Exosomes from SHED-MSC regulate polarization and stress oxidative indexes in THP-1 derived M1 macrophages

OBJECTIVE

The inhibition of M1 macrophages may be interesting for targeted therapy with mesenchymal stem cell-derived Exosomes (MSC-EXOs). This study aimed to investigate the stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived EXOs (SHED-MSC-EXOs) effect on regulating the pro- and anti-oxidant indexes and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Besides, an in-silico analysis of SHED-MSC-EXO miRNAs as the highest frequency of small RNAs in the exosomes was performed to discover the possible mechanism.

METHODS

The flow cytometry analysis of CD80 and CD86 as M1-specific markers confirmed the polarization of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells. After exosome isolation, characterization, and internalization, THP-1-derived M1 macrophages were treated with SHED-MSC-EXOs. M1-specific markers and pro- and anti-oxidant indexes were evaluated. For in-silico analysis of SHED-MSC-EXOs miRNAs, initial miRNA array data of SHED-EXOs is collected from GEO, and the interaction of the miRNAs in M1 macrophage polarization (M1P), mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) and LPS-induced oxidative stress (LOS) were analyzed by miRWalk 3.0 server. Outcomes were filtered by 75th percentile signal intensity, score cut-off ≥0.95, minimum free energy (MEF)≤ -20 kcal/mol, and seed = 1.

RESULTS

It shows a decrease in the expression of CD80 and CD81, a reduction in pro-oxidant indicators, and an increase in the anti-oxidant indexes (P < 0.05). Computational analysis showed that eight microRNAs of SHED-MSC-EXO miRNAs can bind to and interfere with the expression of candidate genes in the M1P, MOS, and LOS pathways simultaneously.

CONCLUSION

SHED-MSCs-EXOs can be utilized to treat conditions related to M1 macrophage-induced diseases (M1IDs) due to their unique physical properties and ability to penetrate target cells easily.

Variation of the genes encoding antioxidant enzymes SOD2 (rs4880), GPX1 (rs1050450), and CAT (rs1001179) and susceptibility to male infertility: a genetic association study and in silico analysis

Enzymatic factors including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) are among the most important protective antioxidant systems in human semen. This study was conducted to investigate the association between the activities of the mentioned enzymes in semen and also the association between SOD2 rs4880, GPX1 rs1050450, and CAT rs1001179 polymorphisms with male infertility, which was followed by a bioinformatics approach. In a case-control study, 223 infertile men and 154 healthy fertile men were included in the study. After extracting genomic DNA from semen samples, the genotype of rs1001179, rs1050450, and rs4880 polymorphisms was determined using the PCR-RFLP. Next, the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPX enzymes were also measured in semen. Bioinformatics software was used to investigate the effect of polymorphisms on the function of genes. Data analysis indicated that rs1001179 polymorphisms were not associated with male infertility. But our data revealed that the rs1050450 polymorphism is associated with a reduced risk of male infertility as well as asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia. In addition, rs4880 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of male infertility as well as teratozoospermia. Further analysis showed that the activity of the CAT enzyme in the infertile group is significantly higher than in the fertile group, but the activity of GPX and SOD enzymes in the infertile group is significantly lower than in the fertile group. Bioinformatic analysis showed that rs1001179 polymorphism affects the transcription factors binding site upstream of the gene, while rs1050450 and rs4880 polymorphisms had an essential role in protein structure and function. On the other hand, rs1050450 (T allele) was exposed to a reduced risk of male infertility and may be a protective factor. And SOD2 rs4880 (C allele) is associated with an increased risk of male infertility, and it is considered a risk factor for male infertility. To reach accurate results, we recommend that the study of SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphism effects in the different populations with a larger sample size and meta-analysis are needed.

Role of charged residues of the "electrostatic loop" of hSOD1 in promotion of aggregation: Implications for the mechanism of ALS-associated mutations under amyloidogenic conditions

Protein misfolding and amyloid formation are hallmarks of numerous diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), in which hSOD1 aggregation is involved in pathogenesis. We used two point mutations in the electrostatic loop, G138E and T137R, to analyze charge distribution under destabilizing circumstances to gain more about how ALS-linked mutations affect SOD1 protein stability or net repulsive charge. We show that protein charge is important in the ALS disease process using bioinformatics and experiments. The MD simulation findings demonstrate that the mutant protein differs significantly from WT SOD1, which is consistent with the experimental evidence. The specific activity of the wild type was 1.61 and 1.48 times higher than that of the G138E and T137R mutants, respectively. Under amyloid induction conditions, the intensity of intrinsic and ANS fluorescence in both mutants reduced. Increasing the content of β-sheet structures in mutants can be attributed to aggregation propensity, which was confirmed using CD polarimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Our findings show that two ALS-related mutations promote the formation of amyloid-like aggregates at near physiological pH under destabilizing conditions, which were detected using spectroscopic probes such as Congo red and ThT fluorescence, and also further confirmation of amyloid-like species by TEM. Overall, our results provide evidence supporting the notion that negative charge changes combined with other destabilizing factors play an important role in increasing protein aggregation by reducing repulsive negative charges.

Myopic regression after photorefractive keratectomy: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Myopic regression is a major complication of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The rates and causes vary considerably among different studies. This study aimed to investigate myopic regression at six months after myopic PRK.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, we included all eligible patients with myopia ranging from - 0.75 to - 9 D, aged 18 to 50 years, who underwent PRK by a single surgeon with the availability of preoperative and postoperative data at six months after the initial procedure. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations preoperatively and at six months post-PRK. Overcorrection was planned based on the participant's age range to achieve the desired refractive result after PRK. All patients received the same postoperative antibiotic and steroid eye drops in a similar dosage regimen, and the contact lenses were removed after complete corneal epithelial healing. Based on the spherical equivalent of refraction six months after PRK, eyes without and with myopic regression were allocated into groups 1 and 2, respectively.

Results

We included 254 eyes of 132 patients who underwent myopic PRK with a mean (standard deviation) age of 30.12 (7.48) years; 82 (62.12%) were women and 50 (37.88%) were men. The frequency of myopic regression was significantly lower in patients with younger age, lower preoperative cylindrical refraction, and lower ablation depth (all P < 0.05). Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia (P < 0.05). The highest frequency of myopic regression occurred in eyes with moderate myopia (25.68%), followed by eyes with high myopia (20.0%) and low myopia (6.54%). Among different age groups, patients aged ≤ 30 years had a lower frequency of myopic regression. The frequency of myopic regression in the different age groups was 5.0% at 18 - 20 years, 7.46% at 26 - 30 years, 12.28% at 21 - 25 years, 21.31% at 31 - 35 years, and 26.53% at 36 - 50 years.

