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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Lack JB, Woods TA, Peterson KE. C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 and 7 synergistically control inflammatory monocyte recruitment but the infecting virus dictates monocyte function in the brain. Commun Biol 2024; 7:494. [PMID: 38658802 PMCID: PMC11043336 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes (iMO) are recruited from the bone marrow to the brain during viral encephalitis. C-C motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 2 deficiency substantially reduces iMO recruitment for most, but not all encephalitic viruses. Here we show CCR7 acts synergistically with CCR2 to control this process. Following Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), or La Crosse virus (LACV) infection, we find iMO proportions are reduced by approximately half in either Ccr2 or Ccr7 knockout mice compared to control mice. However, Ccr2/Ccr7 double knockouts eliminate iMO recruitment following infection with either virus, indicating these receptors together control iMO recruitment. We also find that LACV induces a more robust iMO recruitment than HSV-1. However, unlike iMOs in HSV-1 infection, LACV-recruited iMOs do not influence neurological disease development. LACV-induced iMOs have higher expression of proinflammatory and proapoptotic but reduced mitotic, phagocytic and phagolysosomal transcripts compared to HSV-1-induced iMOs. Thus, virus-specific activation of iMOs affects their recruitment, activation, and function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/virology
- Mice, Knockout
- Brain/virology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- La Crosse virus/genetics
- La Crosse virus/physiology
- Receptors, CCR7/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR7/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Encephalitis, California/genetics
- Encephalitis, California/metabolism
- Encephalitis, California/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/virology
- Female
- Male
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Neuroimmunology Section, Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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2
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Ross JB, Myers LM, Noh JJ, Collins MM, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Dhuey E, Hasenkrug KJ, Weissman IL. Depleting myeloid-biased haematopoietic stem cells rejuvenates aged immunity. Nature 2024; 628:162-170. [PMID: 38538791 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Ageing of the immune system is characterized by decreased lymphopoiesis and adaptive immunity, and increased inflammation and myeloid pathologies1,2. Age-related changes in populations of self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are thought to underlie these phenomena3. During youth, HSCs with balanced output of lymphoid and myeloid cells (bal-HSCs) predominate over HSCs with myeloid-biased output (my-HSCs), thereby promoting the lymphopoiesis required for initiating adaptive immune responses, while limiting the production of myeloid cells, which can be pro-inflammatory4. Ageing is associated with increased proportions of my-HSCs, resulting in decreased lymphopoiesis and increased myelopoiesis3,5,6. Transfer of bal-HSCs results in abundant lymphoid and myeloid cells, a stable phenotype that is retained after secondary transfer; my-HSCs also retain their patterns of production after secondary transfer5. The origin and potential interconversion of these two subsets is still unclear. If they are separate subsets postnatally, it might be possible to reverse the ageing phenotype by eliminating my-HSCs in aged mice. Here we demonstrate that antibody-mediated depletion of my-HSCs in aged mice restores characteristic features of a more youthful immune system, including increasing common lymphocyte progenitors, naive T cells and B cells, while decreasing age-related markers of immune decline. Depletion of my-HSCs in aged mice improves primary and secondary adaptive immune responses to viral infection. These findings may have relevance to the understanding and intervention of diseases exacerbated or caused by dominance of the haematopoietic system by my-HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Ross
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Joseph J Noh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madison M Collins
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Montana State University Billings, Billings, MT, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Erica Dhuey
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental Myeloid Cells Protect against Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in a Rag1-Deficient Mouse Model. J Immunol 2020; 205:143-152. [PMID: 32493813 PMCID: PMC8328348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected innate immune cells within the placenta and fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant ZIKV-infected Rag1-/- mice treated with an anti-IFNAR Ab, primarily at the end of pregnancy as well as transiently in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, and fetal myeloid cells contained viral RNA and infectious virus, suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells in the fetus were not depleted in this experiment, likely because of an inability of liposome particles containing the cytotoxic drug to cross the placenta. Thus, the increased virus infection in the fetus was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response or breakdown of the placental barrier. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
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4
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental myeloid cells protect against Zika virus vertical transmission in a murine model. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.248.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected the immune cells within the placenta and developing fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant mice infected with ZIKV, primarily at the end of pregnancy, as well as in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and fetal myeloid cells contained high levels of viral RNA suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells were not depleted in the fetus in this experiment, so the increased virus infection was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus infected cells.
