF THE PATIENT. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2016; 169:2-10. [PMID: 26705358 PMCID: PMC4911963 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 1973, International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 22 recommended that the acceptability of radiation exposure levels for a given activity should be determined by a process of cost-benefit analysis. It was felt that this approach could be used to underpin both the principle of ALARA as well for justification purposes. The net benefit, B, of an operation involving irradiation was regarded as equal to the difference between its gross benefit, V, and the sum of three components; the basic production cost associated with the operation, P; the cost of achieving the selected level of protection, X; and the cost Y of the detriment involved in the operation: [Formula: see text] This article presents a theoretical cost-risk-benefit analysis that is applicable to the diagnostic accuracy (Levels 1 and 2) of the hierarchical efficacy model presented by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements in 1992. This enables the costs of an examination to be related to the sensitivity and specificity of an X-ray examination within a defined clinical problem setting and introduces both false-positive/false-negative diagnostic outcomes into the patient radiation protection framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Michael Moores
- Integrated Radiological Services Ltd, Unit 188, Century Building, Brunswick Business Park, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- James D Cox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hoogeveen RC, Sanderink GCH, van der Stelt PF, Berkhout WER. Reducing an already low dental diagnostic X-ray dose: does it make sense? Comparison of three cost-utility analysis methods used to assess two dental dose-reduction measures. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2015; 44:20150158. [PMID: 26119214 PMCID: PMC5083903 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20150158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find a method that is suitable for providing an objective assessment of the cost effectiveness of a dose-reducing measure used for diagnostic dental X-ray exposures. METHODS Three cost-utility analysis (CUA) methods were evaluated by comparing their assessments of two dose-reduction measures, a rectangular collimator and the combination of two devices that reduce the radiation dose received during orthodontic lateral cephalography. The following CUA methods were used: (1) the alpha value (AV), a monetary valuation of dose reduction used in the nuclear industry; (2) the value of a statistical life for valuation of the reduction in stochastic adverse effects; and (3) the time-for-time method, based on the postulate that risk reduction is effective when the number of years of life gained is more than the years that an average worker must work to earn the costs of the risk-reducing measure. The CUA methods were used to determine the minimum number of uses that was required for the dose-reducing device to be cost effective. The methods were assessed for coherence (are comparable results achieved for comparable countries?) and adaptability (can the method be adjusted for age and gender of specific patient groups?). RESULTS The performance of the time-for-time method was superior to the other methods. Both types of dose-reduction devices tested were assessed as cost effective after a realistic number of uses with all three methods except low AVs. CONCLUSIONS CUA for the methods of X-ray dose reduction can be performed to determine if investment in low dose reduction is cost effective. The time-for-time method proved to be a coherent and versatile method for performing CUA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Hoogeveen
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam ACTA, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - G C H Sanderink
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam ACTA, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - P F van der Stelt
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam ACTA, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - W E R Berkhout
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam ACTA, Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Radiology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jeffery CJ, Clark SM, Pinks TR, Stokes RP. A proposed method for retrospective eye dose assessments for the purposes of resolving cataract compensation claims. J Radiol Prot 2015; 35:229-233. [PMID: 25693605 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/35/1/229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The 2011 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) statement on tissue reactions suggested a significant reduction in the threshold dose for radiation induced cataracts. This, combined with the potential for a long delay between exposure and cataract diagnosis, may result in an increased requirement to evaluate eye dose from past exposures in order to settle current compensation claims. This article highlights how compensation claims relating to radiation exposure are assessed within the UK legal system and suggests that in vivo Electro Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) dosimetry of teeth has utility for the retrospective quantification of radiation doses to the eye. It was identified that in vivo EPR in its current form may be sufficiently sensitive to support cataract compensation claims, although further work is required to enable appropriate dose conversion coefficients to be quantified.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bremner KE. Discussion and challenges in the use and interpretation of utility assessment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 91:258-60. [PMID: 25636753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Bremner
- Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The context of specific criteria for the recognition of occupational diseases (ODs) due to physical agents in the Enforcement Decree of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (ED-IACIA) and the Labor Standard Act (LSA) does not describe definite disease along with the agents but listed symptoms or obscure clinical conditions. Moreover, the needs for an amendment of these Acts have recently attracted renewed interest. To establish agreed criteria for compensable ODs due to physical agents, we reviewed the criteria for recognizing ODs on the basis of International Labor Organization (ILO) documents and European Union (EU) guideline. After providing a brief review of the history of OD outbreaks due to physical exposure in South Korea and the responses to them, we describe the basis for the recent amendments to the IACI Act and LSA and assess their appropriateness. On the basis of these findings, this study could be helpful for determining and compensating process of ODs. However, further work is required to ascertain the scientific relationship between diseases caused by physical agents and the exposure criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Koshin University, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hirano E, Fuji H, Onoe T, Kumar V, Shirato H, Kawabuchi K. Cost-effectiveness analysis of cochlear dose reduction by proton beam therapy for medulloblastoma in childhood. J Radiat Res 2014; 55:320-7. [PMID: 24187330 PMCID: PMC3951074 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of proton beam therapy with cochlear dose reduction compared with conventional X-ray radiotherapy for medulloblastoma in childhood. METHODS We developed a Markov model to describe health states of 6-year-old children with medulloblastoma after treatment with proton or X-ray radiotherapy. The risks of hearing loss were calculated on cochlear dose for each treatment. Three types of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of EQ-5D, HUI3 and SF-6D were used for estimation of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for proton beam therapy compared with X-ray radiotherapy was calculated for each HRQOL. Sensitivity analyses were performed to model uncertainty in these parameters. RESULTS The ICER for EQ-5D, HUI3 and SF-6D were $21 716/QALY, $11 773/QALY, and $20 150/QALY, respectively. One-way sensitivity analyses found that the results were sensitive to discount rate, the risk of hearing loss after proton therapy, and costs of proton irradiation. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve analysis revealed a 99% probability of proton therapy being cost effective at a societal willingness-to-pay value. CONCLUSIONS Proton beam therapy with cochlear dose reduction improves health outcomes at a cost that is within the acceptable cost-effectiveness range from the payer's standpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Hirano
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fuji
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shiomonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka-pref. 411-8777, Japan
- Corresponding author. Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shiomonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka-pref. 411-8777, Japan. Tel: +81-55-989-5222; Fax: +81-55-989-5634;
| | - Tsuyoshi Onoe
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shiomonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka-pref. 411-8777, Japan
| | - Vinay Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawabuchi
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The U.S. military consists of five armed services: the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard. It directly employs 1.4 million active duty military, 1.3 million National Guard and reserve military, and 700,000 civilian individuals. This paper describes the military guidance used to preserve and maintain the health of military personnel while they accomplish necessary and purposeful work in areas where they are exposed to radiation. It also discusses military exposure cohorts and associated radiogenic disease compensation programs administered by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the U.S. Department of Labor. With a few exceptions, the U.S. military has effectively employed ionizing radiation since it was first introduced during the Spanish-American War in 1898. The U.S military annually monitors 70,000 individuals for occupational radiation exposure: ~2% of its workforce. In recent years, the Departments of the Navy (including the Marine Corps), the Army, and the Air Force all have a low collective dose that remains close to 1 person-Sv annually. Only a few Coast Guard individuals are now routinely monitored for radiation exposure. As with the nuclear industry as a whole, the Naval Reactors program has a higher collective dose than the remainder of the U.S. military. The U.S. military maintains occupational radiation exposure records on over two million individuals from 1945 through the present. These records are controlled in accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 but are available to affected individuals or their designees and other groups performing sanctioned epidemiology studies.Introduction of Radiation Exposure of U.S. Military Individuals (Video 2:19, http://links.lww.com/HP/A30).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Blake
- *Defense Threat Reduction Agency, 8725 John J. Kingman Road, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6201; †U.S. Army, 9351 Hall Road, Bldg. 1456, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5860