Conclusions

Overcorrection was more successful in eyes with low myopia than in eyes with high myopia. The success rate was higher in younger patients with lower astigmatism and ablation depths. Myopic regression was most frequent in eyes with moderate myopia, followed by those with high and low myopia. Further studies should replicate our findings over a longer follow-up period with a larger sample size before generalization is warranted.

Missense polymorphisms potentially involved in mandibular prognathism

Objective

The current study aimed to identify and analyze missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can potentially cause mandibular prognathism.

Methods

After reviewing the articles, 56 genes associated with mandibular prognathism were identified and their missense SNPs were retrieved from the NCBI website. Several web-based tools including CADD, PolyPhen-2, PROVEAN, SNAP2, PANTHER, FATHMM, and PON-P2 were used to filter out harmful SNPs. Additionally, ConSurf determined the level of evolutionary conservation at positions where SNPs occur. I-Mutant2 and MUpro predicted the effect of SNPs on protein stability. Furthermore, to investigate the structural and functional changes of proteins, HOPE and LOMETS tools were utilized.

Results

Based on predictions in at least four web-based tools, the results indicated that PLXNA2-rs4844658, DUSP6-rs2279574, and FBN3-rs33967815 are harmful. These SNPs are located at positions with variable or average conservation and have the potential to reduce the stability of their respective proteins. Moreover, they may impair protein activity by causing structural and functional changes.

Conclusions

In this study, we identified PLXNA2-rs4844658, DUSP6-rs2279574, and FBN3-rs33967815 as potential risk factors for mandibular prognathism using several web-based tools. According to the possible roles of PLXNA2, DUSP6, and FBN3 proteins in ossification pathways, we recommend that these SNPs be investigated further in experimental research. Through such studies, we hope to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mandible formation.

Inhibitory potency of the nettle lectin on neovascularization: a biomolecule for carbohydrate-mediated targeting of angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Current angiogenesis inhibitors target cellular vascularization processes, including proliferation, migration, and tube formation. In this study, we investigated the impact of Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA) on the cellular vascularization process.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Various concentrations of UDA were applied to normal (HUVEC, MCF-10 A, and HDF from humans, and L-929 from mice) and cancer (A431 and U87 from humans, and 4T1 from mice) cell lines at different times. The MTT, cell migration assay, differentiation of endothelial cells, expression of VEGF-A/VEGF-R2, and integrin α2 were evaluated. The MTT results demonstrated that UDA was non-toxic to normal cells while inhibiting the growth of neoplastic cells. The migratory capacity of HUVECs and U87 glioblastoma cells was inhibited by UDA in the wound repair model. This lectin inhibited HUVEC-induced vessel sprouting in the collagen-cytodex matrix. In addition, UDA treatment reduced VEGF-integrin cross-talk in HUVECs, confirming the anti-angiogenic activity of this molecule.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on our findings, UDA may have an effect on cancer cell proliferation and vascularization events while causing minimal toxicity to normal cells via binding glyco-conjugates containing GlcNAc/man oligomers like EGFR. This is a blue clue for the angiogenesis-related therapeutic importance of UDA.

The impact of non-coding RNAs in the pathobiology of eye disorders

Eye disorders are common disorders with significant effects on personal, economic, and social aspects of life. These disorders have a genetic background and are associated with dysregulation of non-coding RNAs. Three classes of these transcripts, namely long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have established roles in the regulation of gene expression and pathoetiology of ocular disorders. H19, MEG3, BANCR, UCA1, HOTAIR, ANRIL, XIST and MIAT are among important lncRNAs in ocular disorders. CircRNAs from ZBTB44, HIPK3, circ-PSEN1, COL1A2, ZNF532 and FAM158A loci have also been found to affect pathoetiology of ocular disorders. Both lncRNAs and circRNAs can serve as molecular sponges for miRNAs. In this review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar databases to find the research articles summarizing the impact of non-coding RNAs in ocular disorders. The results of these studies would help in identification of suitable targets for treatment of ocular disorders.

CD44 rs13347C>T Variants in 3'UTR and Prostate Neoplasms: A Case-control Study and Bioinformatics Approach

CD44, a cell-surface receptor and a key player in cellular signaling, can act as both tumor suppressor and promoter. This study aimed to investigate the association of CD44 rs13347C>T variants with prostate neoplasms, including both benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancers using a case-control and bioinformatics approach. Genomic DNA was extracted from 545 blood samples (225 BPH, 225 prostate cancers, and 95 control) and the CD44 rs13347C>T genotypes were identified using PCR-RFLP. We explored miRNA interactions using the miRNASNP-v3 database and GeneMANIA for co-expression networks. Results showed cancer patients had significantly higher PSA levels compared to both controls (p= 0.03) and BPH (p= 0.01). Additionally, digital rectal examination-positive and smoker BPH patients showed significantly the increased cancer risk (p= 0.004, p= 0.046). Prostate cancer group indicated significantly higher frequency of CD44 rs13347C>T mutant allele compared to control and BPH groups, particularly in TT and CT+TT genotypes (p < 0.05). miRNA SNP-v3 database predicted the mutant allele of CD44 rs13347C>T could lose 1 and gain 6 miRNAs for a new site created. Co-expression analysis revealed a direct interaction between CD44 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a gene known to be dysregulated in smokers. Furthermore, these genes alone display co-expression interactions with integrin subunit alpha 4 (ITGA4), protein plays a paradoxical role, both suppressing and promoting tumors. Based on the findings, the mutant allele of CD44 rs13347C>T may disrupt miRNA binding, which may potentially impact CD44, AHR, and ITGA4 expression in smokers, possibly contributing to prostate cancer progression.

Mutant Allele of CD44 (rs8193C>T) and Pum2 Regulatory Element as A Prognosis Factor of Prostate Neoplasms: A Case-Control and In Silico Studies

OBJECTIVE

Expression of CD44 variant 6 (CD44v6) as a homing-associated cell adhesion molecule (HCAM), has proved to change most cancer cells. Aim of the study is the effect of mutant allele of CD44 (rs8193C>T) and Pum2 regulatory element as a prognosis factor of prostate neoplasms: a case-control and in silico studies in the Mazandaran province-Iran.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In a case-control study, CD44-rs8193C>T genotyping of the 420 prostate neoplasms (210 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and 210 prostate cancer patients) and 150 healthy samples are performed by the touchdown polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) method. The T mutant allele effects on the mRNA structure and cell pathways were also investigated in silico methods.

RESULTS

Our results showed that the increase of T mutant allele frequency was significantly associated with BPH compared with prostate cancer. Furthermore, results showed TT genotype was significantly associated with BPH [odds ratio (OR)=0.572 and P=0.015], and also influenced the CD44v6 transcript secondary structure, miRNA binding, and regulatory element-binding site for Pum2 protein. Attachment of Pum2 to standard CD44 transcript may lead to transcript isoform-switching and shift-expression to a variety of CD44 isoforms, which can trigger some of the cell signaling pathways, such as Nanog-Stat, PKC-Nanog, and PKC-Twist.