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5
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Myers L, Tal MC, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, Weissman IL, Hasenkrug KJ. Functional cytotoxic T cells exhibit tissue-specific phenotypic differences during chronic Friend virus infection. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.94.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Friend virus (FV) is a murine retroviral complex that establishes chronic infection characterized by the induction of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and prolonged exposure to antigenic stimulation. This leads to a state of diminished CD8+ T cell function, termed “exhaustion”, in the spleens of FV-infected mice. We report that during exhaustion there is a subset of functional CD8+ T cells defined by surface expression of signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), whose expression had previously been reported on neurons, myeloid and hematopoietic stem cells but not T cells. This subset of SIRPα+ CD8+ T cells has high expression of multiple inhibitory receptors including PD-1, Tim3 and Fas, while maintaining high expression of activation/stimulatory molecules including ICOS and CD43. In addition, SIRPα+CD8+ T cells exhibit enhanced proliferation and maintain cytolytic capability, despite the conditions of exhaustion existing within the spleens of chronically infected mice. Furthermore, target cells that express the ligand for SIRPα, CD47, are more susceptible to CD8+ T cell-killing in vivo. We now demonstrate that SIRPα expression on CD8+ T cells is tissue specific, occurring in the spleen but not liver. This is interesting as we have previously reported that the liver has a 10-fold reduction of chronic FV levels, which correlates with reduced Treg-mediated suppression and increased CD8+ T cell function. Furthermore, the SIRPα− CD8+ T cells from the liver of chronically infected mice appear equivalently cytolytic to SIRPα+ CD8+ T cells from the spleen. Therefore, SIRPα expression identifies functional cytotoxic T cells in the spleen but not the liver during chronic exhaustion, highlighting tissue-specific differences of viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- 1Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH
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6
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Groveman BR, Carmody AB, Speranza EE, Martens CA, Best SM, Haigh CL, Peterson KE. Neuronal maturation reduces the type I IFN response to orthobunyavirus infection and leads to increased apoptosis of human neurons. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:229. [PMID: 31739796 PMCID: PMC6862864 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA. LACV encephalitis can result in learning and memory deficits, which may be due to infection and apoptosis of neurons in the brain. Despite neurons being the primary cell infected in the brain by LACV, little is known about neuronal responses to infection. METHODS Human cerebral organoids (COs), which contain a spectrum of developing neurons, were used to examine neuronal responses to LACV. Plaque assay and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT) PCR were used to determine the susceptibility of COs to LACV infection. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and single-cell transcriptomics were used to determine specific neuronal subpopulation responses to the virus. RESULTS Overall, LACV readily infected COs causing reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. However, it was determined that neurons at different stages of development had distinct responses to LACV. Both neural progenitors and committed neurons were infected with LACV, however, committed neurons underwent apoptosis at a higher rate. Transcriptomic analysis showed that committed neurons expressed fewer interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes involved IFN signaling in response to infection compared to neural progenitors. Furthermore, induction of interferon signaling in LACV-infected COs by application of recombinant IFN enhanced cell viability. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that neuronal maturation increases the susceptibility of neurons to LACV-induced apoptosis. This susceptibility is likely due, at least in part, to mature neurons being less responsive to virus-induced IFN as evidenced by their poor ISG response to LACV. Furthermore, exogenous administration of recombinant IFN to LACV COs rescued cellular viability suggesting that increased IFN signaling is overall protective in this complex neural tissue. Together these findings indicate that induction of IFN signaling in developing neurons is an important deciding factor in virus-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bradley R Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Emily E Speranza
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Craig A Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Cathryn L Haigh
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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7
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Myers LM, Tal MC, Torrez Dulgeroff LB, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Gulati G, Yiu YY, Staron MM, Angel CL, Sinha R, Markovic M, Pham EA, Fram B, Ahmed A, Newman AM, Glenn JS, Davis MM, Kaech SM, Weissman IL, Hasenkrug KJ. A functional subset of CD8 + T cells during chronic exhaustion is defined by SIRPα expression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:794. [PMID: 30770827 PMCID: PMC6377614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure of CD8+ T cells to antigenic stimulation, as in chronic viral infections, leads to a state of diminished function termed exhaustion. We now demonstrate that even during exhaustion there is a subset of functional CD8+ T cells defined by surface expression of SIRPα, a protein not previously reported on lymphocytes. On SIRPα+ CD8+ T cells, expression of co-inhibitory receptors is counterbalanced by expression of co-stimulatory receptors and it is only SIRPα+ cells that actively proliferate, transcribe IFNγ and show cytolytic activity. Furthermore, target cells that express the ligand for SIRPα, CD47, are more susceptible to CD8+ T cell-killing in vivo. SIRPα+ CD8+ T cells are evident in mice infected with Friend retrovirus, LCMV Clone 13, and in patients with chronic HCV infections. Furthermore, therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 to reinvigorate CD8+ T cells during chronic infection expands the cytotoxic subset of SIRPα+ CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Michal Caspi Tal
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Gunsagar Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ying Ying Yiu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew M Staron
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
- Foundational Immunology, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cesar Lopez Angel
- Deparment of Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maxim Markovic
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edward A Pham