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Of the toxicities associated with conventional forms of treatment for head and neck cancers, probably none has such a consistent legacy as oral mucositis.1 Despite the fact that mucosal injury was noted as far back as Marie Curie's first forays into therapeutic radiation, an effective intervention has yet to be developed. In addition to its historic link to radiation, new therapeutic strategies including induction chemotherapy often produce mucositis, and targeted therapies appear to alter mucositis risk and its severity and course.2 The symptomatic effect of oral mucositis is profound. Disabling oral and oropharyngeal pain prevents patients from eating normally, requires opiate analgesics, and in some cases results in alteration or discontinuation of anticancer therapy.3 Furthermore, the health and economic consequences of oral mucositis are far from trivial. The incremental cost of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer exceeds $17,000 (USD).4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Sonis
- From the Biomodels, LLC, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Body JJ, Chevalier P, Gunther O, Hechmati G, Lamotte M. The economic burden associated with skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases secondary to solid tumors in Belgium. J Med Econ 2013; 16:539-46. [PMID: 23425250 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2013.774279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES More than 1.5 million patients worldwide are affected by bone metastases. Patients with bone metastases frequently develop skeletal-related events (SREs, including radiation to bone, non-vertebral fracture, vertebral fracture, surgery to bone, and spinal cord compression) that are associated with high healthcare costs. This study aims to provide an estimate of the cost per SRE in both the inpatient and outpatient settings in Belgian patients with bone metastases secondary to solid tumors (breast, prostate, and lung cancers). METHODS Patients were retrieved from the IMS Hospital Disease database from 2005-2007. Inclusion was based on the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Version 9 (ICD-9) diagnosis and/or procedure codes covering patients with breast, prostate, or lung cancer with bone metastases who were hospitalized for one or more SREs. All costs were extrapolated to 2010 using progression in hospitalization costs since 2001. Additional outpatient costs resulting from radiation to bone and diagnostic tests performed in ambulatory settings were estimated by combining published unit costs with resource use data obtained from a Delphi panel. RESULTS The average cost per SRE across solid tumor types based on the weighted average of inpatient and outpatient costs was €2653 for radiation to bone, €5015 for a vertebral fracture, and €7087 for a non-vertebral fracture. Costs were €12,885 and €15,267 for surgery to bone and spinal cord compression, respectively. LIMITATIONS No patient follow-up across calendar years could be done. Also, details regarding the exact anatomic sites of SREs were not always available. CONCLUSIONS SREs add a substantial cost to the management of patients with bone metastases. Avoiding SREs can lead to important cost-savings for the healthcare payer.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee BI, Suh DH, Kim SI, Jeong MS, Lim YK. The monetary value of the man-mSv for Korean NPP radiation workers assessed by the radiation aversion factor. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2012; 150:516-519. [PMID: 22147927 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The monetary value of the man-mSv for operators of Korean nuclear power plants (NPPs) was calculated using a radiation aversion factor based on a survey of NPP workers. Initially, the life expectancy in the population is 79.4 y, the average age of cancer occurrence is 60 y, the average annual wage for an electric worker is 56 000 $ y(-1) and the nominal risk coefficient induced by radiation is 4.2E(-5) mSv were used to evaluate the basic monetary value (α(base)) resulting in 45.6 $ mSv(-1). To investigate the degree of radiation aversion, the subject of the investigation was selected as the working radiation workers in 10 NPPs in Korea (Kori 1-2, Yeonggwang 1-3, Ulchin 1-3 and Wolseong 1-2). In August 2010, with the cooperation of KHNP and partner companies, a total of 2500 survey questionnaires to 10 NPPs (or 250 surveys to each NPP) were distributed to currently employed radiation workers. From these, 2157 responses were obtained between August and October 2010. The assessed radiation aversion factor and the monetary value of the man-mSv from the calculated radiation aversion factor were 1.26 and ∼50 $ in the 0-1 mSv range, 1.38 and ∼200 $ in the 1-5 mSv range, 1.52 and ∼1000 $ in the 5-10 mSv range, 1.65 and ∼4000 $ in the 10-20 mSv range and 1.74 and ∼8500 $ >20 mSv.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-il Lee
- Radiation Health Research Institute, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., 388-1, Ssangmun, Dobong, Seoul 132-703, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smart D, Wallington M. A cost-analysis case study of radiation cystitis treatment including hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Diving Hyperb Med 2012; 42:92-97. [PMID: 22828818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To undertake an economic analysis of the direct costs of treating radiation cystitis from a purchaser perspective, comparing conservative, non-operative and surgical interventions with hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). METHODS A male in his 60s with prostatic carcinoma consented to this study. Full details of treatment costs in AUD were obtained (AUD 1.0, approx. EUR 0.6). A detailed patient diary accurately cross-referenced the consultations, investigations, admissions and treatment. Costs were