CONCLUSION

Based on this, the presence of the T mutant allele of CD44 (rs8193C>T) in the populations may create a regulatory element-binding site for Pum2. So, it could be known as a prognosis factor and prediction of prostate neoplasms. However, more comprehensive studies in different populations (with various ethnicities and large population sizes), and also CD44v6 gene expression studies in protein and transcript levels are required to confirm our data.

In Silico Analysis of Collagens Missense SNPs and Human Abnormalities

Collagens are the most abundant proteins in the extra cellular matrix/ECM of human tissues that are encoded by different genes. There are single nucleotide polymorphisms/SNPs which are considered as the most useful biomarkers for some disease diagnosis or prognosis. The aim of this study is screening and identifying the functional missense SNPs of human ECM-collagens and investigating their correlation with human abnormalities. All of the missense SNPs were retrieved from the NCBI SNP database and screened for a global frequency of more than 0.1. Seventy missense SNPs that met the screening criteria were characterized for functional and stability impact using six and three protein analysis tools, respectively. Next, HOPE and geneMANIA analysis tools were used to show the effect of SNPs on three-dimensional structure (3D) and physical interaction of proteins. Results showed that 13 missense SNPs (rs2070739, rs28381984, rs13424243, rs1800517, rs73868680, rs12488457, rs1353613, rs59021909, rs9830253, rs2228547, rs3753841, rs2855430, and rs970547), which are in nine different collagen genes, affect the structure and function of different collagen proteins. Among these polymorphisms, COL4A3-rs13424243 and COL6A6-rs59021909 were predicted as the most effective ones. On the other hand, designed mutated and native 3D of rs13424243 variant illustrated that it can disturb the protein motifs. Also, geneMANIA predicted that COL4A3 and COL6A6 are interacting with some proteins including: DDR1, COL6A1, COL11A2 and so on. Based on our findings, ECM-collagens functional SNPs are important and may be considered as a risk factor or molecular marker for human disorders in the future studies.

Effects of Urtica dioica agglutinin on glycotargeting of the vasculature: an in ovo study on chicken embryo

The angiogenesis process is a pivotal cellular process involved in both developmental and pathological circumstances. In this study we investigated effect of Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), as an unusual phyto-lectin from the chitin-binding protein family, on the angiogenesis of chicken embryos. The UDA was extracted from plant rhizomes and purified by affinity chromatography column. The activity of this lectin was assayed by hemagglutination test on the human RBCs. Anti-angiogenic effect of UDA on the extra-embryonic layer of the chick egg was studied in the different concentrations. Our results showed that the minimum concentration of UDA for agglutination were 48.00 and 15.00 µg mL^-1 in macro- and microscopic studies, respectively. Because the number and length of the vessels were dramatically decreased at 100 µg kg^-1 of UDA, the lectin had an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis of the embryonic vasculature of the chick. We concluded that UDA might target the vascularization events through binding to GlcNAc-conjugates. More investigations are needed to clarify the angiogenesis-related therapeutic roles of this interesting biomolecule.

Influence of COL2A1-G1405S polymorphism on mandibular skeletal malocclusions: A genetic association study and in silico analysis

OBJECTIVE

The current study aimed to assess the association between collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP: rs2070739; C>T; G1405S) and mandibular skeletal malocclusions in the population of Mazandaran (North Iran).

DESIGN

During 13 months, 102 control samples, 81 samples with skeletal Class III malocclusion contributed by mandibular prognathism and 82 samples with skeletal Class II malocclusion contributed by mandibular retrognathism were screened. Cephalometric analysis was performed to determine the type of abnormalities. COL2A1-G1405S genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The HOPE tool was used to investigate the effect of COL2A1-G1405S on the three-dimensional structure of protein.

RESULTS

Results showed that there is no significant correlation between genotypes and alleles related to COL2A1-G1405S and mandibular prognathism (CT genotype: p-value= 0.210; T allele: p-value= 0.222). On the other hand, an association was observed between COL2A1-G1405S and mandibular retrognathism (CT genotype: p-value= 0.008; T allele: p-value= 0.011). The outputs of the HOPE tool also showed that COL2A1-G1405S can disrupt the NC1 domain of the protein.

CONCLUSIONS

Here, we provide evidence that COL2A1-G1405S polymorphism may have positive correlation with the risk of skeletal Class II malocclusion contributed by mandibular retrognathism in the population of Mazandaran. Given that the COL2A1-G1405S occurs in NC1 domain, it is possible that this domain plays an important role in signaling pathways related to ossification. So, we suggest that the study of COL2A1 SNPs can help researchers understand the significant role of this collagen in mandibular skeletal malocclusions.

In vivo assessment of APPJ discharge on the earthworm: coelomic TAC and MDA levels, cell death, and tissue regeneration

The effective medical applications of cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) have been reported by many researchers, including sterilization of liquid and solid surfaces, treatment of chronic wounds, treatment of cancer tumors, and blood clots. Therefore, in this study, we exposed Aporrectodea trapezoides and Eisenia fetida earthworms to APPJ discharge (0-30 s) to evaluate the impacts on regeneration of missed segments, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation (LPo), catalase activity (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total proteins, and protein profile. Results showed APPJ induced significant effects on regeneration ability of earthworms after 20 and 30 s of exposure (p < 0.05). Atmospheric pressure plasma jet did not have significant effects on MDA content and TUNEL-positive cells, but this effect was significant for TAC and CAT in both species (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed for the first time that regeneration of missed segments in earthworms can be stimulated by plasma treatment.

Human DT-diaphorase expression in Escherichia coli: optimization, purification and structural stability

Expression and purification of human DT-diaphorase, also referred to as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1; EC. 1.6.99.2), which is a flavoprotein belongs to the family of oxidoreductases are optimized. The DT-diaphorase plays an important role in biosensor design for laboratory analysis and also developing biosensor for measurement of glucose level in blood. The aim of this study was to investigate various parameters regarding the expression of DT-diaphorase in Escherichia coli BL₂₁ (DE3) and thermal stability of DT-diaphorase activity at different temperatures in the presence of sucrose. Expression conditions of DT-diaphorase in E. coli were optimized with an induction time (22.00 hr), induction temperature (18.00 ˚C) and also lactose (5.00 mM) and isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (1.00 mM) concentrations as inducers. The Km, Vmax and kcat values for NADH as a substrate were 25.50 µM, 357 µM per min and 446.40 μM mg^-1 per min, respectively. Results of our research revealed that different concentrations of sucrose at 40.00 ˚C did not have any significant effect on enzyme structure; while, relatively significant changes, especially in the presence of sucrose (0.75 M) at 50.00 ˚C were observed. The results presented show that sucrose causes DT-diaphorase inactivation rate reduction and relatively little increases in thermal stability and thus, sustains its conformation against thermal unfolding.