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin Fram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Newman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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8
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Winkler CW, Woods TA, Robertson SJ, McNally KL, Carmody AB, Best SM, Peterson KE. Cutting Edge: CCR2 Is Not Required for Ly6C hi Monocyte Egress from the Bone Marrow but Is Necessary for Migration within the Brain in La Crosse Virus Encephalitis. J Immunol 2017; 200:471-476. [PMID: 29246952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocyte (iMO) recruitment to the brain is a hallmark of many neurologic diseases. Prior to entering the brain, iMOs must egress into the blood from the bone marrow through a mechanism, which for known encephalitic viruses, is CCR2 dependent. In this article, we show that during La Crosse Virus-induced encephalitis, egress of iMOs was surprisingly independent of CCR2, with similar percentages of iMOs in the blood and brain of heterozygous and CCR2-/- mice following infection. Interestingly, CCR2 was required for iMO trafficking from perivascular areas to sites of virus infection within the brain. Thus, CCR2 was not essential for iMO trafficking to the blood or the brain but was essential for trafficking within the brain parenchyma. Analysis of other orthobunyaviruses showed that Jamestown Canyon virus also induced CCR2-independent iMO egress to the blood. These studies demonstrate that the CCR2 requirement for iMO egress to the blood is not universal for all viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
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9
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, McNally KL, Scott DP, Hasenkrug KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Adaptive immune responses to Zika virus are important for controlling virus infection and preventing infection in brain and testes. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.122.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurological complications including Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses highlights the urgency to understand the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show here, although wild type C57BL/6 mice mount both cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by antibodies in Rag1−/− immunodeficient mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Rag1−/− mice or mice treated with anti-IFNAR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared to non-pregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in control of ZIKV infection, and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
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10
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Taylor KG, Peterson KE. Lymphocytes have a role in protection, but not in pathogenesis, during La Crosse Virus infection in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 28340587 PMCID: PMC5364665 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse Virus (LACV) is a primary cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in the USA and can result in severe clinical outcomes. Almost all cases of LACV encephalitis occur in children 16 years or younger, indicating an age-related susceptibility. This susceptibility is recapitulated in a mouse model where weanling (3 weeks old or younger) mice are susceptible to LACV-induced disease, and adults (greater than 6 weeks) are resistant. Disease in mice and humans is associated with infiltrating leukocytes to the CNS. However, what cell types are infiltrating into the brain during virus infection and how these cells influence pathogenesis remain unknown. METHODS In the current study, we analyzed lymphocytes recruited to the CNS during LACV-infection in clinical mice, using flow cytometry. We analyzed the contribution of these lymphocytes to LACV pathogenesis in weanling mice using knockout mice or antibody depletion. Additionally, we studied at the potential role of these lymphocytes in preventing LACV neurological disease in resistant adult mice. RESULTS In susceptible weanling mice, disease was associated with infiltrating lymphocytes in the CNS, including NK cells, CD4 T cells, and CD8 T cells. Surprisingly, depletion of these cells did not impact neurological disease, suggesting these cells do not contribute to virus-mediated damage. In contrast, in disease-resistant adult animals, depletion of both CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells or depletion of B cells increased neurological disease, with higher levels of virus in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Our current results indicate that lymphocytes do not influence neurological disease in young mice, but they have a critical role protecting adult animals from LACV pathogenesis. Although LACV is an acute virus infection, these studies indicate that the innate immune response in adults is not sufficient for protection and that components of the adaptive immune response are necessary to prevent virus from invading the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katherine G Taylor
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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11
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Winkler CW, Myers LM, Woods TA, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, McNally KL, Scott DP, Hasenkrug KJ, Best SM, Peterson KE. Adaptive Immune Responses to Zika Virus Are Important for Controlling Virus Infection and Preventing Infection in Brain and Testes. J Immunol 2017; 198:3526-3535. [PMID: 28330900 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent association between Zika virus (ZIKV) and neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and CNS abnormalities in fetuses, highlights the importance in understanding the immunological mechanisms controlling this emerging infection. Studies have indicated that ZIKV evades the human type I IFN response, suggesting a role for the adaptive immune response in resolving infection. However, the inability of ZIKV to antagonize the mouse IFN response renders the virus highly susceptible to circulating IFN in murine models. Thus, as we show in this article, although wild-type C57BL/6 mice mount cell-mediated and humoral adaptive immune responses to ZIKV, these responses were not required to prevent disease. However, when the type I IFN response of mice was suppressed, then the adaptive immune responses became critical. For example, when type I IFN signaling was blocked by Abs in Rag1-/- mice, the mice showed dramatic weight loss and ZIKV infection in the brain and testes. This phenotype was not observed in Ig-treated Rag1-/- mice or wild-type mice treated with anti-type I IFNR alone. Furthermore, we found that the CD8+ T cell responses of pregnant mice to ZIKV infection were diminished compared with nonpregnant mice. It is possible that diminished cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy could increase virus spread to the fetus. These results demonstrate an important role for the adaptive immune response in the control of ZIKV infection and imply that vaccination may prevent ZIKV-related disease, particularly when the type I IFN response is suppressed as it is in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Lara M Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Tyson A Woods
