Decidua mesenchymal stem cells migrated toward mammary tumors in vitro and in vivo affecting tumor growth and tumor development

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have affinity to tumor sites where they home, affecting their biology and growth. Previously, we have isolated mesenchymal cells from the decidua of the human placenta named as decidua-derived MSCs (DMSCs). The aims of the present study were to investigate the migration capacity of DMSCs in vitro, and in vivo in a preclinical model of mammary tumors induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Additionally, we assessed the safety of DMSC administration in vivo and their effect on tumor growth. In vitro studies showed that DMSCs significantly migrate toward both, healthy human breast tissue and breast adenocarcinoma. Nevertheless, the effect on DMSC migration was significantly higher in the presence of tumor tissue. DMSCs also significantly migrated in vitro in the presence of NMU-mammary tumor homogenate when compared with control media alone. In vivo studies showed both migration and engraftment of DMSCs into NMU-induced tumors. Interestingly, DMSCs showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of primary tumors and in the development of new tumors. DMSCs did not affect the growth of secondary tumors, although secondary tumors appeared 2 weeks later, and the number of secondary tumors was lower in the DMSC-treated rats as compared with vehicle-treated rats. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing placental MSCs effect on tumor growth. In conclusion, DMSCs could serve as a therapeutic agent themselves and as a cellular vehicle of anticancer drugs.

Akt-mediated survival of oligodendrocytes induced by neuregulins

Neuregulins have been implicated in a number of events in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, including enhanced survival, mitosis, migration, and differentiation. At least two signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in neuregulin signaling: the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In the present studies, we examined the signaling pathway involved in the survival function of heregulin, focusing on heregulin-induced changes in Akt activity in cultured glial cells, and the consequences of Akt activation in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Heregulin binds erbB receptors, and in our studies, primary cultures of both oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and differentiating oligodendrocytes expressed erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors. In C6 glioma cells and primary cultures of oligodendrocytes, heregulin induced time- and dose-dependent Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. To investigate further the signaling pathway for heregulin in glial cells, BAD was overexpressed in C6 glioma cells. In these cells, heregulin induced phosphorylation of BAD at Ser(136). Apoptosis of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells induced by growth factor deprivation was effectively blocked by heregulin in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Overexpression of dominant negative Akt but not of wild-type Akt by adenoviral gene transfer in primary cultures of both oligodendrocytes and their progenitors induced significant apoptosis through activation of the caspase cascade. The present data suggest that the survival function of heregulin is mediated through the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage and that the Akt pathway may be quite important for survival of cells in this lineage.

Akt-mediated survival of oligodendrocytes induced by neuregulins

Neuregulins have been implicated in a number of events in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, including enhanced survival, mitosis, migration, and differentiation. At least two signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in neuregulin signaling: the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In the present studies, we examined the signaling pathway involved in the survival function of heregulin, focusing on heregulin-induced changes in Akt activity in cultured glial cells, and the consequences of Akt activation in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Heregulin binds erbB receptors, and in our studies, primary cultures of both oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and differentiating oligodendrocytes expressed erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors. In C6 glioma cells and primary cultures of oligodendrocytes, heregulin induced time- and dose-dependent Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. To investigate further the signaling pathway for heregulin in glial cells, BAD was overexpressed in C6 glioma cells. In these cells, heregulin induced phosphorylation of BAD at Ser(136). Apoptosis of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells induced by growth factor deprivation was effectively blocked by heregulin in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Overexpression of dominant negative Akt but not of wild-type Akt by adenoviral gene transfer in primary cultures of both oligodendrocytes and their progenitors induced significant apoptosis through activation of the caspase cascade. The present data suggest that the survival function of heregulin is mediated through the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage and that the Akt pathway may be quite important for survival of cells in this lineage.

p53 is a transcriptional activator of the muscle-specific phosphoglycerate mutase gene and contributes in vivo to the control of its cardiac expression

The role that the p53 tumor suppressor gene product plays in cellular differentiation remains controversial. However, recent evidence indicates that p53 is required for proper embryogenesis. We have studied the effect of p53 on the expression mediated by the promoter of the rat muscle-specific phosphoglycerate mutase gene (M-PGAM), a marker for cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation. Experiments involving transient transfection, mobility shift assay, and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that p53 specifically binds and transactivates the M-PGAM promoter. The p53-related proteins p51A and p73L also transactivated M-PGAM. Moreover, stable expression of a p53 dominant mutant in C2C12 cells blocked the induction of M-PGAM expression during the myoblast to myotube transition and the ability of p53, p51A, and p73L to transactivate the M-PGAM promoter. In addition, impaired expression of M-PGAM was observed in a subset of p53-null animals in heart and muscle tissues of anterior-ventral location. These results demonstrate that p53 is a transcriptional activator of M-PGAM that contributes in vivo to the control of its cardiac expression. These data support previous findings indicating a role for p53 in cellular differentiation.

Ectopic expression of cdc2/cdc28 kinase subunit Homo sapiens 1 uncouples cyclin B metabolism from the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint

Primary human fibroblasts arrest growth in response to the inhibition of mitosis by mitotic spindle-depolymerizing drugs. We show that the mechanism of mitotic arrest is transient and implicates a decrease in the expression of cdc2/cdc28 kinase subunit Homo sapiens 1 (CKsHs1) and a delay in the metabolism of cyclin B. Primary human fibroblasts infected with a retroviral vector that drives the expression of a mutant p53 protein failed to downregulate CKsHs1 expression, degraded cyclin B despite the absence of chromosomal segregation, and underwent DNA endoreduplication. In addition, ectopic expression of CKsHs1 interfered with the control of cyclin B metabolism by the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint and resulted in a higher tendency to undergo DNA endoreduplication. These results demonstrate that an altered regulation of CKsHs1 and cyclin B in cells that carry mutant p53 undermines the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint and facilitates the development of aneuploidy. These data may contribute to the understanding of the origin of heteroploidy in mutant p53 cells.