The Functional Roles of Curcumin on Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Progressive abnormality and loss of axons and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cause neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Protein misfolding and its collection are the most important pathological features of NDs. Astrocytes are the most plentiful cells in the mammalian CNS (about 20-40% of the human brain) and have several central functions in the maintenance of the health and correct function of the CNS. Astrocytes have an essential role in the preservation of brain homeostasis, and it is not surprising that these multifunctional cells have been implicated in the onset and progression of several NDs. Thus, they become an exciting target for the study of NDs. Over almost 15 years, it was revealed that curcumin has several therapeutic effects in a wide variety of diseases' treatment. Curcumin is a valuable ingredient present in turmeric spice and has several essential roles, including those which are anticarcinogenic, hepatoprotective, thrombosuppressive, cardioprotective, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, chemopreventive, chemotherapeutic, and anti-infectious. Furthermore, curcumin can suppress inflammation; promote angiogenesis; and treat diabetes, pulmonary problems, and neurological dysfunction. Here, we review the effects of curcumin on astrocytes in NDs, with a focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple scleroses, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Features of Pathobiology and Clinical Translation of Approved Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most important etiological agent of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with millions of infections and deaths in the last 2 years worldwide. Several reasons and parameters are responsible for the difficult management of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients; the first is virus behavioral factors such as high transmission rate, and the different molecular and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain a matter of controversy, which is another factor.

Summary

In the present review, we attempted to explain about features of SARS-COV-2, particularly focusing on the various aspects of pathogenesis and treatment strategies.

Key Messages

We note evidence for the understanding of the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, which can help design the appropriate drug or vaccine. Additionally, and importantly, we reported the updated issues associated with the history and development of treatment strategies such as, drugs, vaccines, and other medications that have been approved or under consideration in clinics and markets worldwide.

Missense mutations involvement in COX-2 structure, and protein-substrate binding affinity: in-silico study

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible inflammatory enzyme, which produces prostanoids from arachidonic acid. COX-2 overexpression and over-activity can cause inflammation, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. Prostanoids are the main reason for the inflammation, and increase of mitogenesis by COX-2. So, any change such as mutations that can lead to COX-2 over-activity could ignite the tumor situations with increase of prostanoids production is one of its ways. The aim of this study was to check the effect of 166 missense mutations of COX-2 on protein features that can affect the COX-2 activity such as protein stability, fluctuation, 2D structure, and its binding affinity with the substrate by in silico methods, network modeling, and docking calculations, by which 44 of them shown to be deleterious. Among them, the S124I and S474F mutations can increase the stability of the protein. 11.36% of deleterious nsSNPs were part of the substrate-binding region among which the M508T, H337R, and V511G have the potential to affect the protein by 2D structure alteration. V511G can improve binding affinity and H337R showed a small decrease in the deformation overall energy that can represent a decrease in the stability of COX-2. Also, L517S showed a significant decrease in the binding power of COX-2/substrate but based on the anisotropic network modeling this mutation has a dual effect on COX-2 stability. These nsSNPs/mutations have the potential causing an increase or decrease of tumorigenesis because increasing of COX-2 stability and its binding affinity can lead to altering its activity.

The decellularized ovary as a potential scaffold for maturation of preantral ovarian follicles of prepubertal mice

ABBREVIATIONS

GAG: glycosaminoglycan; ECM: extracellular matrix; 2D: two-dimensional; E2: estradiol; P4: progesterone; BMP15: bone morphogenetic protein 15; GDF9: growth differentiation factor 9; ZP2: zona pellucida 2; Gdf9: growth/differentiation factor-9; Bmp6: bone morphogenetic protein 6; Bmp15: bone morphogenetic protein 15.

PTGS2 Over-Expression: A Colorectal Carcinoma Initiator not an Invasive Factor

BACKGROUND

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) main product is Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) which cause mitogenesis and inflammation. COX-2 is the product of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene expression. COX-2 dysregulation can cause angiogenesis, differentiation, and promotion of cancer and its suppression related to control of the tumor's size, number, and cell shape. This study focused on the association of COX-2 expression with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) among Iranian patients on mRNA level and in the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) colon and rectum RNAseq dataset, and its relation with pathological features.

METHODS

PTGS2 expression was assayed by quantitative-PCR method from 90 tissue samples collected from 45 participants. The control samples come from the non-tumor area of the same patients. The data analyzed based on ΔΔCq. The PTGS2-RNAseq data extracted and analyzed by UCSC Xena browser, and its association assessed the occurrence of CRC and invasive-features.

RESULTS

PTGS2 showed very significant over-expression in tumor tissues (p< 0.0001) with an N-fold expression of 2.25. But, there was not any significant association between PTGS2 and CRC invasive-pathological features such as Lymphatic, vascular and perineural invasion, the Grades of cancer, and Pathologic-M in both parts of this study.

CONCLUSION

The increase in PTGS2 is related to the occurrence of CRC among patient samples. But in both part of this study, PTGS2 is not an invasive factor, and it does not affect the cell differentiation of tumors and metastasis. Based on the high N-fold for patient samples, it can be a strong candidate as a CRC initiator biomarker.

Investigation of the association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-T786C gene polymorphism with the risk of male infertility in an Iranian population

Recent studies have demonstrated that making the sorts of oxygen reactive, such as nitric oxide, can cause oxidative lipid damage, protein damage, and damage to the DNA of cells. Sperm DNA damage effect on the reduction of sperm mobility and damage of acrosome membrane lead to the inability of sperm to fertilize the oocyte. Increasing expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene is seen in various diseases such as cardiovascular and infertility diseases. This study aimed to assess the association between eNOS gene single nucleotide polymorphism/SNP (rs2070744, T786C) and risk of male infertility and the quality of sperm parameters in an Iranian population. In this case-control study, 100 infertile men were enrolled as a patient group. Control groups consisted of 100 fertile men. T786C genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results showed that T786C SNP, contained frequent genotype TC (p = 0.000; OR = 0.000; 95% CI = 0.000-0.015), TC + CC genotypes (p = 0.000; OR = 0.000; 95% CI = 0.000-0.015), and C allele (p = 0.000; OR = 0.00; 95% CI = 0.000-0.007), revealed a significant with male infertility. Based on the findings of this study suggested that although T786C SNP could not be applied as an appropriate genetic risk factor for male infertility, it probably may be considered a protective marker for other researchers. However, more comprehensive studies in different populations are required to confirm our data.