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Dana P Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
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12
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Furuyama W, Marzi A, Carmody AB, Maruyama J, Kuroda M, Miyamoto H, Nanbo A, Manzoor R, Yoshida R, Igarashi M, Feldmann H, Takada A. Fcγ-receptor IIa-mediated Src Signaling Pathway Is Essential for the Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006139. [PMID: 28036370 PMCID: PMC5231391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection has been demonstrated in vitro, raising concerns about the detrimental potential of some anti-EBOV antibodies. ADE has been described for many viruses and mostly depends on the cross-linking of virus-antibody complexes to cell surface Fc receptors, leading to enhanced infection. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Here we show that Fcγ-receptor IIa (FcγRIIa)-mediated intracellular signaling through Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is required for ADE of EBOV infection. We found that deletion of the FcγRIIa cytoplasmic tail abolished EBOV ADE due to decreased virus uptake into cellular endosomes. Furthermore, EBOV ADE, but not non-ADE infection, was significantly reduced by inhibition of the Src family protein PTK pathway, which was also found to be important to promote phagocytosis/macropinocytosis for viral uptake into endosomes. We further confirmed a significant increase of the Src phosphorylation mediated by ADE. These data suggest that antibody-EBOV complexes bound to the cell surface FcγRIIa activate the Src signaling pathway that leads to enhanced viral entry into cells, providing a novel perspective for the general understanding of ADE of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Aaron B. Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rashid Manzoor
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
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13
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Joedicke JJ, Myers L, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Wajant H, Lang KS, Lang PA, Mak TW, Hasenkrug KJ, Dittmer U. Activated CD8+ T cells induce expansion of Vβ5+ regulatory T cells via TNFR2 signaling. J Immunol 2014; 193:2952-60. [PMID: 25098294 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vβ5(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are specific for a mouse endogenous retroviral superantigen, become activated and proliferate in response to Friend virus (FV) infection. We previously reported that FV-induced expansion of this Treg subset was dependent on CD8(+) T cells and TNF-α, but independent of IL-2. We now show that the inflammatory milieu associated with FV infection is not necessary for induction of Vβ5(+) Treg expansion. Rather, it is the presence of activated CD8(+) T cells that is critical for their expansion. The data indicate that the mechanism involves signaling between the membrane-bound form of TNF-α on activated CD8(+) T cells and TNFR2 on Tregs. CD8(+) T cells expressing membrane-bound TNF-α but no soluble TNF-α remained competent to induce strong Vβ5(+) Treg expansion in vivo. In addition, Vβ5(+) Tregs expressing only TNFR2 but no TNFR1 were still responsive to expansion. Finally, treatment of naive mice with soluble TNF-α did not induce Vβ5(+) Treg expansion, but treatment with a TNFR2-specific agonist did. These results reveal a new mechanism of intercellular communication between activated CD8(+) T cell effectors and Tregs that results in the activation and expansion of a Treg subset that subsequently suppresses CD8(+) T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara J Joedicke
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lara Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Ronald J Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; and
| | - Tak W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kim J Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840;
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany;
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Christensen LB, Woods TA, Carmody AB, Caughey B, Peterson KE. Age-related differences in neuroinflammatory responses associated with a distinct profile of regulatory markers on neonatal microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:70. [PMID: 24708744 PMCID: PMC4234188 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The perinatal period is one in which the mammalian brain is particularly vulnerable to immune-mediated damage. Early inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is linked with long-term impairment in learning and behavior, necessitating a better understanding of mediators of neuroinflammation. We therefore directly examined how age affected neuroinflammatory responses to pathogenic stimuli. Methods In mice, susceptibility to neurological damage changes dramatically during the first few weeks of life. Accordingly, we compared neuroinflammatory responses to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of neonatal (two day-old) and weanling (21 day-old) mice. Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with PAMPs and the cellular and molecular changes in the neuroinflammatory response were examined. Results Of the 12 cytokines detected in the CNS following toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, ten were significantly higher in neonates compared with weanling mice. A similar pattern of increased cytokines in neonates was also observed with TLR9 stimulation. Analysis of cellular responses indicated a difference in microglial activation markers in the CNS of neonatal mice and increased expression of proteins known to modulate cellular activation including CD11a, F4/80 and CD172a. We also identified a new marker on microglia, SLAMF7, which was expressed at higher levels in neonates compared with weanlings. Conclusions A unique neuroinflammatory profile, including higher expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and differential expression of microglial markers, was observed in brain tissue from neonates following TLR stimulation. This increased neuroinflammatory response to PAMPs may explain why the developing brain is particularly sensitive to infection and why infection or stress during this time can lead to long-term damage in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, Canada.
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15
