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TACHIBANA T, KUSAKABE KT, OSAKI S, KURAISHI T, HATTORI S, YOSHIZAWA M, KAI C, KISO Y. Histocytological specificities of adrenal cortex in the New World Monkeys, Aotus lemurinus and Saimiri boliviensis. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:161-5. [PMID: 26321299 PMCID: PMC4751139 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The New World monkey Aotus spp. (night monkeys) are expected for use of valuable experimental animal with the close species of Saimiri spp. (squirrel monkeys). Saimiri is known to show spontaneous hypercortisolemia, although few reports in Aotus. We compared basic states of blood steroid hormones and histological structure of the adrenal glands in two monkeys. Serum cortisol and ACTH levels were statistically lower in Aotus than Saimiri. Conversely, Aotus adrenocortical area showed significant enlargement, especially at the zona fasciculata. Electron microscopic observation at Aotus fasciculata cells revealed notable accumulation of large lipid droplets and irregular shapes of the mitochondrial cristae. These results suggest potential differences in cellular activities for steroidogenesis between Aotus and Saimiri and experimental usefulness in adrenocortical physiology and pathological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru TACHIBANA
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate
School of Veterinary Science, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Ken Takeshi KUSAKABE
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate
School of Veterinary Science, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Sayuri OSAKI
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate
School of Veterinary Science, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
| | - Takeshi KURAISHI
- Amami Laboratory of Injurious Animals, Institute of Medical
Science, The University of Tokyo, 802 Teyasu, Setouchi-cho, Ohshima-gun, Kagoshima
894–1531, Japan
| | - Shosaku HATTORI
- Amami Laboratory of Injurious Animals, Institute of Medical
Science, The University of Tokyo, 802 Teyasu, Setouchi-cho, Ohshima-gun, Kagoshima
894–1531, Japan
| | - Midori YOSHIZAWA
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Utsunomiya
University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321–8505, Japan
| | - Chieko KAI
- Amami Laboratory of Injurious Animals, Institute of Medical
Science, The University of Tokyo, 802 Teyasu, Setouchi-cho, Ohshima-gun, Kagoshima
894–1531, Japan
| | - Yasuo KISO
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate
School of Veterinary Science, 1677–1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753–8515, Japan
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Parker CR, Grizzle WE, Blevins JK, Hawkes K. Development of adrenal cortical zonation and expression of key elements of adrenal androgen production in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from birth to adulthood. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 387:35-43. [PMID: 24576611 PMCID: PMC4016767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basis for the pattern of adrenal androgen production in the chimpanzee, which resembles that of humans, is poorly defined. We characterized the developmental zonation and expression of elements of the androgen biosynthetic pathway in the chimpanzee adrenal. The newborn adrenal contained a broad fetal zone (FZ) expressing CYP17, SULT2A1, and Cytochrome B5 (CB5) but not HSD3B; the outer cortex expressed HSD3B but not SULT2A1 or CB5. During infancy, the FZ involuted and the HSD3B-expressing outer cortex broadened. By 3years of age, a thin layer of cells that expressed CB5, SULT2A1, and CYP17 adjoined the medulla and likely represented the zona reticularis; the outer cortex consisted of distinct zonae fasiculata and glomerulosa. Thereafter, the zona reticularis broadened as also occurs in the human. The adult chimpanzee adrenal displayed other human-like characteristics: intramedullary clusters of reticularis-like cells and also a cortical cuff of zona fasiculata-like cells adjoining the central vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - W E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - J K Blevins
- Department of Anthropology, 270S 140E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - K Hawkes