Subcellular partitioning of cadmium and lead in Eisenia fetida and their effects to sperm count, morphology and apoptosis

Earthworms and their biomarkers are considered good indicators for assessing the effects of toxic chemicals. Therefore, in this study, we exposed Eisenia fetida to lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Cd and Pb nitrate in artificial soil for 14 and 28 days to evaluate the impact on subcellular partitioning, lethal toxicity (LC₅₀), growth, sperm count, morphology and apoptosis (using TUNEL assay). The soluble internal pools of both metals were good predictors of the responses of biomarkers. We found sperm deformation, TUNEL positive sperms and weight loss positively and sperm count negatively correlated with the concentrations of Cd and Pb in the total internal and cytosolic fraction (p < 0.01) and to a lesser extent with Pb concentrations in the granular fraction (p < 0.05). Fourteen days LC₅₀ for Cd and Pb were 2169 ± 322 and 6387 ± 904 μg/g, respectively. Cadmium and Pb caused a significant depression in sperm count after 14 (Cd: up to 46.9%; Pb: up to 36.24%) and 28 (Cd: up to 72.47%; Pb: up to 43.12%) days of exposure relative to the control (p < 0.05). Cadmium induced higher abnormality in sperm heads than Pb. For both metals, TUNEL positive sperms significantly increased after 14 (Cd: up to 14.17%; Pb: up to 16.33%) and 28 (Cd: up to 16.33%; Pb: up to 11.67%) days of exposure compared with the control (p < 0.05). The findings of this study, illustrate the importance of considering sperm parameters as a rapid, easy and sensitive biomarker for the evaluation of metal toxicity.

Interspecific differences in toxicological response and subcellular partitioning of cadmium and lead in three earthworm species

Earthworms are often used as test subjects in toxicological studies, due to their ubiquitousness and sensitivity to contaminant exposure. Such testing is typically conducted using Eisenia fetida as the test subject, but continued use of E. fetida (eco) toxicology is questionable. Therefore, in this study three earthworm species, Aporrectodea rosea, Aporrectodea trapezoides and E. fetida, were exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) nitrate in artificial soil for 7, 14 and 28 days. A biomarker of genotoxicity (TUNEL assay), biochemical markers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], weight loss, lethal toxicity (LC₅₀) and subcellular partitioning were assessed. Cadmium and Pb caused significant inhibition in TAC and growth and significant increases in DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the earthworms. Acute toxicity rank (14 days) for both Cd and Pb were E. fetida > A. trapezoides > A. rosea. Subcellular partitioning of Cd and Pb in the earthworms were cytosol > debris > granules and debris > granules > cytosol, respectively. Comparison of biomarker responses between study species showed that E. fetida proved to be less susceptible to Cd and Pb exposure than A. rosea and A. trapezoides. Therefore, this study confirms that A. rosea and A. trapezoides are more suitable as subjects than E. fetida for the soil toxicity tests, because of both their greater susceptibility to toxicants and in their abundance in the field.

Exploration of charge carrier delocalization in the iron oxide/CdS type-II heterojunction band alignment for enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic and antibacterial applications

Recyclable magnetic photocatalysts of iron oxide (IO)/CdS core/shell nanocrystals (CSNCs) were prepared by a facile sequential one-pot method using 3, 3'-thiobispropanoic acid (TDP) as a bridge. The CSNCs showed redshift in absorption edge, decrease in the optical band gap, reduced exciton decay rates and increment in particle size. Quenching studies have been employed to understand the position of the electron/hole wave-functions at the IO/CdS interface. Antimicrobial tests have also been performed using broth tube dilution and disc diffusion methods against S. aureus. Additionally, photocatalytic properties of IO/CdS CSNCs have been evaluated for the decomposition of xylenol blue. In comparison with CdS quantum dots (QDs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), the IO/CdS CSNCs showed improved photocatalytic and bactericidal activities. Finally, levels of oxidative damage to proteins and lipids were evaluated.

G-quadruplex forming region within WT1 promoter is selectively targeted by daunorubicin and mitoxantrone: A possible mechanism for anti-leukemic effect of drugs

Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) has long been overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia and has a prognostic value in its diagnosis. Lately, the formation of G-quadruplexes in oncogenic promoters like (WT1) has been widely investigated since stabilization of these structures leads to transcriptional inhibition of the oncogene. Daunorubicin and mitoxantrone considered as crucial components of almost all standard acute myeloid leukemia induction regimens. Herein we have proposed a probable molecular mechanism of action through which the drugs may stabilize (WT1) promoter G-quadruplexes. Differential pulse voltammetry, circular dichroism, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrophoretic mobility shifts assay, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) stop assays, and quantitative RT-PCR were performed in order to better understanding the nature of interactions between the drugs and G-quadruplexes. Data revealed that both drugs had potential to stabilize G-quadruplexes and down-regulate WT1 transcription but daunorubicin exposed more silencing impact. The results illustrated the therapeutic association of these two commercial FDA-approved drugs in (WT1) transcriptional down-regulation. Since (WT1) has known as a transcriptional regulator of at least 137 target genes, so the new data are significant for the development of new approaches to regulating WT1 and other target genes by employing special drugs in cancer treatment.

Comparison of large-scale deletions of the sperm mitochondrial DNA in normozoospermic and asthenoteratozoospermic men

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy metabolism for the survival and motility of sperm during fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the association of large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions with abnormal sperm motility and morphology in asthenoteratozoospermic patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study, 41 semen samples were collected from 18 normozoospermic healthy men and 23 asthenoteratozoospermic patients, according to the WHO guidelines. The swim-up technique was used for separation of spermatozoa on the basis of their motility. Long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for screening of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) large-scale deletions, and primer shift PCR was used for confirmation of deletions.

RESULTS

The mean sperm motility, normal morphology, and progressive motility in asthenoteratozoospermic patients were significantly lower than in the normozoospermic group (P < 0.0001). There was a positive significant correlation between motility and normal sperm morphology ( P < 0.0001, r = 0.741). The results of long-range PCR revealed the existence of 4866-bp deletion along with the two common 4977-bp and 7436-bp deleted mtDNA in both groups. However, the frequency of multiple mtDNA deletions in the asthenoteratozoospermic group (15/23, 65.22%) was significantly higher than that in the normozoospermic group (7/18, 38.89%). Direct sequencing of the 534-bp PCR product revealed that it was amplified from the mtDNA with a 4866-bp deletion flanked by a seven-nucleotide direct repeat (5'-ACCCCCT-3').

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggested that these large-scale deletions of mtDNA may be genetic risk factors for poor sperm quality in asthenoteratozoospermia-induced male infertility. Thus, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms behind the generation of these deletions.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 downregulation in J774A.1 cell line as a model of M2 macrophages in tumor microenvironment

Aim

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a decisive role in the regulation of tumor progression by manipulating tumor oncogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune functions within tumor microenvironments. Tumor progression is frequently associated with a phenotypic switch from M1 to M2 in TAM. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in TAM lead to tumor-induced immunosuppression. STAT3 is usually constitutively activated in a variety of malignancies. Consequently, STAT3 has emerged as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy.

