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Sharma A, Glod M, Forster T, McGovern R, McGurk K, Barron Millar E, Meyer TD, Miklowitz D, Ryan V, Vale L, Le Couteur A. FAB: First UK feasibility trial of a future randomised controlled trial of Family focused treatment for Adolescents with Bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2020; 8:24. [PMID: 32743735 PMCID: PMC7396411 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This first mixed-methods UK trial examined the feasibility and acceptability of a future definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate whether Family Focussed Treatment for Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder (FFT-A) UK version can improve family functioning and well-being as part of the management of Paediatric Bipolar Disorder (PBD). METHOD The trial used a randomised, parallel group, non-blinded design where participants received FFT-A UK (16 sessions over 6 months) immediately or after 12 months (delayed arm). Measures of family functioning, well-being and quality of life of the young person and the main carer (most commonly a parent) were completed at baseline, 6 and 12-months in both arms. Primary outcome measures included rates of eligibility, consent and retention along with estimates of variability in the measures and assessment of the intervention delivery. Qualitative interviews allowed assessment of participants' views about FFT-A and the trial processes. RESULTS Twenty-seven of 36 young persons with PBD and their families consented; of these, 14 families were randomised to the immediate and 13 to the delayed arm. Two families from the immediate arm withdrew consent and discontinued participation. Quantitative measures were completed by 22 families (88%) at 6-months and 21 families (84%) at 12-months. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 participants (9 young people, 15 parents and 6 other family members). Nine families attended 3 post-trial focus groups. CONCLUSION It was feasible to recruit and retain to this trial. The results highlighted that trial design and measures were acceptable to participants. A benefit in family relationships was reported by participants which they attributed to the intervention in qualitative interviews. Families recommended that future modifications include definitive trial(s) recruiting participants in the age range 15-25 years as it felt this was the age range with maximum need. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN59769322. Registered 20 January 2014, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN59769322.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - M Glod
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - T Forster
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R McGovern
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - K McGurk
- Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - T D Meyer
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Miklowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - V Ryan
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Vale
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Colver A, McConachie H, Le Couteur A, Dovey-Pearce G, Mann KD, McDonagh JE, Pearce MS, Vale L, Merrick H, Parr JR. A longitudinal, observational study of the features of transitional healthcare associated with better outcomes for young people with long-term conditions. BMC Med 2018; 16:111. [PMID: 30032726 PMCID: PMC6055340 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most evidence about what works in transitional care comes from small studies in single clinical specialties. We tested the hypothesis that exposures to nine recommended features of transitional healthcare were associated with better outcomes for young people with long-term conditions during transition from child-centred to adult-oriented health services. METHODS This is a longitudinal, observational cohort study in UK secondary care including 374 young people, aged 14-18.9 years at recruitment, with type 1 diabetes (n = 150), cerebral palsy (n = 106) or autism spectrum disorder with an associated mental health problem (n = 118). All were pre-transfer and without significant learning disability. We approached all young people attending five paediatric diabetes centres, all young people with autism spectrum disorder attending four mental health centres, and randomly selected young people from two population-based cerebral palsy registers. Participants received four home research visits, 1 year apart and 274 participants (73%) completed follow-up. Outcome measures were Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale, Mind the Gap Scale (satisfaction with services), Rotterdam Transition Profile (Participation) and Autonomy in Appointments. RESULTS Exposure to recommended features was 61% for 'coordinated team', 53% for 'age-banded clinic', 48% for 'holistic life-skills training', 42% for 'promotion of health self-efficacy', 40% for 'meeting the adult team before transfer', 34% for 'appropriate parent involvement' and less than 30% for 'written transition plan', 'key worker' and 'transition manager for clinical team'. Three features were strongly associated with improved outcomes. (1) 'Appropriate parent involvement', example association with Wellbeing (b = 4.5, 95% CI 2.0-7.0, p = 0.001); (2) 'Promotion of health self-efficacy', example association with Satisfaction with Services (b = - 0.5, 95% CI - 0.9 to - 0.2, p = 0.006); (3) 'Meeting the adult team before transfer', example associations with Participation (arranging services and aids) (odds ratio 5.2, 95% CI 2.1-12.8, p < 0.001) and with Autonomy in Appointments (average 1.7 points higher, 95% CI 0.8-2.6, p < 0.001). There was slightly less recruitment of participants from areas with greater socioeconomic deprivation, though not with respect to family composition. CONCLUSIONS Three features of transitional care were associated with improved outcomes. Results are likely to be generalisable because participants had three very different conditions, attending services at many UK sites. Results are relevant for clinicians as well as for commissioners and managers of health services. The challenge of introducing these three features across child and adult healthcare services, and the effects of doing so, should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colver
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, NE29 8NH, UK.