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Marshall KE, Offerdahl DK, Speare JO, Dorward DW, Hasenkrug A, Carmody AB, Baron GS. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring directs the assembly of Sup35NM protein into non-fibrillar, membrane-bound aggregates. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12245-63. [PMID: 24627481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In prion-infected hosts, PrPSc usually accumulates as non-fibrillar, membrane-bound aggregates. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor-directed membrane association appears to be an important factor controlling the biophysical properties of PrPSc aggregates. To determine whether GPI anchoring can similarly modulate the assembly of other amyloid-forming proteins, neuronal cell lines were generated that expressed a GPI-anchored form of a model amyloidogenic protein, the NM domain of the yeast prion protein Sup35 (Sup35(GPI)). We recently reported that GPI anchoring facilitated the induction of Sup35(GPI) prions in this system. Here, we report the ultrastructural characterization of self-propagating Sup35(GPI) aggregates of either spontaneous or induced origin. Like membrane-bound PrPSc, Sup35(GPI) aggregates resisted release from cells treated with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Sup35(GPI) aggregates of spontaneous origin were detergent-insoluble, protease-resistant, and self-propagating, in a manner similar to that reported for recombinant Sup35NM amyloid fibrils and induced Sup35(GPI) aggregates. However, GPI-anchored Sup35 aggregates were not stained with amyloid-binding dyes, such as Thioflavin T. This was consistent with ultrastructural analyses, which showed that the aggregates corresponded to dense cell surface accumulations of membrane vesicle-like structures and were not fibrillar. Together, these results showed that GPI anchoring directs the assembly of Sup35NM into non-fibrillar, membrane-bound aggregates that resemble PrPSc, raising the possibility that GPI anchor-dependent modulation of protein aggregation might occur with other amyloidogenic proteins. This may contribute to differences in pathogenesis and pathology between prion diseases, which uniquely involve aggregation of a GPI-anchored protein, versus other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Marshall
- From the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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16
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Robertson SJ, Lubick KJ, Freedman BA, Carmody AB, Best SM. Tick-borne flaviviruses antagonize both IRF-1 and type I IFN signaling to inhibit dendritic cell function. J Immunol 2014; 192:2744-55. [PMID: 24532583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Europe and Asia. Dendritic cells (DCs), as early cellular targets of infection, provide an opportunity for flaviviruses to inhibit innate and adaptive immune responses. Flaviviruses modulate DC function, but the mechanisms underpinning this are not defined. We examined the maturation phenotype and function of murine bone marrow-derived DCs infected with Langat virus (LGTV), a naturally attenuated member of the TBEV serogroup. LGTV infection failed to induce DC maturation or a cytokine response. Treatment with LPS or LPS/IFN-γ, strong inducers of inflammatory cytokines, resulted in enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 production, but suppressed IL-12 production in infected DCs compared with uninfected "bystander" cells or mock-infected controls. LGTV-mediated antagonism of type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling contributed to inhibition of IL-12p40 mRNA expression at late time points after stimulation. However, early suppression was still observed in DCs lacking the IFN-I receptor (Ifnar(-/-)), suggesting that additional mechanisms of antagonism exist. The early IFN-independent inhibition of IL-12p40 was nearly abolished in DCs deficient in IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), a key transcription factor required for IL-12 production. LGTV infection did not affect Irf-1 mRNA expression, but rather diminished IRF-1 protein levels and nuclear localization. The effect on IRF-1 was also observed in DCs infected with the highly virulent Sofjin strain of TBEV. Thus, antagonism of IRF-1 is a novel mechanism that synergizes with the noted ability of flaviviruses to suppress IFN-α/β receptor-dependent signaling, resulting in the orchestrated evasion of host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Robertson
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
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17
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Myers L, Joedicke JJ, Carmody AB, Messer RJ, Kassiotis G, Dudley JP, Dittmer U, Hasenkrug KJ. IL-2-independent and TNF-α-dependent expansion of Vβ5+ natural regulatory T cells during retrovirus infection. J Immunol 2013; 190:5485-95. [PMID: 23645880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Friend virus infection of mice induces the expansion and activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that dampen acute immune responses and promote the establishment and maintenance of chronic infection. Adoptive transfer experiments and the expression of neuropilin-1 indicate that these cells are predominantly natural Tregs rather than virus-specific conventional CD4(+) T cells that converted into induced Tregs. Analysis of Treg TCR Vβ chain usage revealed a broadly distributed polyclonal response with a high proportionate expansion of the Vβ5(+) Treg subset, which is known to be responsive to endogenous retrovirus-encoded superantigens. In contrast to the major population of Tregs, the Vβ5(+) subset expressed markers of terminally differentiated effector cells, and their expansion was associated with the level of the antiviral CD8(+) T cell response rather than the level of Friend virus infection. Surprisingly, the expansion and accumulation of the Vβ5(+) Tregs was IL-2 independent but dependent on TNF-α. These experiments reveal a subset-specific Treg induction by a new pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Barron EL, Sosnovtsev SV, Bok K, Prikhodko V, Sandoval-Jaime C, Rhodes CR, Hasenkrug K, Carmody AB, Ward JM, Perdue K, Green KY. Diversity of murine norovirus strains isolated from asymptomatic mice of different genetic backgrounds within a single U.S. research institute. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21435. [PMID: 21738664 PMCID: PMC3125191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody prevalence studies in laboratory mice indicate that murine norovirus (MNV) infections are common, but the natural history of these viruses has not been fully established. This study examined the extent of genetic diversity of murine noroviruses isolated from healthy laboratory mice housed in multiple animal facilities within a single, large research institute- the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIAID-NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, U.S. Ten distinct murine norovirus strains were isolated from various tissues and feces of asymptomatic wild type sentinel mice as well as asymptomatic immunodeficient (RAG 2(-/-)) mice. The NIH MNV isolates showed little cytopathic effect in permissive RAW264.7 cells in early passages, but all isolates examined could be adapted to efficient growth in cell culture by serial passage. The viruses, although closely related in genome sequence, were distinguishable from each other according to facility location, likely due to the introduction of new viruses into each facility from separate sources or vendors at different times. Our study indicates that the murine noroviruses are widespread in these animal facilities, despite rigorous guidelines for animal care and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa L. Barron