recorded on a spreadsheet, dated and grouped under eight major headings related to treatment. Costs were compared for radiation cystitis treatment pre- and post-HBOT, to calculate savings or losses. RESULTS The study covered three years (including 2.5 years post successful HBOT). Costs prior to HBOT (139 days) were AUD32,571.42 at an average of AUD231.09 per day, 70% from inpatient fees. Direct HBOT costs were AUD12,014.95 for 38 treatments, AUD316.18 per treatment. Post-HBOT (897 days), healthcare costs were AUD17,113.42 (AUD19.08 per day), with no emergency admissions. HBOT reduced costs of inpatient admissions, consultations, investigations and procedures and provided a projected healthcare saving of AUD187,483.96 over a 2.5 year follow up. CONCLUSIONS The cost of HBOT compared favourably against other costs, and HBOT may provide major health cost savings in this condition. There are significant hidden costs associated with radiation cystitis, not apparent to health funders, because the reasons for admissions and procedures are not easily captured with current information systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Smart
- University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lehmann H, Wadsworth J. The impact of Chernobyl on health and labour market performance. J Health Econ 2011; 30:843-857. [PMID: 21840074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Using longitudinal data from Ukraine we examine the extent of any long-lasting effects of exposure to the Chernobyl disaster on the health and labour market performance of the adult workforce. Variation in the local area level of radiation fallout from the Chernobyl accident is considered as a random exogenous shock with which to try to establish its causal impact on poor health, labour force participation, hours worked and wages. There appears to be a significant positive association between local area-level radiation dosage and perception of poor health, though much weaker associations between local area-level dosage and other specific self-reported health conditions. There is also some evidence to suggest that those who lived in areas more exposed to Chernobyl-induced radiation have significantly lower levels of labour market performance 20 years on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Lehmann
- Department of Economics, University of Bologna, IZA, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The vulnerability of children in disasters is well-established. Children are at greater risk of the impacts of disasters because of both their age and level of physiological, anatomical, cognitive and emotional development. Frequently overlooked, however, is the influence of other social and health determinants. This article highlights the importance of family and household income in determining the ability of children to withstand the shocks of catastrophic events. Children raised in lower income families are made disadvantaged in multiple ways; by poor living and neighbourhood conditions, less stable home environments, as well as lower levels of education and health care. During disasters, lower income families and children suffer disproportionately, both because they are frequently the hardest hit but also because they have fewer resources with which to cope. The article emphasises not only the importance of understanding the vulnerability of children within a broader family context, but a continuing requirement for public health and emergency planners to integrate more fully the diverse needs of children and families into emergency preparedness policies and plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hutton
- United Nations Relief and Works Agency, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hansen RA. Significance of radiation dose in medical imaging. Minn Med 2009; 92:42-44. [PMID: 20092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Publicized cases of errant high radiation exposure delivered to patients undergoing diagnostic imaging have led to heightened awareness and scrutiny of the costs and benefits of imaging by physicians, the public, and policymakers.The statistical risks associated with the ever-increasing utilization of modalities employing damaging ionizing radiation across the population are compounded by the development of the latest generation of devices, which are capable of delivering greater radiation doses than their predecessors for comparable diagnostic applications.This article reviews the fundamental concepts and risks of medical radiation exposure, trends in imaging utilization, and the role of radiologists and their physician colleagues in managing and appropriately utilizing imaging for patient diagnosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamazaki M. Nuclear energy in postwar Japan and anti-nuclear movements in the 1950s. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:132-145. [PMID: 20521422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 revealed the most destructive power to-date of man-made weapons. Their impact was so great that Japanese scientists thought that a bigger disaster could be prevented only if war was abolished. Thus they welcomed the international control of atomic energy. It was, however, only after the occupation that the Japanese general public began to learn about the horror of these atomic disasters due to the censorship imposed by the occupational forces. The hydrogen bomb test by the US in the Bikini atoll on March 1, 1954 renewed fears of nuclear weapons. The crew of a Japanese fishing vessel, the "Daigo Fukuryu Maru" (Lucky Dragon No. 5) suffered from exposure to radiation from the test. Even after the incident the US did not stop nuclear tests which continued to radioactively contaminate fish and rains in Japan. As a result, the petition movement for the ban of nuclear trials suddenly spread all over the country. By the summer of 1955 the number of the signatures grew to more than one third of Japan's population at the time. Under the strong influence of anti-nuclear Japanese public opinion the Science Council of Japan announced the so-called three principles of atomic energy: "openness," "democracy," and "independence" to ensure atomic energy was used for peaceful uses only. These principles were included in the Atomic Energy Basic Law established in December 1955. With this law, military uses of nuclear energy were strictly forbidden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Takahashi H. One minute after the detonation of the atomic bomb: the erased effects of residual radiation. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:146-159. [PMID: 20521423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Government's official narrative denies the effects of residual radiation which appeared one minute after the atomic bomb detonations in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This paper explores declassified documents from the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the Atomic Bomb Casualties Commission, and others and shows that these documents actually suggested the existence of serious effects from residual radiation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sasamoto Y. Korean atomic bomb victims. Hist Sci (Tokyo) 2009; 19:160-169. [PMID: 20521424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
After colonizing Korea, Japan invaded China, and subsequently initiated the Pacific War against the United States, Britain, and their allies. Towards the end of the war, U.S. warplanes dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which resulted in a large number of Koreans who lived in Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffering from the effects of the bombs. The objective of this paper is to examine the history of Korea atomic bomb victims who were caught in between the U.S., Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Congress enacted the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) in 1990 and amended it in 2000. Included for compensation were underground uranium miners who developed health problems related to radiation exposures. Neither the 1990 Act nor the 2000 Amendments covered post-1971 workers. In this article, we will examine regulatory history and scientific evidence used for the passage of RECA for the pre-1972 miners and will present evidence supporting the inclusion of the post-1971 workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Madsen
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, 0730 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0730, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elting LS, Cooksley CD, Chambers MS, Garden AS. Risk, outcomes, and costs of radiation-induced oral mucositis among patients with head-and-neck malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:1110-20. [PMID: 17398022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the risk, outcomes, and costs of radiation-induced oral mucositis (OM) among patients receiving radiotherapy (RT) to head and neck primary cancers. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective cohort consisting of 204 consecutive head-and-neck cancer patients who received RT with or without chemotherapy during 2002 was formed; their records were reviewed for clinical and resource use information. Patients who had received prior therapy, had second primary cancers, or received palliative radiation therapy were excluded. The risk of OM was analyzed by multiple variable logistic regression. The cost of care was computed from the provider's perspective in 2006 U.S. dollars and compared among patients with and without OM. RESULTS Oral mucositis occurred in 91% of patients; in 66% it was severe (Grade 3-4). Oral mucositis was more common among patients with oral cavity or oropharynx primaries (odds ratio [OR], 44.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.2 to >100; p < 0.001), those who received chemotherapy (OR = 7.8; 95% CI, 1.5-41.6; p = 0.02), and those who were treated with altered fractionation schedules (OR = 6.3; 95% CI, 1.1-35.1; p = 0.03). Patients with OM were significantly more likely to have severe pain (54% vs. 6%; p < 0.001) and a weight loss of > or =5% (60% vs. 17%; p < 0.001). Oral mucositis was associated with an incremental cost of $1700-$6000, depending on the grade. CONCLUSIONS Head-and-neck RT causes OM in virtually all patients. Oral mucositis is associated with severe pain, significant weight loss, increased resource use, and excess cost. Preventive strategies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Elting
- Section of Health Services Research, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The criteria certifying atomic bomb disease adopted by the Japanese government are very different from the actual state of the survivors. The criteria are based on epidemiological research by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, the successor to the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). The ABCC studied only the effects of primary radiation from the atomic bombing on the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and ignored the damage from residual radiation. Analysis of the incidence of acute radiation disease, the rate of chromosomal aberrations, and the relative risks of chronic disease among the survivors, shows that the effects of residual radiation from fallout exceeds that of primary radiation in the area more than 1.5-1.7 km distant from the hypocentre of the Hiroshima bombing. The effects of internal exposure due to intake of tiny radioactive particles are more severe than those of external exposure, explaining the difference between the official criteria and the actual state of the survivors.