| | - H McConachie
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - A Le Couteur
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE3 3XT, UK
| | - G Dovey-Pearce
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Tyneside General Hospital, Rake Lane, North Shields, NE29 8NH, UK
| | - K D Mann
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - J E McDonagh
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - M S Pearce
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - L Vale
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - H Merrick
- Institute of Health & Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - J R Parr
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, St. Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE3 3XT, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Sir James Spence Institute, Newcastle University, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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Colver A, Pearse R, Watson RM, Fay M, Rapley T, Mann KD, Le Couteur A, Parr JR, McConachie H. How well do services for young people with long term conditions deliver features proposed to improve transition? BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:337. [PMID: 29739396 PMCID: PMC5941647 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For young people with long-term conditions, transition from child to adult-oriented health services is a critical period which, if not managed well, may lead to poor outcomes. There are features of transition services which guidance and research suggest improve outcomes. We studied nine such features, calling them 'proposed beneficial features': age-banded clinic; meet adult team before transfer; promotion of health self-efficacy; written transition plan; appropriate parent involvement; key worker; coordinated team; holistic life-skills training; transition manager for clinical team. We aimed to describe the extent to which service providers offer these nine features, and to compare this with young people's reported experience of them. METHODS A longitudinal, mixed methods study followed 374 young people as their care moved from child to adult health services. Participants had type 1 diabetes, cerebral palsy or autism spectrum disorder with additional mental health difficulties. Data are reported from the first two visits, one year apart. RESULTS Three hundred four (81.3%) of the young people took part in the second visit (128 with diabetes, 91 with autism, 85 with cerebral palsy). Overall, the nine proposed beneficial features of transition services were poorly provided. Fewer than half of services stated they provided an age-banded clinic, written transition plan, transition manager for clinical team, a protocol for promotion of health self-efficacy, or holistic life-skills training. To varying degrees, young people reported that they had not experienced the features which services said they provided. For instance, the agreement for written transition plan, holistic life-skills training and key worker, was 30, 43 and 49% respectively. Agreement was better for appropriate parent involvement, age-banded clinic, promotion of health self-efficacy and coordinated team at 77, 77, 80 and 69% respectively. Variation in the meaning of the features as experienced by young people and families was evident from qualitative interviews and observations. CONCLUSIONS UK services provide only some of the nine proposed beneficial features for supporting healthcare transition of young people with long term conditions. Observational studies or trials which examine the influence of features of transition services on outcomes should ensure that the experiences of young people and families are captured, and not rely on service specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colver
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, NE29 8NH, UK.