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stanislav V. Sosnovtsev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin Bok
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victor Prikhodko
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Crystal R. Rhodes
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim Hasenkrug
- Retrovirus Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Aaron B. Carmody
- Retrovirus Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jerrold M. Ward
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathy Perdue
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Speare JO, Offerdahl DK, Hasenkrug A, Carmody AB, Baron GS. GPI anchoring facilitates propagation and spread of misfolded Sup35 aggregates in mammalian cells. EMBO J 2010; 29:782-94. [PMID: 20057357 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases differ from other amyloid-associated protein misfolding diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's) because they are naturally transmitted between individuals and involve spread of protein aggregation between tissues. Factors underlying these features of prion diseases are poorly understood. Of all protein misfolding disorders, only prion diseases involve the misfolding of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. To test whether GPI anchoring can modulate the propagation and spread of protein aggregates, a GPI-anchored version of the amyloidogenic yeast protein Sup35NM (Sup35GPI) was expressed in neuronal cells. Treatment of cells with Sup35NM fibrils induced the GPI anchor-dependent formation of self-propagating, detergent-insoluble, protease-resistant, prion-like aggregates of Sup35GPI. Live-cell imaging showed intercellular spread of Sup35GPI aggregation to involve contact between aggregate-positive and aggregate-negative cells and transfer of Sup35GPI from aggregate-positive cells. These data demonstrate GPI anchoring facilitates the propagation and spread of protein aggregation and thus may enhance the transmissibility and pathogenesis of prion diseases relative to other protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O Speare
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Ibarra JA, Knodler LA, Sturdevant DE, Virtaneva K, Carmody AB, Fischer ER, Porcella SF, Steele-Mortimer O. Induction of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 under different growth conditions can affect Salmonella-host cell interactions in vitro. Microbiology (Reading) 2009; 156:1120-1133. [PMID: 20035008 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella invade non-phagocytic cells by inducing massive actin rearrangements, resulting in membrane ruffle formation and phagocytosis of the bacteria. This process is mediated by a cohort of effector proteins translocated into the host cell by type III secretion system 1, which is encoded by genes in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 regulon. This network is precisely regulated and must be induced outside of host cells. In vitro invasive Salmonella are prepared by growth in synthetic media although the details vary. Here, we show that culture conditions affect the frequency, and therefore invasion efficiency, of SPI1-induced bacteria and also can affect the ability of Salmonella to adapt to its intracellular niche following invasion. Aerobically grown late-exponential-phase bacteria were more invasive and this was associated with a greater frequency of SPI1-induced, motile bacteria, as revealed by single-cell analysis of gene expression. Culture conditions also affected the ability of Salmonella to adapt to the intracellular environment, since they caused marked differences in intracellular replication. These findings show that induction of SPI1 under different pre-invasion growth conditions can affect the ability of Salmonella to interact with eukaryotic host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Ibarra
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Leigh A Knodler
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Microscopy Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Olivia Steele-Mortimer
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Myers L, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, Hasenkrug KJ. Tissue-specific abundance of regulatory T cells correlates with CD8+ T cell dysfunction and chronic retrovirus loads. J Immunol 2009; 183:1636-43. [PMID: 19587016 PMCID: PMC2775420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Friend virus induces the activation of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) that suppress virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. This suppression leads to incomplete virus clearance and the establishment of virus persistence. We now show that Treg-mediated suppression of CD8(+) T cells is tissue specific, occurring in the spleen but not the liver. Regardless of infection status, there was a 5-fold lower proportion of Tregs in the liver than in the spleen, much lower absolute cell numbers, and the relatively few Tregs present expressed less CD25. Results indicated that reduced expression of CD25 on liver Tregs was due to microenvironmental factors including low levels of IL-2 production by CD4(+) Th cells in that tissue. Low CD25 expression on liver Tregs did not impair their ability to suppress CD8(+) T cells in vitro. Correlating with the decreased proportion of Tregs in the liver was a significantly increased proportion of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells compared with the spleen. The virus-specific CD8(+) T cells from the liver did not appear suppressed given that they produced both IFN-gamma and granzyme B, and they also showed evidence of recent cytolytic activity (CD107a(+)). The functional phenotype of the virus-specific CD8(+) T cells correlated with a 10-fold reduction of chronic Friend virus levels in the liver compared with the spleen. Thus, suppression of CD8(+) T cells by virus-induced Tregs occurs in a tissue-specific manner and correlates with profound effects on localized levels of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Myers
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840
| | - Aaron B. Carmody
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840