Collapse
|
26
|
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration, Labor. Performance of functions; claims for compensation under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended. Final rule. Fed Regist 2006; 71:78519-68. [PMID: 17294551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
On June 8, 2005, the Department of Labor (DOL) published interim final regulations that govern its responsibilities under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended (EEOICPA or Act). Part B of the Act provides lump-sum payments of $150,000 and medical benefits to covered employees and, where applicable, to survivors of such employees, of the Department of Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies and certain of its vendors, contractors and subcontractors. Part B also provides lump-sum payments of $50,000 and medical benefits to individuals found eligible by the Department of Justice (DOJ) for $100,000 under section 5 of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) and, where applicable, to their survivors. Part E of the Act provides variable lump-sum payments (based on a worker's permanent impairment and/or calendar years of qualifying wage-loss) and medical benefits for covered DOE contractor employees and, where applicable, provides variable lump-sum payments to survivors of such employees (based on a worker's death due to a covered illness and any calendar years of qualifying wage-loss). Part E also provides these same payments and benefits to uranium miners, millers and ore transporters covered by section 5 of RECA and, where applicable, to survivors of such employees. At the same time the Department published the interim final regulations, it also invited written comments and advice from interested parties regarding possible changes to those regulations. This document amends the interim final regulations based on comments that the Department received.
Collapse
|
27
|
Maurya DK, Devasagayam TPA, Nair CKK. Some novel approaches for radioprotection and the beneficial effect of natural products. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:93-114. [PMID: 16480175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased use of ionizing radiation in various aspects of human life especially in areas pertaining to radiotherapy of cancer, food preservation, agriculture, industry and power generation, there is a need to develop an effective and non-toxic radioprotector. The currently available ones have many drawbacks including high cost, side effects and toxicity. Several novel approaches are on to locate a potent radioprotector. These include mimics of antioxidant enzymes, nitroxides, melatonin, growth factors, gene therapy, hyperthermia apart from natural products. The latter has several advantages since they are non-toxic with proven therapeutic benefits. These can be classified as natural compounds and plant extracts; polyherbal formulations; besides natural and semi-natural compounds of plant origin. A review of the above agents, their efficacy in radioprotection and possible mechanisms responsible has been carried out. As India and many Eastern countries have an enormous heritage of vast natural dietary and time tested medicinal resources it is worth exploring the possibility of developing efficient, economically viable and clinically acceptable radioprotectors for human application from these resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra K Maurya
- Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Who Gets Compensated for Radiation Exposure? J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1241-1241. [PMID: 16145039 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
29
|
Murray B, Holloway C, Robinson D, Roa W. Letter to the Editor. Radiother Oncol 2005; 76:362. [PMID: 16169623 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
30
|
[Cost effectiveness--radiation-induced telangiectasia treated with the Hyfrecator]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2005; 177:930. [PMID: 15973614 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Employment Standards Administration, Labor. Performance of functions; claims for compensation under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. Interim final rule; request for comments. Fed Regist 2005; 70:33589-639. [PMID: 15943010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This document contains the interim final regulations governing the administration of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended (EEOICPA or Act) by the Department of Labor (Department or DOL). Part B of the Act provides uniform lump-sum payments and medical benefits to covered employees and, where applicable, to survivors of such employees, of the Department of Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies and certain of its vendors, contractors and subcontractors. Part B of the Act also provides smaller uniform lump-sum payments and medical benefits to individuals found eligible by the Department of Justice (DOJ) for benefits under section 5 of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) and, where applicable, to their survivors. Part E of the Act provides variable lump-sum payments (based on a worker's permanent impairment and/or years of established wage-loss) and medical benefits for covered DOE contractor employees and, where applicable, provides variable lump-sum payments to survivors of such employees (based on a worker's death due to a covered illness and any years of established wage-loss). Part E of the Act also provides these same payments and benefits to uranium miners, millers and ore transporters covered by section 5 of the RECA and, where applicable, to survivors of such employees. The Office of Workers' Compensation Programs (OWCP) administers the adjudication of claims and the payment of benefits under EEOICPA, with the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) estimating the amounts of radiation received by employees alleged to have sustained cancer as a result of such exposure and establishing guidelines to be followed by OWCP in determining whether such cancers are at least as likely as not related to employment. Both DOE and DOJ are responsible for notifying potential claimants and for submitting evidence necessary for OWCP's adjudication of claims under EEOICPA.