| | - R Pearse
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - R M Watson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - M Fay
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - T Rapley
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Department of Social Work, Education and Community Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7XA, UK
| | - K D Mann
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - A Le Couteur
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Centre for Neurorehabilitation and Neuropsychiatry, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 4QD, UK
| | - J R Parr
- Centre for Neurorehabilitation and Neuropsychiatry, Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 4QD, UK.,Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - H McConachie
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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Parkinson KN, Reilly JJ, Basterfield L, Reilly JK, Janssen X, Jones AR, Cutler LR, Le Couteur A, Adamson AJ. Mothers' perceptions of child weight status and the subsequent weight gain of their children: a population-based longitudinal study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:801-806. [PMID: 28119532 PMCID: PMC5418556 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a plethora of cross-sectional work on maternal perceptions of child weight status showing that mothers typically do not classify their overweight child as being overweight according to commonly used clinical criteria. Awareness of overweight in their child is regarded as an important prerequisite for mothers to initiate appropriate action. The gap in the literature is determining whether, if mothers do classify their overweight child's weight status correctly, this is associated with a positive outcome for the child's body mass index (BMI) at a later stage. OBJECTIVE To explore longitudinal perceptions of child weight status from mothers of a contemporary population-based birth cohort (Gateshead Millennium Study) and relationships of these perceptions with future child weight gain. METHODS Data collected in the same cohort at 7, 12 and 15 years of age: mothers' responses to two items concerning their child's body size; child's and mother's BMI; pubertal maturation; demographic information. RESULTS Mothers' perceptions of whether their child was overweight did not change markedly over time. Child BMI was the only significant predictor of mothers' classification of overweight status, and it was only at the extreme end of the overweight range and in the obese range that mothers reliably described their child as overweight. Even when mothers did appropriately classify their child as overweight at an earlier stage, this was not related to relatively lower child BMI a few years later. CONCLUSIONS Mothers tend to classify their child as overweight in only more extreme cases. It is an important finding that no beneficial impact was shown on later child BMI in overweight children whose mothers classified their child's weight status as overweight at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Parkinson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Basterfield
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J K Reilly
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - X Janssen
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - A R Jones
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L R Cutler
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Le Couteur
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A J Adamson
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Sharma A, Neely J, Camilleri N, James A, Grunze H, Le Couteur A. Incidence, characteristics and course of narrow phenotype paediatric bipolar I disorder in the British Isles. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:522-532. [PMID: 27744649 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the surveillance incidence of first-time diagnosis of narrow phenotype bipolar I disorder (NPBDI) in young people under 16 years by consultants in child and adolescent psychiatry (CCAP) in the British Isles and describe symptoms, comorbidity, associated factors, management strategies and clinical outcomes at 1-year follow-up. METHOD Active prospective surveillance epidemiology was utilised to ask 730 CCAP to report cases of NPBDI using the child and adolescent psychiatry surveillance system. RESULTS Of the 151 cases of NPBDI reported, 33 (age range 10-15.11 years) met the DSM-IV analytical case definition with 60% having had previously undiagnosed mood episodes. The minimum 12-month incidence of NPBDI in the British Isles was 0.59/100 000 (95% CI 0.41-0.84). Irritability was reported in 72% cases and comorbid conditions in 51.5% cases with 48.5% cases requiring admission to hospital. Relapses occurred in 56.67% cases during the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS These rates suggest that the first-time diagnosis of NPBDI in young people <16 years of age by CCAP in the British Isles is infrequent; however, the rates of relapse and admission to hospital warrant close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Neely
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - N Camilleri
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Tees, Esk and Wear Valley NHS Foundation Trust, Darlington, UK
| | - A James
- Highfield Unit, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - H Grunze
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Le Couteur
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Garralda ME, McConachie H, Le Couteur A, Sriranjan S, Chakrabarti I, Cirak S, Guglieri M, Bushby K, Muntoni F. Emotional impact of genetic trials in progressive paediatric disorders: a dose-ranging exon-skipping trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39:449-55. [PMID: 22676208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene-modifying trials offer hope for improvement in chronic paediatric disorders, but they may also lead to disappointment and have an adverse emotional effect on families. This study aimed to examine emotional impact on participants in a paediatric exon-skipping trial. METHODS Nineteen male children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and their parents, taking part in a dose-ranging study of an i.v. administered morpholino splice-switching oligomer (which can restore the reading frame in DMD and induce dystrophin expression) underwent a psychosocial/psychiatric examination at trial entry. Emotional impact was assessed at trial completion using questionnaires. RESULTS The mean child age was 8.9 years (SD 2.1); 13(68%) were attending mainstream school. Most families were well adjusted psychosocially at trial entry. Post-trial median child emotional impact scores were 5/10 (n= 18), but impact was rated as positive by 6/14 (42%), neutral/mixed by 5 (35%) and negative by 3 (21%). Median post-trial psychosocial/psychiatric change scores in children and parents were minimal. Actual post-trial negative impact was statistically significantly associated with higher expected impact at trial entry, at which time the families of the three children displaying actual negative impact reported higher family stress levels in combination with a variety of other psychosocial risks factors. CONCLUSIONS In carefully selected families with low levels of psychosocial stress/distress at trial entry, and with good support from paediatric research units (including psychiatric input when required), genetic trials in progressive disorders such as DMD can have a predominantly positive or neutral emotional impact. Nevertheless, negative impact is reported by a minority of families and possible psychosocial predictors deserving further scrutiny have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Garralda