Materials and Methods

In this study, J774A.1 cell line which is an M2 macrophage and overexpress STAT3 was cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium supplemented by fetal bovine serum. Then, the STAT3 silencing was evaluated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using oligofectamine containing STAT3 short interfering RNA (siRNA). Oligofectamine containing STAT3 siRNA and control siRNA were added at a final concentration of 100 nM siRNA. The untransfected cells were considered as control group.

Results

The semi-quantitative RT-PCR studies showed that J774A.1 cells express a high level of STAT3. Incubation of J774A.1 cells with oligofectamine containing STAT3 siRNA knockdown the STAT3 expression significantly both in 48 and 72 h study; however, the effect was more pronounced in 72 h study.

Conclusion

The expression of STAT3 in J774A.1 cells confirmed that these cells are M2 macrophage. Moreover, silencing of STAT3 by siRNA delivery using oligofectamine delivery suggests that siRNA delivery using vehicles like nanoliposome could be a useful therapeutic agent in M2 macrophage therapy and its switch to M1 macrophages. This approach could be considered as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of all cancers.

Zinc is an Essential Element for Male Fertility: A Review of Zn Roles in Men's Health, Germination, Sperm Quality, and Fertilization

Zinc (Zn) is the second most abundant trace element in human, which can't be stored in the body, thus regular dietary intake is required. This review explained the physiological and pathogenesis roles of zinc in men's health and its potentials in germination, quality of sperm, and fertilization. Our investigation showed that Zn contained many unique properties in human, especially males. The antioxidant quality is one of them. Also, the increased reactive oxygen species levels in the seminal plasma of men who are both infertile and smokers influence the Zn content of seminal plasma in a way that physiology of spermatozoa can be affected as well. Moreover, Zn acts as a toxic repercussionagainst heavy metals and cigarette inflammatory agents. Zinc as a hormone balancer helps hormones such as testosterone, prostate and sexual healthand functions as an antibacterial agent in men's urea system. It plays a role in epithelial integrity, showing that Zn is essential for maintaining the lining of the reproductive organs and may have a regulative role in the progress of capacitation and acrosome reaction. In contrast, Zn deficiency impedes spermatogenesis and is a reason for sperm abnormalities and has a negative effect on serum testosterone concentration. Based on these findings, Zn microelement is very essential for male fertility. It could be considered as a nutrient marker with many potentials in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of male infertility.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene transitions (c.-742C>T; c.1661G>A) and idiopathic male infertility: a case-control study with in silico and meta-analysis

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is responsible for crucial events in male reproductive biology. Here, the association of the AHR transitions c.-742C>T and c.1661G>A with idiopathic male infertility was investigated in a case-control study, which is followed by a meta-analysis and a bioinformatic investigation. Blood and semen samples were obtained from a total of 135 idiopathic infertile men and 130 healthy controls. Participants were genotyped for the transitions using a PCR-RFLP method. A meta-analysis of five sets of data evaluated the association of c.1661G>A with male infertility, and using an in silico analysis, the possible molecular effects of the transitions predicted. Genotypes and alleles of AHR-c.-742C>T and c.1661G>A polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of male infertility significantly. However, the frequency of C/A haplotype was significantly associated with the increased risk of male infertility, and T/A haplotype was higher among controls significantly. Also, the frequencies of combined genotypes CT/GG, CT/GA and TT/GG were significantly associated with decreased risk of infertility. And, the meta-analysis showed that the AA versus GA/GG recessive model is associated with decreased risk of male infertility among the Iranian population. In silico analysis predicted that c.-742C>T does not alter the binding sites of the proposed transcription factors, but c.1661G>A poses a tolerable structural disturbance in AHR protein. In conclusion, these results showed that AHR c.-742C>T and c.1661G>A transitions separately could not be nominated as a risk or protective factor for male infertility. However, some combined models could affect infertility risk, especially among Iranian men.

The AhRR-c.565C>G transversion may increase total antioxidant capacity levels of the seminal plasma in infertile men

The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-repressor (AhRR) is a regulator of the AhR pathway, which plays an important role in xenobiotic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is a major factor in semen quality that protects sperm against ROS stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the indicator of lipid peroxidation damage that is occurred due to ROSs. In this study, we determined and compared the MDA and TAC levels of infertile men's semen and blood plasma regarding genotype groups of AhRR-c.565C>G transversion. Semen and blood samples of 123 infertile males were collected from the Fatemeh Zahra IVF Centre, Babol, Iran. TAC and MDA levels of seminal and blood plasma were measured by TBARS and FRAP methods, respectively. Cases were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. The frequency of c.565C>G genotypes was determined as CC (34.14%), CG (55.28%) and GG (10.58%). Mean levels of TAC μm/L and MDA nmol/mL in semen plasma of CC, CG and GG groups were (1365.7, 1.28), (1542.8, 1.51) and (1860.2, 0.82), respectively. Also, mean levels of TAC μm/L and MDA nmol/mL in blood plasma samples in CC, CG and GG genotypes were (806.14, 1.168), (727.1, 1.006) and (635.7, 0.83), respectively. Comparison of marker levels between genotypes revealed that the TAC level of semen plasma in the GG genotype was significantly higher than its level in the CC group (p < 0.05). Our findings showed that in seminal plasma of infertile men with the GG genotype of AhRR-c.565C>G transversion, the level of total antioxidant capacity is significantly higher in comparison with the CC genotype. Then, the G allele of AhRR-c.565C>G transversion may have a role in the increase in antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma.

Association of Human Methionine Synthase-A2756G Transition With Prostate Cancer: A Case-Control Study and in Silico Analysis

Methionine synthase (MTR) is one of the key enzymes of folate pathway, which play a key role in the construction, repair, and methylation of DNA. In this study, an association of MTR A2756G gene transition with prostate cancer in men populations of Kashan-Iran was investigated by a case-control study and an in silico analysis. The 200 samples including 100 patients with prostate cancer, as case group and 100 healthy men, as control group included in this study. MTR-A2756G genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP technique. Some in silico tools used to evaluate the effects of A2756G transition on the structure and function of MTR. Results showed that the AG genotype (OR: 2.4014, 95% CI: 1.3216-4.3636, P=0.0040), and GG genotype (OR: 3.6324, 95% CI: 1.2629-10.4475, P=0.0167) and G allele (OR: 2.0120, 95% CI: 1.3098-3.0905, P=0.0014) were associated with prostate cancer. In silico analysis showed that polymorphisms of the enzyme protein might change properties of MTR such as relative mutability and flexibility, which leads to alteration of stability and function of the enzyme. Based on the results, an MTR-A2756G polymorphism which changes activity and stability of the methionine synthase associated with prostate cancer in men. It is a preliminary study and is presenting data for future comprehensive study for making a clinical conclusion that this gene transition is a biomarker for susceptibility to prostate cancer.