Collapse
|
32
|
Howe GR. Radiation and screening. Radiat Res 2005; 163:693-4. [PMID: 16044493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Davis J. Energy employees occupations illness compensation program. Health Phys 2004; 86:210-211. [PMID: 14744058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
34
|
Miller KL, Rysavy CF. Legal liability and the health physicist. Health Phys 2004; 86:S48-S52. [PMID: 14744071 DOI: 10.1097/00004032-200402001-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Miller
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center 500 University Drive Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Richardson D, Wing S. Are A-bomb survivor studies an appropriate basis for nuclear worker compensation? Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:A748. [PMID: 14594639 PMCID: PMC1241742 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.111-a748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
36
|
Riley P. Radiation risk in the context of liability for injury. J Radiol Prot 2003; 23:305-315. [PMID: 14582721 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/23/3/306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is perceived by the man in the street that low-level radiation from a nuclear facility is more dangerous than that from other practices. The radiation protection system, in particular the ALARA principle, leads to concerns that even the smallest exposure to radiation is abnormal and dangerous. Public perception of the radiation risk leads to fear in the minds of the public. A consequence of this fear itself may be damage to health in the form of psychological damage or nervous shock. The paper draws attention to the liability for damages by radiation, in particular under the common law of the UK and US, and how liability, determined by the court, is not necessarily influenced by scientific rationality. A natural conclusion may be that a claimant suffering injury of the type caused by radiation and who had been exposed to radiation, no matter how small a dose, that could be shown to come from a nuclear installation would be awarded damages against the licensee of the site of the installation unless it could be shown that the injury was predominantly caused by another source (radioactive or otherwise).
Collapse
|
37
|
Fesenko SV, Panov AV. [Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of countermeasures in rural settlements in the long-term period after the accident at the Chernobyl AES]. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2002; 42:100-9. [PMID: 11898623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the strategy of countermeasures aimed at reducing exposure doses to the rural population is presented. The effectiveness of the proposed system of countermeasures assessed by criteria such as reduction factor of exposure doses and cost of averted doses. Costs of countermeasures in the rural settlements located in the affected zone are calculated for a long term after the Chernobyl NPP accident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Fesenko
- Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk, 249020 Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nyandoto P, Muhonen T, Hakala T, Dombrowski MP, Joensuu H. Financial compensation for radiotherapy-related adverse events in a judicial system where proof of medical negligence is not required. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:209-12. [PMID: 11516870 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the frequency of adverse events related to radiation therapy that lead to financial compensation in a judicial system that is not based on litigation in court but on statutory insurance where proof of medical negligence is not required for obtaining compensation. METHODS AND MATERIALS In Finland, an injured patient does not sue through the courts, but submits an insurance claim to the Patient Insurance Association. Proof of medical negligence is not required for obtaining compensation. We reviewed all filed claims associated with radiotherapy presented to the Patient Insurance Association from May 1987 to January 1999. During this time period, 1,732,000 patient visits to radiation therapy units were made, and the estimated number of radiotherapy treatments was 86,600. The data collected included descriptions of the adverse events, examination of the radiation therapy procedures followed, assessment of the causal relation of the event to radiotherapy by the therapists involved and by independent reviewers, and the sums used for compensation. RESULTS Only 102 patients (about 0.1%) had filed a claim for financial compensation, and in 18 (0.02%) cases the claim led to compensation. The mean national annual expenditure used for compensation was $35,200, and the sums paid in single cases ranged from $310 to $287,430 (median, $1,970). The expenditure used for compensating adverse radiation events was about $4 per treated patient, which is about 0.3% of all radiation therapy costs. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of radiation therapy injuries that are financially compensated can remain low in an insurance-based judicial system where no litigation or attorneys are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nyandoto