- Academic Unit of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Palmer E, Ketteridge C, Parr JR, Baird G, Le Couteur A. Autism spectrum disorder diagnostic assessments: improvements since publication of the National Autism Plan for Children. Arch Dis Child 2011; 96:473-5. [PMID: 20522453 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2009.172825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess in the context of a publically funded healthcare system, change in UK autism spectrum disorder (ASD) clinical diagnostic practice following the recommendations of the National Autism Plan for Children (NAP-C 2003). METHODS In 2007, a questionnaire based on standards from the NAP-C was sent to UK child development teams (CDTs); results were compared with 2001 data from the National Initiative for Autism Screening and Assessment. MAIN FINDINGS Responses were received from 149 of 243 UK CDTs (61%). Most teams used standardised autism diagnostic assessments. There was greater access to members of the multidisciplinary team than in 2001. Only one-third of teams had a defined timescale for completion of assessment; of those teams, about half met the recommended NAP-C target. CONCLUSIONS Since 2001, there has been an improvement in diagnostic services for children with ASD, however, inequalities remain. Providers should continue to improve services in order to deliver timely and comprehensive assessments for children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Palmer
- Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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McConachie H, Barry R, Spencer A, Parker L, Le Couteur A, Colver A. Dasl(n)e: the challenge of developing a regional database for autism spectrum disorder. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94:38-41. [PMID: 18456689 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2007.126326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The setting up of a database of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the north east of England is described. Best practice has been followed and included involving parents in planning and implementation at all stages, oversight by a multi-agency group, management by a multidisciplinary steering group, and independent administration of the database. From a potential listing of 986 children with ASD aged 3-12 years, the parents of 511 have so far responded (51.8%), although response rate varies considerably by local authority. Data checking has shown the information to be valid and case ascertainment broadly representative. The uses to which the data are being put and the continuing challenges are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H McConachie
- Newcastle University, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Adams S, Burton N, Cutress A, Adamson A, McColl E, OHare A, Baird G, Le Couteur A. Development of double blind gluten and casein free test foods for use in an autism dietary trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2008.00881_2.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of being a grandparent of a grandchild with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a previously under-researched area. This study sets out to examine the grandparents' own perspective in an exploratory way using a qualitative approach to answer the question, 'What is the experience like?' METHOD A qualitative research project, using a purposive sampling technique and semi-structured interviews to examine the experiences of six grandparents of children with ASD diagnosed by a specialist team in a second opinion Tier 4 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service. RESULTS The experiences of the grandparents were characterized by three Key Themes which emerged from the interviews: (1) The Parental Bond (protective bonding towards grandchild and adult child); (2) Striving for Answers (searching for meaning); (3) Keeping Intact (holding the family together). CONCLUSION The study suggests some interesting insights and confirms the need for more attention to this area. A key question raised by the study is how a child-focused multidisciplinary team can embrace its role in delivering a family-centred service. The clinical implications of this project have led to a change of practice in the specialist team. Further research would be appropriate to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness and cost effectiveness of involving grandparents as part of the assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Margetts
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Gilchrist A, Green J, Cox A, Burton D, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: a comparative study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001; 42:227-40. [PMID: 11280419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents with Asperger syndrome (AS: without delay in speech development, diagnosed according to ICD-10 clinical criteria) were compared with a group with high-functioning autism (HFA: all with delayed speech development), and a group with conduct disorder (CD). Family and genetic studies suggest that Asperger syndrome and autism form part of the same spectrum, whereas the social impairments in conduct disorder are assumed to have different origins. The aims were to explore the relationships between early speech development and other aspects of functioning in autistic disorders, and to compare autistic and nonautistic social impairments. Early and current behaviour and IQ profiles were investigated. The CD group were clearly different from both the AS and HFA groups. The AS group tended to have less severe early behavioural abnormalities than the HFA group, and were unlikely to have speech abnormalities, but other communicative, social, and restricted/ stereotyped behavioural difficulties were largely of a similar pattern to the abnormalities in the HFA group. Eighty per cent of the AS group met criteria for autism on the diagnostic algorithm associated with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. By adolescence, the AS group were reported to be as abnormal as the HFA group but in structured 1:1 interaction their conversation was better. IQ profile in the AS group showed relative strength on verbal measures, unlike the HFA group, but relatively good performance on the Block Design subtest of the WISC/WAIS was a feature of both the AS and HFA groups. The results indicate closely similar behavioural manifestations may arise by adolescence despite differences in speech development. Follow-up studies and further family investigations will be required to clarify the origins of these and other patterns of autistic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gilchrist
- Young People's Department, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, UK.