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Robertson SJ, Messer RJ, Carmody AB, Mittler RS, Burlak C, Hasenkrug KJ. CD137 costimulation of CD8+ T cells confers resistance to suppression by virus-induced regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2008; 180:5267-74. [PMID: 18390707 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections cause high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide, making the development of effective therapies a high priority for improving human health. We have used mice infected with Friend virus as a model to study immunotherapeutic approaches to the cure of chronic retroviral infections. In chronic Friend virus infections CD4(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress CD8(+) T cell effector functions critical for virus clearance. In this study, we demonstrate that immunotherapy with a combination of agonistic anti-CD137 Ab and virus-specific, TCR-transgenic CD8(+) T cells produced greater than 99% reductions of virus levels within 2 wk. In vitro studies indicated that the CD137-specific Ab rendered the CD8(+) T cells resistant to Treg cell-mediated suppression with no direct effect on the suppressive function of the Treg cells. By 2 weeks after transfer, the adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells were lost, likely due to activation-induced cell death. The highly focused immunological pressure placed on the virus by the single specificity CD8(+) T cells led to the appearance of escape variants, indicating that broader epitope specificity will be required for long-term virus control. However, the results demonstrate a potent strategy to potentiate the function of CD8(+) T cells in the context of immunosuppressive Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression of CD8+ T cells has been implicated in the establishment and maintenance of chronic viral infections, but little is known about the mechanism of suppression. In this study an in vitro assay was developed to investigate the suppression of CD8+ T cells by Friend retrovirus (FV)-induced Tregs. CD4+CD25+ T cells isolated from mice chronically infected with the FV suppressed the development of effector function in naive CD8+ T cells without affecting their ability to proliferate or up-regulate activation markers. In vitro restimulation was not required for suppression by FV-induced Tregs, correlating with their high activation state in vivo. Suppression was mediated by direct T cell-T cell interactions and occurred in the absence of APCs. Furthermore, suppression occurred irrespective of the TCR specificity of the CD8+ T cells. Most interestingly, FV-induced Tregs were able to suppress the function of CD8+ effector T cells that had been physiologically activated during acute FV infection. The ability to suppress the effector function of activated CTLs is likely a requisite role for Tregs in limiting immunopathology by CD8+ T cells during antiviral immune responses. Such activity may also have adverse consequences by allowing viruses to establish and maintain chronic infections if suppression of antiviral immune responses occurs before virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Vuong C, Kocianova S, Yao Y, Carmody AB, Otto M. Increased colonization of indwelling medical devices by quorum-sensing mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vivo. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:1498-505. [PMID: 15378444 DOI: 10.1086/424487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the leading nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis are characterized by biofilm development on indwelling medical devices. We demonstrate that the quorum-sensing regulator agr affects the biofilm development of S. epidermidis in an unexpected fashion and is likely involved in promoting biofilm detachment. An isogenic agr mutant showed increased biofilm development and colonization in a rabbit model. In addition, nonfunctional agr occurred more frequently among strains isolated from infections of joint prostheses. Lack of functionality was based on mutations, including insertion of an IS256 element. Relative to other bacterial pathogens, quorum sensing in S. epidermidis thus has a different role during biofilm development and biofilm-associated infection. Our results indicate that disabling agr likely enhances the success of S. epidermidis during infection of indwelling medical devices. The permanent elimination of quorum-sensing regulation used by S. epidermidis represents a surprising and unusual means to adapt to a certain environment and type of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Vuong
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
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Vuong C, Dürr M, Carmody AB, Peschel A, Klebanoff SJ, Otto M. Regulated expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules in Staphylococcus epidermidis: quorum-sensing determines pro-inflammatory capacity and production of phenol-soluble modulins. Cell Microbiol 2004; 6:753-9. [PMID: 15236642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) is a peptide complex produced by the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis that has a strong capacity to activate the human innate immune response. We developed a novel method based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to quantify the production of the individual PSM components. Each PSM peptide was abundant in most of the 76 S epidermidis strains tested. Importantly, none of the PSM components were secreted by an agr mutant strain, indicating that PSM synthesis is regulated strictly by the agr quorum-sensing system. Furthermore, the agr mutant strain failed to elicit production of TNFalpha by human myeloid cells and induced significantly less neutrophil chemotaxis compared with the wild-type strain. Thus, quorum-sensing in S. epidermidis dramatically influenced activation of human host defence. We propose that an agr quorum-sensing mechanism facilitates growth and survival in infected hosts by adapting production of the pro-inflammatory PSMs to the stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Vuong
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, 903 S 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Carmody AB, Otto M. Specificity grouping of the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing system of Staphylococcus epidermidis is linked to infection. Arch Microbiol 2004; 181:250-3. [PMID: 14714104 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-003-0644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis represents the most frequent pathogen involved in nosocomial infections and infections of indwelling medical devices. The strain-to-strain variation of the gene encoding the quorum-sensing pheromone of S. epidermidis as well as the correlation between specificity groups and origin from infection were determined. The pro-pheromone gene was highly conserved and showed infrequent, non-synonymous, single-nucleotide polymorphisms that led to conservative amino acid exchanges only. Importantly, one specificity group was significantly more frequent among strains isolated from infection. The finding that quorum-sensing specificity groups are linked to infection demonstrates the relevance of quorum-sensing for virulence in this critical human pathogen and contributes to the scientific basis needed for the development of quorum-sensing-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Carmody