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Greenland S. Resolved: the probability of causation can be used in an equitable manner to resolve radiation tort claims and design compensation schemes. Con. Radiat Res 2000; 154:718-9. [PMID: 11187006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Greenland
- UCLA School of Public Health and Department of Statistics, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Thomas DC. Resolved: the probability of causation can be used in an equitable manner to resolve radiation tort claims and design compensation schemes. Pro. Radiat Res 2000; 154:717-8. [PMID: 11187005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D C Thomas
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
|
43
|
Abstract
At the present time, the current improvement of technical and dosimetric aspects of radiation oncology has to be evaluated in terms of potential benefit for the patient and the society. For this last point of view, specially designed economic analyses must be performed in order to justify the number of resources involved by these technical improvements. If the question is how the current technical procedures could reduce the risk of undesirable side-effects, the response cannot be immediately drawn from the literature. This paper emphasizes the possibility to evaluate the role of side-effects as endpoints of economic analyses when using special models in medical decision making such as Markov's. Only few oncologic situations are reliable to properly analyze the relationship between sophisticated radiation techniques and the incidence of post-radiation complications. These situations should be selected when prospective economic analyses are planned in the field of radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Daly-Schveitzer
- Département de radiothérapie oncologique, institut Claudius-Regaud, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bushueva GA, Kon'shina LG, Volkova SV, Polzik EV, Ural'shin AG, Zhukovskiĭ MV. [Economic assessment of damage caused to population's health by radiation pollution of the environment]. Gig Sanit 1996:42-5. [PMID: 9005189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Disease subject to presumptive service connection (radiation risk activity)--VA. Final rule. Fed Regist 1995; 60:31250-2. [PMID: 10143392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This document amends Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) adjudication regulations concerning diseases presumed to be the result of exposure to ionizing radiation. This amendment is necessary to implement Public Law 103-446, the Veterans' Benefits Improvements Act, which provides that the term "radiation risk activity" includes the onsite participation in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device by the United States and by other governments. The intended effect of this amendment is to extend the presumption of service connection for radiogenic disabilities to those veterans exposed to radiation during active military service due to onsite participation in atmospheric nuclear tests conducted by nations other than the United States.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The discovery that sunlight is the primary causal factor in a family of serious eye diseases is doubly significant because it offers a simple, safe, and inexpensive means of preventing all of them simultaneously. The need for prevention is underscored by the terrible expense of sunlight-related eye diseases--$50 billion for cataract surgery in the U.S. during the past decade, plus the added cost to society of visual impairment and blindness. There is widespread scientific agreement that the use of eyewear with lenses that preferentially absorb the high-energy components of the solar spectrum, including 100% of UV radiation, will substantially reduce the risk of all sunlight-related eye diseases without interfering with visual function. A program to preserve visual health by such means can be based primarily on public education. Because the method of preventing these diseases is the use of appropriate eyewear, this unprecedented opportunity falls within the field of expertise of optometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA Medical School
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bardychev MS, Kuznetsova RA. [Economic effect of new methods of treating late radiation injuries]. Med Radiol (Mosk) 1987; 32:46-9. [PMID: 3613922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
49
|
Rich V. More compensation in Finland for nuclear accident victims. Nature 1987; 325:654. [PMID: 3821858 DOI: 10.1038/325654a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
50
|
Archer VE. Problems in calculating cost of radiation exposure. Health Phys 1984; 46:706-708. [PMID: 6698800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|