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Abstract
The need to help children and young people with significant mental health problems develop a sense of personal control in their everyday lives, in a manner which does not endanger themselves or others, was recognized by nurse practitioners working in an English regional multidisciplinary child and adolescent mental health residential unit. A concept analysis of control was undertaken and used to develop a framework for analysing control. This deductive framework was modified iteratively by nurses who developed new knowledge from a qualitative exploration of current practice and the application of the evolving framework to practice problems. The paper describes this process and highlights three main findings: (i) the evolving attributes of the concept analysis helped nurses steer a course through the complexities of practice; (ii) the research highlighted and enabled nurses to confront the paradoxical nature of control; (iii) the process enabled nurses to recognize the mutuality of feelings aroused simultaneously when both the nurse and the child are challenged to maintain personal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Croom
- Senior Lecturer/Practitioner in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Nursing, Newcastle City Health Care Trust and University of Northumbria, England
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Trowell J, Ugarte B, Kolvin I, Berelowitz M, Sadowski H, Le Couteur A. Behavioural psychopathology of child sexual abuse in schoolgirls referred to a tertiary centre: a North London study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 8:107-16. [PMID: 10435459 DOI: 10.1007/s007870050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sexually abused girls in this study were a sub-sample of a group of girls referred to a Regional Centre for Psychotherapy for the whole of London, North Thames. An inclusion criterion was that they were psychologically symptomatic and so it is likely that they were more problematic cases causing concern in their locality. The control clinical group consisted of referrals to local Child and Family consultation services, were an opt-in matched sample and not a total clinic referral sample. In addition, the reasons for referral covered both child disorder and family problems. It is, therefore, important to bear in mind the differences between these two groups. Certain clear cut findings have emerged from this study. No disorders specific to child sexual abuse in girls were identified but the extent and severity of the disturbance in the sexually abused sample was most striking. In these girls an event (CSA), together with referral because of emotional symptoms, was associated with enhanced severity of disorder and comorbidity particularly with reference to a cluster of disorders comprising post-traumatic stress disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorders (general and separation), social phobias and reactive attachment disorder. In the community clinic sample the identified disorders were mainly those of separation anxiety disorders and adjustment. Wide comorbidity was common in the sexual abuse sample and also severity of impairment was notable when compared to the clinic sample. However, because of the selected nature of the abuse group the findings are not generalisable beyond the population from which they emerged. The view is advanced that there are strong grounds for exploring the utility of psychodynamic psychotherapy in similar samples of sexually abused girls. These findings are discussed in the light of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trowell
- Tavistock Centre, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
There is broad agreement that genetic influences are central in the development of idiopathic autism. Whether relatives manifest genetically related milder phenotypes, and if so how these relate to autism proper, has proved a more contentious issue. A review of the relevant studies indicates that relatives are sometimes affected by difficulties that appear conceptually related to autistic behaviors. These range in severity from pervasive developmental disorders to abnormalities in only one area of functioning, and possibly extend to related personality traits. Issues involved in clarifying the components of milder phenotypes and their relationship to autism are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bailey
- Medical Research Council Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
The diagnostic boundaries of the behavioural phenotype for autism were examined in 28 MZ pairs and 20 DZ same-sex twin pairs, where one or both twins had autism. In the non-autistic cotwin (i.e. in twin pairs discordant for autism) it was common to find language impairments in childhood and social deficits persisting into adulthood. Concordance for this broader phenotype was much greater in MZ pairs than DZ pairs, indicating a strong genetic component. Behavioural and cognitive manifestations of autism were compared both within and between MZ twin pairs. The variation was as great within MZ twin pairs as between pairs, suggesting that it does not index genetic heterogeneity (although aetiological heterogeneity probably exists). Current diagnostic practices need re-evaluation.