- Department of Anthropology, 270S 140E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Milosević VL, Stevanović DM, Nesić DM, Sosić-Jurjević BT, Ajdzanović VZ, Starcević VP, Severs WB. Central effects of ghrelin on the adrenal cortex: a morphological and hormonal study. Gen Physiol Biophys 2010; 29:194-202. [PMID: 20577031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue that exerts an important role in appetite and weight regulation, participates in the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Male Wistar rats (5/group) received daily for 5 days, via an ICV (intracerebroventricular) cannula, 5 microl phosphate buffered saline with or without 1 microg of rat ghrelin. Two hours after the last injection, blood and adrenal glands were collected from decapitated rats for blood hormone analyses and histologic and morphometric processing. Ghrelin treatment resulted in increased (p<0.05) body weight (13%), absolute whole adrenal gland weight (18%) and whole adrenal gland volume (20%). The absolute volumes of the entire adrenal cortex, ZG, ZF, and ZR also increased (p<0.05) after ghrelin by 20%, 21%, 21% and 11%, respectively. Ghrelin-treated rats had elevated (p<0.05) blood concentrations of ACTH, aldosterone and corticosterone (68%, 32% and 67%, respectively). The data clearly provide both morphological and hormonal status that ghrelin acts centrally to exert a global stimulatory effect on the adrenal cortex. Clarifying of the ghrelin precise role in the multiple networks affecting the stress hormone release, besides its well known energy and metabolic unbalance effects, remains a very important research goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verica Lj Milosević
- Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stanković, University of Belgrade, 142 Despot Stefan Blvd., 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Experiments were done to determine the actions of ACTH on the morphologic and functional characteristics of the zona fasciculata (ZF) and zona reticularis (ZR) in the guinea pig adrenal cortex. In control guinea pigs, a number of morphologic differences distinguished the ZF from the ZR, including the presence of far more lipid in the ZF than in the ZR. Treatment with ACTH decreased the lipid droplet content of the ZF cells, equalizing the amount of lipid in the two zones. Other morphologic differences between the ZF and ZR were also diminished by ACTH treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated that CYP17 protein was found in both the ZF and ZR in control animals, but with greater immunostaining intensity in the ZF. The enzyme protein distribution corresponded with higher 17alpha-hydroxylase activity in the ZF than in the ZR. After ACTH treatment, the intensity of staining and enzyme activities in the two zones were similar, attributable largely to increases in the ZR. In situ hybridization-and immunohistochemistry showed that in control animals CYPD216 was highly expressed in the ZR but not in the ZF. ACTH treatment dramatically reduced the intensity of CYP2D16 mRNA and protein staining in the ZR. Bufuralol 1'-hydroxylase activity, a marker for CYP2D subfamily members, was also decreased significantly in the ZR by ACTH treatment. The data indicate that administration of ACTH to guinea pigs has opposite effects on the expression of CYP17 and CYP2D16 in the ZR, and diminishes or eliminates some of the structural and functional differences between the ZF and ZR. The results suggest a role for ACTH in establishing and maintaining adrenocortical zonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Yuan
- Albany College of Pharmacy, NY 12208, USA
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Abstract
Whereas aging has been shown to be associated with striking reductions in circulating levels of adrenal androgens in humans, the alteration in adrenal function that occurs in aging has not been identified. We sought to determine if there are changes in the zonation of the adrenal in aging men by performing histomorphologic analyses of adrenal specimens that had been obtained at autopsy following sudden death due to trauma. We evaluated adrenals from 21 young men (20-29 yrs) and 12 older men (54-90 yrs); inclusion criteria required the presence of medullary tissue in the specimen and fixation within the first 24 hrs postmortem. Sections stained with H/E were examined microscopically and areas of the cortex that included adjacent medullary tissue were chosen for quantitative evaluation by use of a computerized image analysis system. The average width (arbitrary units, pixels) of the zona reticularis and that of the combined zonae fasciculata/glomerulosa were determined from sections stained for reticulum fibers. The zona reticularis represented 37.1 +/- 1.9% of the total cortical width in the young men, which was significantly greater than that of the older men (27.1 +/- 3.3%, P = 0.0082). The zona fasciculata/glomerulosa to zona reticularis ratio in the young men (1.84 +/- 0.15) was significantly less that that of the older men (3.29 +/- 0.47, P = 0.0011). There was no significant difference in the total width of the cortex in young compared to older men. These data suggest that aging results in alterations within the cortex of the adrenals in men such that there is a reduction in the size of the zona reticularis and a relative increase in the outer cortical zones. A reduced mass of the zona reticularis could be responsible for the diminished production of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate that occurs during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Parker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35233-7333, USA