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, The National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th Street, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Tsuji N, Morales TH, Ozols VV, Carmody AB, Chandrashekar R. Cloning and preliminary characterization of a novel cuticular antigen from the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitol Int 2000; 49:321-5. [PMID: 11077266 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(00)00055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have described here the cloning and partial characterization of a cDNA encoding a cuticular antigen of Dirofilaria immitis. A 48-h third-stage larval D. immitis cDNA library was immunoscreened with sera raised in mice against third-stage larval cuticles (mouse anti-L3 cuticle antisera). A strongly immunoreactive clone (L3MC4) was isolated. Sequence analysis of L3MC4 showed that it was a partial length cDNA. The missing 5' end of the clone was amplified by PCR from D. immitis adult female first-strand cDNA using the nematode 22-base splice leader sequence and a L3MC4-specific antisense primer. The composite cDNA sequence comprised 616 bases (nDiL3MC4) encoding a full-length protein of 146 amino acids (DiL3MC4). GenBank analysis showed that DiL3MC4 shared some homology to an unknown C. elegans gene product (31%) at the amino acid level. However, there were no related filarial expressed sequence tags in the current GenBank database. Antibodies to recombinant DiL3MC4 (rDiL3MC4) identified a 19-kDa native antigen in the adults and in the L3 and L4 larval stages of D. immitis. In addition, the antibodies bound to the cortical layers of the L3 cuticle, as revealed by immuno-gold electron microscopy. The native protein was not detected in larval and adult excretory-secretory products. Immunoblot analysis showed that serum from a rabbit that was repeatedly injected with a small number of D. immitis third stage larvae reacted with rDiL3MC4. Thus, DiL3MC4 is a novel cuticular antigen of a filarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuji
- Heska Corporation, 1613 Prospect Parkway, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
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Chandrashekar R, Tsuji N, Morales TH, Carmody AB, Ozols VO, Welton J, Tang L. Removal of hydrogen peroxide by a 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin enzyme of the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis. Parasitol Res 2000; 86:200-6. [PMID: 10726990 DOI: 10.1007/s004360050032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that filarial nematodes can effectively metabolize hydrogen peroxide in excess of that generated by activated host cells. However, the mechanisms of H2O2 removal by the filarial parasites are unclear. Herein we report the results of studies carried out on the biochemical activity and on immunolocalization of a recombinant peroxiredoxin (Prx) enzyme from the dog filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis. A full-length cDNA encoding a 1-Cys Prx enzyme from the dog heartworm D. immitis was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant polyhistidine fusion protein (rDiPrx-1). rDiPrx-1 was capable of reducing H2O2 in the presence of dithiothreitol. The apparent kinetic constants determined for DiPrx-1 using H2O2 as a substrate were a Michaelis constant (Km) of 16.28 mM and a maximal velocity (Vmax) of 16 micromol/min(-1). Consistent with the enzyme activity, D. immitis adult worms could detoxify exogenously added H2O2 in vitro. Antibodies to rDiPrx-1 identified a 27-kDa native antigen in parasite extracts and larval and adult excretory-secretory products. The antibodies were used to localize the native antigen to the lateral hypodermal chords of both male and female worms by immunohistochemistry. In addition, labeling was seen in the afibrillar muscle cells in male worms and in some areas of the uterine wall in female worms. Thus, DiPrx-1 is the first parasite Prx to be shown to detoxify exogenously added H2O2 in an in vitro system.
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Tsuji N, Morales TH, Ozols VV, Carmody AB, Chandrashekar R. Identification of an asparagine amidohydrolase from the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1451-5. [PMID: 10579432 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nematode cuticle is a complex extracellular structure which is secreted by an underlying syncytium of hypodermal cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the cuticle of parasitic nematodes is a dynamic structure with important absorptive, secretory, and enzymatic activities. In addition, the cuticle serves as a protective barrier against the host. A 48-h third stage larval Dirofilaria immitis cDNA library was immunoscreened with sera raised against larval cuticles. One clone, L3MC4 that reacted strongly with the anti-cuticle antisera was sequenced. The composite cDNA sequence comprises 2073 bp coding for a full-length protein of 590 amino acids. GenBank analysis showed that DiAsp had significant similarity to a Caenorhabditis elegans gene-product (54% identity) and to other asparaginases at the amino acid level. Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant DiAsp (rDiAsp) catalysed the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartate and ammonia. Antibodies raised against D. immitis larval cuticles reacted with rDiAsp in immunoblots. This is the first report of identification of a cDNA clone encoding an asparaginase enzyme from a parasitic nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuji
- Heska Corporation, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA
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Tsuji N, Morales TH, Ozols VV, Carmody AB, Chandrashekar R. Molecular characterization of a calcium-binding protein from the filarial parasite Dirofilaria immitis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1998; 97:69-79. [PMID: 9879888 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(98)00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A full length D. immitis cDNA (nDiCal) encoding a protein with significant similarity to the calreticulin protein family was isolated from a 6-day fourth-stage larval cDNA expression library by immunoscreening, using serum from a rabbit immunized by repeated injection of small numbers of third-stage larvae. nDiCal is 1538 bp long and contains the 21 bp nematode splice leader sequence SL1 at the 5' end. nDiCal encodes for a protein (pDiCal) with a predicted molecular mass of 46 kDa. pDiCal sequence analysis revealed similarities with calreticulin, a protein that typically resides in the endoplasmic reticulum. pDiCal possesses three consensus sequences of the calreticulin family of proteins: a neutral N-terminal region with a putative signal sequence; a proline- and tryptophan-rich P region; and a highly acidic C-terminal region. A 45Ca2+-overlay assay showed that recombinant pDiCal (rDiCal) is a Ca2+-binding protein. Antibodies to rDiCal identified a 56 kDa native antigen in all developmental stages including the excretory-secretory products derived from larvae and adult worms. Localization studies demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of pDiCal with intense expression in the hypodermis and syncitial muscle cells in both male and female adult worms. Labeling was also seen in the developing embryos within the uterus of the female worms. Sera from immune as well as chronically-infected microfilaremic dogs contained antibodies that bind rDiCal. In addition, immunoblot analysis showed that serum from a rabbit immunized with L3 cuticles reacted with rDiCal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tsuji
- Heska Corporation, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
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