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17
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Abstract
Recent studies have found that an unexpectedly large proportion of autistic children have large heads. Anthropometric measures of consecutive clinic attenders with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), other psychiatric or language disorders were analysed. Similar data were obtained from two schools for language disordered children. These data, combined with those from previous studies, indicate that about one-third of children with PDD have macrocephaly based on current percentile charts; this rate was significantly higher than in children with language disorder alone. The finding was not a consequence of recognizable medical disorders and suggests that PDD is sometimes associated with abnormal physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Woodhouse
- Child and Family Guidance Clinic, Swindon, U.K
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18
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Pickles A, Bolton P, Macdonald H, Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Sim CH, Rutter M. Latent-class analysis of recurrence risks for complex phenotypes with selection and measurement error: a twin and family history study of autism. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:717-26. [PMID: 7668301 PMCID: PMC1801262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the family history method to examine the pattern of recurrence risks for complex disorders such as autism is not straightforward. Problems such as uncertain phenotypic definition, unreliable measurement with increased error rates for more distant relatives, and selection due to reduced fertility all complicate the estimation of risk ratios. Using data from a recent family history study of autism, and a similar study of twins, this paper shows how a latent-class approach can be used to tackle these problems. New findings are presented supporting a multiple-locus model of inheritance, with three loci giving the best fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pickles
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Two previous epidemiological studies of autistic twins suggested that autism was predominantly genetically determined, although the findings with regard to a broader phenotype of cognitive, and possibly social, abnormalities were contradictory. Obstetric and perinatal hazards were also invoked as environmentally determined aetiological factors. The first British twin sample has been re-examined and a second total population sample of autistic twins recruited. In the combined sample 60% of monozygotic (MZ) pairs were concordant for autism versus no dizygotic (DZ) pairs; 92% of MZ pairs were concordant for a broader spectrum of related cognitive or social abnormalities versus 10% of DZ pairs. The findings indicate that autism is under a high degree of genetic control and suggest the involvement of multiple genetic loci. Obstetric hazards usually appear to be consequences of genetically influenced abnormal development, rather than independent aetiological factors. Few new cases had possible medical aetiologies, refuting claims that recognized disorders are common aetiological influences.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/psychology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Autistic Disorder/diagnosis
- Autistic Disorder/genetics
- Autistic Disorder/psychology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Diseases in Twins/genetics
- Diseases in Twins/psychology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Intelligence/genetics
- Male
- Models, Genetic
- Personality Assessment
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Risk Factors
- Social Adjustment
- Social Environment
- Twins, Dizygotic/genetics
- Twins, Dizygotic/psychology
- Twins, Monozygotic/genetics
- Twins, Monozygotic/psychology
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bailey
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
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20
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Lord C, Rutter M, Le Couteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 1994; 24:659-85. [PMID: 7814313 DOI: 10.1007/bf02172145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5958] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Describes the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a revision of the Autism Diagnostic Interview, a semistructured, investigator-based interview for caregivers of children and adults for whom autism or pervasive developmental disorders is a possible diagnosis. The revised interview has been reorganized, shortened, modified to be appropriate for children with mental ages from about 18 months into adulthood and linked to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Psychometric data are presented for a sample of preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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21
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Abstract
There is general agreement that autism has an organic basis but there is less agreement on the frequency with which it is associated with known medical conditions. The evidence in the literature on the latter point is reviewed and it is concluded that the rate of known medical conditions in autism is probably about 10%; however the rate appears to be higher in cases of autism associated with profound mental retardation and in cases of atypical autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rutter
- Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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22