T26248G-transversion mutation in exon7 of the putative methyltransferase Nsun7 gene causes a change in protein folding associated with reduced sperm motility in asthenospermic men

The NOP2/Sun domain family, member 7 (Nsun7) gene, which encodes putative methyltransferase Nsun7, has a role in sperm motility in mice. In humans, this gene is located on chromosome 4 with 12 exons. The aim of the present study was to investigate mutations of exon 7 in the normospermic and asthenospermic men. Semen samples were collected from the Fatemezahra IVF centre (Babol, Iran) and analysed on the basis of World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines using general phenol-chloroform DNA extraction methods. Exon 7 was amplified using Sun7-F and Sun7-R primers. Bands on samples from asthenospermic men that exhibited different patterns of movement on single-strand conformation polymorphism gels compared with normal samples were identified and subjected to sequencing for further identification of possible mutations. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, along with their analysis, confirmed C26232T-transition and T26248G-transversion mutations in asthenospermic men. Comparison of normal and mutant protein structures of Nsun7 indicated that the amino acid serine was converted to alanine, the structure of the helix, coil and strand was changed, and the protein folding and ligand binding sites were changed in samples from asthenospermic men with a transversion mutation in exon 7, indicating impairment of protein function. Because Nsun7 gene products have a role in sperm motility, if an impairment occurs in exon 7 of this gene, it may lead to infertility. The transversion mutation in exon 7 of the Nsun7 gene can be used as an infertility marker in asthenospermic men.

Association of C677T transition of the human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with male infertility

The human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene encodes one of the key enzymes in folate metabolism. This gene is located on chromosome 1 (1p36.3), which has 12 exons. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association of the two (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms of this gene with male infertility. In a case-control study, 250 blood samples were collected from IVF centres in Sari and Babol (Iran): 118 samples were from oligospermic men and 132 were from controls. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MTHFR genotype were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. There was no association found between the A1298C variant and male infertility. However, carriers of the 677T allele (CT and TT genotypes) were at a higher risk of infertility than individuals with other genotypes (odds ratio 1.84; 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.04; P=0.0174). Structural analysis of human MTHFR flavoprotein showed that C677T transition played an important role in the change in affinity of the MTHFR-Flavin adenine dinucleotide binding site. Based on our results, we suggest that C677T transition in MTHFR may increase the risk of male infertility, and detection of the C677T polymorphism biomarker may be helpful in the screening of idiopathic male infertility.

XRCC5 VNTR, XRCC6 -61C>G, and XRCC7 6721G>T Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Male Infertility Risk: Evidences from Case-Control and In Silico Studies

We evaluate the association between genetic polymorphisms of XRCC5 VNTR, XRCC6 -61C>G, and XRCC7 6721G>T with male infertility susceptibility. A total of 392 men including 178 infertile males (102 idiopathic azoospermia and 76 severe oligozoospermia) and 214 healthy controls were recruited. XRCC6 -61C>G and XRCC7 6721G>T genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP whereas XRCC5 VNTR was performed by PCR. The 2R allele and 2R allele carriers of XRCC5 VNTR polymorphism significantly decreased risk of male infertility. The mutant GG genotypes and carriers of the CG and GG genotypes of XRCC6 -61C>G showed increased risk for the male infertility. Furthermore, the G allele of the XRCC6 -61C>G was correlated with increased susceptibility to male infertility. Likewise, the T allele of the XRCC7 6721G>T polymorphism was associated with increased susceptibility to male infertility in azoospermia. In silico analysis predicted that the presence of tandem repeats in XRCC5 gene prompter can be sequence to bind to more nuclear factors. Also, rs2267437 (C>G) variant was located in a well-conserved region in XRCC6 promoter and this variation might lead to differential allelic expression. The XRCC7 6721G>T gene polymorphism occurred in an acceptor-splicing site, but this polymorphism has no severe modification on XRCC7 mRNA splicing. Our results indicate the association of XRCC5 VNTR, XRCC6 -61C>G, and XRCC7 6721G>T gene polymorphisms with male infertility in Iranian men.

Methionine synthase A2756G transition might be a risk factor for male infertility: Evidences from seven case-control studies

Methionine synthase (MTR) has a crucial role in DNA synthesis and methylation reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the MTR-A2756G polymorphism with idiopathic male infertility. Blood samples were collected from 217 idiopathic infertile- and 233 healthy-men, and MTR-A2756G genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. Meta-analysis was conducted by pooling our data with the data obtained from 6 previous studies. Also, the effects of this substitution on protein structure were evaluated by bioinformatics tools. Our study revealed the association of AG-genotype, GG-genotype, and G-allele with male infertility. Meta-analysis showed a significant association between A2756G transition and male infertility. In addition, structural analysis of the transition effect on protein revealed a significant influence on MTR function (with score: 38; expected accuracy: 66%). These findings suggest that the A2756G substitution might be a genetic risk factor and a potential biomarker for idiopathic male infertility.

An in silico approach to investigate the source of the controversial interpretations about the phenotypic results of the human AhR-gene G1661A polymorphism

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) acts as an enhancer binding ligand-activated intracellular receptor. Chromatin remodeling components and general transcription factors such as TATA-binding protein (TBP) are evoked on AhR-target genes by interaction with its flexible transactivation domain (TAD). AhR-G1661A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP: rs2066853) causes an arginine to lysine substitution in the acidic sub-domain of TAD at position 554 (R554K). Although, numerous studies associate the SNP with some abnormalities such as cancer, other reliable investigations refuse the associations. Consequently, the interpretation of the phenotypic results of G1661A-transition has been controversial. In this study, an in silico analysis were performed to investigate the possible effects of the transition on AhR-mRNA, protein structure, interaction properties and modifications. The analysis revealed that the R554K substitution affects secondary structure and solvent accessibility of adjacent residues. Also, it causes to decreasing of the AhR stability; altering the hydropathy features of the local sequence and changing the pattern of the residues at the binding site of the TAD-acidic sub-domain. Generating of new sites for ubiquitination and acetylation for AhR-K554 variant respectively at positions 544 and 560 was predicted. Our findings intensify the idea that the AhR-G1661A transition may affects AhR-TAD interactions, especially with the TBP, which influence AhR-target genes expression. However, the previously reported flexibility of the modular TAD could act as an intervening factor, moderate the SNP effects and causes distinct outcomes in different individuals and tissues.

The Nsun7 (A11337)-deletion mutation, causes reduction of its protein rate and associated with sperm motility defect in infertile men

PURPOSE

Recent studies have shown that genetic abnormalities may be responsible for most unknown cases of male infertility. Human Nsun7 gene, which is located on chromosome4, has a role in sperm motility by encoding the putative methyltransferase Nsun7 protein. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mutations of exon4 in the Nsun7 gene, which is associated with sperm motility defect.