Identification of sequence similarity between 60 kDa and 70 kDa molecular chaperones: evidence for a common evolutionary background?

Recent findings support the premise that chaperonins (60 kDa stress-proteins) and alpha-subunits of F-type ATPases (alpha-ATPase) are evolutionary related protein families. Two-dimensional gel patterns of synthesized proteins in unstressed and heat-shocked embryonic Drosophila melanogaster SL2 cells revealed that antibodies raised against the alpha-subunit of the F1-ATPase complex from rat liver recognize an inducible p71 member of the 70 kDa stress-responsive protein family. Molecular recognition of this stress-responsive 70 kDa protein by antibodies raised against the F1-ATPase alpha-subunit suggests the possibility of partial sequence similarity within these ATP-binding protein families. A multiple sequence alignment between alpha-ATPases and 60 kDa and 70 kDa molecular chaperones is presented. Statistical evaluation of sequence similarity reveals a significant degree of sequence conservation within the three protein families. The finding suggests a common evolutionary origin for the ATPases and molecular chaperone protein families of 60 kDa and 70 kDa, despite the lack of obvious structural resemblance between them.

Cpn60 is exclusively localized into mitochondria of rat liver and embryonic Drosophila cells

Several reports have claimed that the mitochondrial chaperonin cpn60, or a close homolog, is also present in some other subcellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell. Immunoelectron microscopy studies, using a polyclonal serum against cpn60, revealed that the protein is exclusively localized within the mitochondria of rat liver and embryonic Drosophila cells (SL2). Furthermore, no cpn60 immunoreactive material could be found within the nucleus of SL2 cells subjected to a 1 h 37 degrees C heat-shock treatment. In contrast to these findings, immunoelectron microscopy studies, using a cpn60 monoclonal antibody, revealed mitochondrial and extramitochondrial (plasma membrane, nucleus) immunoreactive material in rat liver cells. Surprisingly, the monoclonal antibody also reacted with fixed proteins of the mature red blood cell. The monoclonal antibody, as well as cpn60 polyclonal sera, only recognize mitochondrial cpn60 in Western blots of liver proteins. Furthermore, none of the cpn60 antibodies used in this study recognized blotted proteins from rat red blood cells. Therefore, we suggest that the reported extramitochondrial localization of cpn60 in metazoan cells may be due to cross-reactivity of some of cpn60 antibodies with conformational epitopes also present in distantly related cpn60 protein homologs that are preserved during fixation procedures of the cells.

Antibodies against F1-ATPase alpha-subunit recognize mitochondrial chaperones. Evidence for an evolutionary relationship between chaperonin and ATPase protein families

Antibodies raised against two synthetic peptides from rat liver F1-ATPase alpha-subunit sequence recognized two main heat-shock proteins from Drosophila (p71 and p56) and rat liver (p74 and p54) cells. One of the antisera showed a 20-fold higher reactivity toward Escherichia coli GroEL chaperonin than toward the alpha-subunit purified from Drosophila. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation experiments located both mammalian heat-shock proteins in the mitochondria. The recent findings of functional homology between chaperonins and alpha-subunits, together with the unsuspected immunological reactivity of two mitochondrial molecular chaperones toward antisera derived from two different sequence motifs of the alpha-subunit, strongly argue in favor of the existence of an evolutionary relationship between chaperonins and alpha-subunits. The complete sequence alignment of F-type ATPase alpha-subunits and chaperonins revealed the existence of eleven most conserved regions (approximately 30% of each protein sequence) with an overall amino acid identity of 20 +/- 2% and similarity of 39 +/- 4%. A search of protein data bases with three different consensus sequences derived from this alignment identified a significant proportion of proteins belonging only to these two protein families. Since the alpha-subunit protein family is evolutionary related to the other catalytic (A and beta) and regulatory (B) subunits of V- and F-type ATPases, the homology reported herein allowed us to analyze, in the chaperonin sequences, the conservation of critical residues involved in nucleotide binding. These data support the hypothesis that chaperonins and the major subunits of V- and F-type ATPases are evolutionary related.

Molecular chaperones and the biogenesis of mitochondria and peroxisomes

A review of the proteinaceous machinery involved in protein sorting pathways and protein folding and assembly in mitochondria and peroxisomes is presented. After considering the various sorting pathways and targeting signals of mitochondrial and peroxisomal proteins, we make a comparative dissection of the protein factors involved in: i) the stabilization of cytosolic precursor proteins in a translocation competent conformation; ii) the membrane import apparatus of mitochondria and peroxisomes; iii) the processing of mitochondrial precursor proteins, and the eventual processing of certain peroxisomal precursor, in the interior of the organelles; and iv) the requirement of molecular chaperones for appropriate folding and assembly of imported proteins in the matrix of both organelles. Those aspects of mitochondrial biogenesis that have developed rapidly during the last few years, such as the requirement of molecular chaperones, are stressed in order to stimulate further parallel investigations aimed to understand the origin, biochemistry, molecular biology and pathology of peroxisomes. In this regard, a brief review of findings from our group and others is presented in which the role of the F1-ATPase alpha-subunit is pointed out as a molecular chaperone of mitochondria and chloroplasts. In addition, data are presented that could question our previous indication that the immunoreactive protein found in the rat liver peroxisomes is due to the presence of the F1-ATPase alpha-subunit.