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Le Couteur A. Changing perspectives in autism. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1993; 50:159-61. [PMID: 8401890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Early screening studies of autistic individuals suggested that up to one-quarter of cases were associated with the Fragile X anomaly. Recent studies find that the usual behavioural phenotype of the Fragile X anomaly is distinct from autism as usually defined, and that a variety of methodological factors contribute to the variability of the prevalence estimates. We report the prevalence of the Fragile X anomaly, using strict cytogenetic criteria, in a large sample of autistic individuals whose diagnosis was confirmed using a standardised diagnostic instrument. The anomaly was detected in 1.6% of tested autistic individuals from a combined sample of: autistic twins; clinic attenders; and, individuals from families multiplex for autism or related cognitive phenotypes. The anomaly was not detected in greater than 2.5% of any of the constituent samples and accounted for only a small proportion of the genetic influences amongst concordant twins and multiplex families. The anomaly was detected in 5% of the 40 tested autistic females, confirming reports that the prevalence of the anomaly is similar amongst autistic individuals of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bailey
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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24
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25
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Le Couteur A. Autism: current understanding and management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1990; 43:448-52. [PMID: 2194625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism is now generally considered to be an organic neurodevelopmental disorder. This review considers the current understanding of genetic factors and associated medical conditions, together with a discussion of some aspects of management and treatment of affected children and adolescents.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rutter
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rutter
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, U.K
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28
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Le Couteur A, Rutter M, Lord C, Rios P, Robertson S, Holdgrafer M, McLennan J. Autism diagnostic interview: a standardized investigator-based instrument. J Autism Dev Disord 1989; 19:363-87. [PMID: 2793783 DOI: 10.1007/bf02212936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new standardized investigator-based interview for use in the differential diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders is described, together with a diagnostic algorithm (using ICD-10 criteria) based on its use. Good interrater reliability for algorithm items was shown between four raters, two in Canada and two in the UK, who rated 32 videotaped interviews. The items also significantly discriminated between 16 autistic and 16 nonautistic mentally handicapped subjects. The algorithm based on ICD-10 identified all 16 autistic individuals and none of the 16 nonautistic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Couteur
- MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England
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29
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Abstract
Regional cerebral blood flow, oxygen consumption and glucose consumption were measured by positron emission tomography in six young autistic men. No significant differences were found between patients and normal controls for any of the physiological variables. The results do not substantiate the previous finding of glucose hypermetabolism in autism; the likely reasons for the variance in findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herold
- MRC Cyclotron Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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30
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31
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Le Couteur A, Trygstad O, Evered C, Gillberg C, Rutter M. Infantile autism and urinary excretion of peptides and protein-associated peptide complexes. J Autism Dev Disord 1988; 18:181-90. [PMID: 3410809 DOI: 10.1007/bf02211945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-nine early morning urine samples obtained from three groups of young adult males (autistic, mentally handicapped, and a group of men of normal intelligence) were analyzed using the methods described by Trygstad et al. (1980). No consistent patterns of urinary chromatographic profiles were identified. A number of possible contributing factors are discussed in relation to this failure to replicate the results of previous studies.
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32
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Abstract
Nine physically healthy, adult autistic men, with normal or near normal intelligence, and 13 healthy male controls were examined in a CT brain scan study. CT scans were analysed with a fully automated computer-assisted program, and regional brain radiodensities were measured with careful attention to artefacts. Autistic patients revealed significantly larger third, but not lateral, ventricular size and significantly lower mean caudate, but equivalent mean frontal and thalamic, radiodensities compared to controls. The sizes of the Sylvian fissures and interhemispheric fissure were equivalent between groups. The findings are consistent with selective subcortical abnormalities in autism.
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