METHODS

Semen samples including those of fertile normospermic (normal), infertile oligospermic (with normal sperm motility), and infertile asthenospermic (with reduced sperm motility) men were collected from the Omid and Fatemezahra IVF centres (Babol, Iran). These samples were then analysed on the basis of World Health Organization guidelines using the general phenol-chloroform DNA extraction method. Exon4 was amplified using Sun-F/Sun-R primers. Samples from asthenospermic men, which showed different patterns of movement on single-strand conformation polymorphism compared with normal and oligospermic samples, were identified and subjected to sequencing for further identification of possible mutations.

RESULTS

Analysis of extracted sperm proteins showed that the rate of Nsun7 decreased. Likewise, direct sequencing of PCR products, along with their analysis, confirmed the deletion mutation of adenine in location 11337 of the Nsun7 gene in asthenospermic men. Comparison of normal and mutant protein structures of Nsun7 indicated that the A11337-deletion of the exon4 resulted in the valine residues-157 with GTA-codon in normospermic replaced with TAG-early stop codon in asthenospermic samples, causing an abortive protein product with amino acid sequence shorter than normal. The secondary structure of the protein, the protein folding, and ligand binding sites were changed, indicating the impairment of the protein function.

CONCLUSIONS

Because the Nsun7 gene products have a role in sperm motility, it will lead to impairment in the activity of the protein and motility of sperm flagella as well as male infertility if a mutation occurs in this gene.

A novel large-scale deletion of the mitochondrial DNA of spermatozoa of men in north iran

Background

To investigate the level of correlation between large-scale deletions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with defective sperm function.

Materials and Methods

In this analytic study, a total of 25 semen samples of the nor- mozoospermic infertile men from North of Iran were collected from the IVF center in an infertility clinic. The swim-up procedure was performed for the separation of spermatozoa into two groups; (normal motility group and abnormal motility group) by 2.0 ml of Ham’s F-10 medium and 1.0 ml of semen. After total DNA extraction, a long-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to determine the mtDNA deletions in human spermatozoa.

Results

The products of PCR analysis showed a common 4977 bp deletion and a novel 4866 bp deletion (flanked by a seven-nucleotide direct repeat of 5΄-ACCCCCT-3΄ within the deleted area) from the mtDNA of spermatozoa in both groups. However, the frequency of mtDNA deletions in abnormal motility group was significantly higher than the normal motility group (56, and 24% for 4866 bp-deleted mtDNA and, 52, and 28% for 4977 bp-deleted mtDNA, respectively).

Conclusion

It is suggested that large-scale deletions of the mtDNA is associated with poor sperm motility and may be a causative factor in the decline of fertility in men.

Correlation of sperm parameters with semen lipid peroxidation and total antioxidants levels in astheno- and oligoasheno- teratospermic men

Background

Sperm dysfunction caused by reactive oxygen species (ROSs) is one of the major causes of infertility in men, which leads to, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the formation of stable peroxidation products like Malondialdehyde (MDA) in seminal plasma. MDA is effective factor in reducing fertility.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to determine two biochemical markers of oxidative stress; TAC and MDA, and them correlation to quality-quantity factors in Asthenoteratospermic and Oligoashenoteratospermic men.

Patients and Methods

A total of 42 semen samples including: 15 samples normospermic as control group, 12 Asthenoteratospermic and 15 oligoasthenoteratospermic were collected from Babol IVF center; Iran. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO (1999) guidelines. Seminal plasma TAC and MDA levels in all patients were measured by TBARs and FRAP methods, respectively.

Results

Seminal plasma TAC level in normospermic men was significantly higher than asthenoteratospermic men (P < 0.001) and oligasthenoteratospermic men (P < 0.001) and had posetive correlation with sperm count, motility and morphology. In contrast MDA levels in normospermic men were significantly lower than in asthenoteratospermic men (P = 0.049) and oligoasthenoteratospermic men (P = 0.001) and had negative correlation with sperm count, motility and morphology.

Conclusions

These results suggest that lipid peroxidation and decreasing total antioxidant capacity lead to low motility; morphology and sperm count in spermatozoa of astheno-and oligoastheno-teratospermic men. Therefore, evaluation of oxidative status and antioxidant defenses system may be as a useful tool for diagnosis and treatment of male infertility especially in idiopathic male infertility.

Immune response in spirlins (Alburnoides bipunctatus, Bloch 1782) infested by Ligula intestinalis parasite

Ligula intestinalis parasite is a cestode that can cause remarkable damages to fishes. SDS-PAGE is one of the methods that can be used to determine the immune serum band polymorphism and immune responses in fishes infested by Ligula intestinalis. This study reports the results of an investigation conducted using SDS-PAGE focusing on immune serum band polymorphism and on the reaction of the immune system in spirlins (Alburnoides bipunctatus) infested by pleurocercoids of Ligula intestinalis parasite. Serum samples from infested spirlins revealed a polymorphism band which differed from that reported in sera of roaches (Rutilus rutilus), a species of the same Cyprinidae family.

T4216C mutation in NADH dehydrogenase I gene is associated with recurrent pregnancy loss

Several genetic factors are involved with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, few attempts have been made to associate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations with RPL. Therefore, we investigated the possible effect of the T4216C mutation in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase I (ND1) gene of 33 women with RPL and 100 controls, using polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequence analysis. Our results showed a statistically significant association of the T4216C mutation (p <  0.05) between patients and controls, which are 30% and 11%, respectively. In conclusion, more research is essentially needed to understand the effect and role of the T4216C mutation in the progress of RPL, which may vary among individuals and different ethnic groups.

Removal of Cd(II) from aquatic system using Oscillatoria sp. biosorbent

Biosorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions by native and dried Oscillatoria sp. Cyanobacterium biomass was investigated in the batch mode. The Oscillatoria sp. was prepared from Molecular and Cell Laboratory of University of Mazandaran and grown in BG-11 medium. A comparison of Cd(II) adsorption properties of dried with native Oscillatoria sp. biomass was made, the dried one showed a higher biosorption capacity and faster kinetic. The influence of solution pH, contact time, biomass concentration, initial metal ion concentration, and presence of coions using dried Oscillatoria sp. biomass as well as pretreatment on the biosorption capacity of the biomass were studied. Various pretreatments of Oscillatoria sp. increased biosorption of Cd(II) at pH 7 in comparison with native biomass. However, heating at 100°C in a water bath showed significant improvement in Cd(II) biosorption capacity. The experimental biosorption data was well fitted to the Freundlich model compared to the Langmuir model, and the amount of Cd(II) removed from solution increased with increasing Cd(II) concentration. In addition, the dried biomass was investigated for Cd(II) removal from the simulated real sample containing about 14 mg/l Cd(II) at pH 7, under the same experimental condition.