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Abstract
The unique border zone between the zona fasciculata and z. reticularis of the female adrenal cortex is formed in the wild-colored inbred mastomys (Praomys coucha) strain, MWC, but never in the chamois-colored inbred strain, MCC. This clear strain-specific trait was genetically analyzed using F1, F2, and backcross progenies produced between MWC and MCC. Reciprocal crosses gave no significant differences in the phenotypic ratio of F1 or F2 progeny. Border zone formation was detected in 0% of F1 females, 25.8% of F2 females, 0% of backcross females between F1 and MCC, and 47.7% of backcross females between F1 and MWC. From these results, it was concluded that border zone formation in the female MWC adrenal is regulated by a single autosomal recessive gene and this gene was named bzf (border zone formation).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Adrenal weights and adrenocortical zonation were compared in two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and DDD, which are different in both origin and genetic background. Clear strain and sex differences were observed in the adrenal weight and the morphology of the zona fasciculata, z. reticularis and X zone. DDD adrenals were larger than C57BL/6J ones regardless of sex. The z. fasciculata was thicker in female than male DDD mice. The z. reticularis of DDD males developed nodules at 70 days of age, followed by an increase in size with age, while that of C57BL/6J males did not. Parous females experiencing pregnancy, gestation and lactation also developed similar nodules, but virgins did not. The X zone degeneration occurred earlier in males than in females. This zone disappeared before 5 weeks of age in males but gradually decreased in thickness with age in DDD virgins. The female X zone was thicker and degenerated with vacuolation in DDD, while it was thinner and degenerated without vacuolation in C57BL/6J. Such clear strain differences in the inner cortices, z. reticularis and X zone, suggested that their morphology might be regulated primarily by genetics and modified by endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Janjua MZ, Khan MY. Age related changes in the rat adrenal cortex. J PAK MED ASSOC 1992; 42:89-94. [PMID: 1597925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study revealed that the growth of the rat adrenal gland was relatively slower than general body growth. However, growth of the cortex preceded that of the medulla. The parenchyma showed three usual zones but a fourth inconstant lipid-poor, zona intermedia between outer glomerulosa and middle fasciculata was also observed. In all cortical zones, the predominance of dark cells over the light cells occurred irrespective of the age groups studied. The advancing age replaced capsular cellular elements with fibrous ones whereas the mitotic activity of the parenchymal cells decreased and an increase in the intracellular lipid in the outer and ascorbic acid in the inner cortex was observed. The glycogen which was restricted mainly to the inner cortex remained unaffected by aging process while the acid phosphatase activity from the inner reticularis extended to the outer cortex in aged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Janjua
- Department of Anatomy, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi
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Kozlov VI, Pugachev MK. [Histophysiology of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of albino rats]. Arkh Anat Gistol Embriol 1990; 99:36-41. [PMID: 2090057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three phases have been detected in the fascicular zone of the white rat adrenal cortex. During the first phase (normoemia) blood stream is rather moderate, lipids accumulate in adrenocorticocytes. This results in increase of their volume and in decrease of nuclear-cytoplasmic relations. The second phase (functional hyperemia) is characterized with an elevated blood stream and plethora, maximal parameters of nuclear volume and nuclear-cytoplasmic relations, decreasing content of lipids and volume of adrenocorticocytes. During the third phase (functional hypoemia) parameters characterising intensity of blood stream, nuclear volume and nuclear-cytoplasmic relations decrease.
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